Maths On-line Curriculum - Unit Detailscc

Unit IDc Yearc Levelc Unit Titlec cc

U12302c 12c IB HLc Functions and Equationsc

MYP Strandc cc IB sectionc cc Start Weekc cc Unit Start Datec Vocabularyc

c orc 2c cc 5c cc 5 Septc domainc

cc cc cc cc End Weekc cc Unit End Datec rangec
Short Summaryc cc cc cc 11c cc 28 Octc reciprocalc

Functions, graphing, inequalities and polynomialsc completing_the_squarec

polynomialc
Contentc
absolute_valuec
Notation and definition of function. Domain and range. Composition. Inverses. Reciprocal
functions. Absolute value functions. GDC graphing skills. Transformations of functions. c
Inequalities in one variable. Polynomials. Factor and remainder theorems.c
c
Include Specificallyc
c
Quadratics - completing the square, discriminant. Exponential and logarithmic functions
(including using e). Solution of g(x)>f(x) where either are linear or quadratic.c
c
Exclude Specificallyc c
Codomain.c c
c
AoIc
c
c
Notationc
GDC Programmesc Softwarec No Link Defined c
c c c

c
Imagine you arrive at an airport in Thailand and you see the following taxi
companies advertising. Which company would you choose?
In each case the driver must charge a fare listed.

Relation Taxis Function Taxis

Distance Cost (baht) Distance Cost (baht)
1 km 30 1 km 35
1 km 60 2 km 35
2 km 30 3 km 40
2 km 60 4 km 40
3 km 35 5 km 50
3 km 60 6 km 55

Functions:

A function is a rule which uniquely assigns elements of a domain to elements

of a range.

i.e. elements of the domain map to one and only one element of the range.

›
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = ÿ2, the corresponding set, or range, is = {1, 4, 9, 16}

c
d d

d
c
Domain Range

is the image of under this function.

Functions can be: One to One (1 ± 1)

One element in the domain maps to one element in the range.

›
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = 2ÿ
+ 1, the corresponding set, or range, is = {3, 5, 7, 9}

c
1 3

2 5

3 7

4 9
c
Domain Range

This is a 1 ± 1 function.

Many to One

Some different elements of the domain map to the same element in the range.
›
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {¯2,¯1, 1, 2} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = ÿ2, the corresponding set, or range, is = {1,4}

d
d
d

c
Domain Range

This is a many ± d function.

One to Many and Many to Many relations are not functions:

1
2
The relation =ÿ is not a function as it is One to Many

d d

c
One to Many

Relation Taxis is an example of a many to many relation

Relation Taxis
Distance Cost (baht)
d km 30
d km 60
km 30
km 60
3 km 35
3 km 60
Many to Many

If a vertical line cuts a graph in more than one place it is one to many and not
1
2
a function. e.g. =ÿ

-2
Interval Notation.

ÿ ƒ [a,b] means a” ÿ ”b

ÿ ƒ ]a,b[ means a< ÿ <b

ÿ ƒ ]a,b] means a< ÿ ”b

ÿ ƒ [a,b[ means a” ÿ <b

Domain and Range ± Examples.

N.B. If the domain is not stated it is assumed to be ÿ ƒ ö or the largest

subset of real numbers for which the function is defined.

1
1. For the function ^:ÿÔ2ÿ with domain {¯1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, state
the range.

1 1 1
^(¯1) = ¯2 ^(0) = 0 ^(1) = 2 ^(2) = 1 ^(3) = 12

1 1 1
the range is ƒ { ¯2 , 0 , 2 , 1, 12 }

2. Graph the function g(ÿ) = ÿ2 $ 3 , and state the domain and range.

 Domain: ÿƒö
2

Range: ÷ ¯3


2

; c c
 

3. Graph the function h(x) = 3ÿ $ 2 for ¯2 ” ÿ < 2 and state the range.
 4

for ¯2 ” ÿ < 2


range: ¯ ” <4





4

6



2ÿ
$ 1
4. Graph the function ^ : ÿ Ô on your calculator.
ÿ$1

Careful with brackets: 1 = (2ÿ $ 1) / (ÿ $ 1)

Use ÿ ƒ [ ¯4, 5] and ƒ [ ¯4, 6] as your window

State the domain and range.



This graph is called

an hyperbola.

It has 2 asymptotes.


 
These are lines the
f;
graph approaches but

 never meets.
2
They are not part of
£
 the graph.


The horizontal
asymptote has
2 equation
= 2 , and
the vertical is ÿ = 1.

 Can you see why?

Domain ÿ ƒ ö , ÿ X 1 Range ƒö, X2

The vertical asymptote is the value of ÿ that makes the denominator zero

2ÿ
$ 1
The horizontal asymptote is the limiting value of as ÿ Ô

ÿ$1
2ÿ
$ 1
i.e. what gets close to as ÿ gets very big (positive or negative)
ÿ$1



2ÿ
$ 1
In formal maths: cc =2
ÿ
  ÿ $ 1 
5. The absolute value function: ^ : ÿ Ô |ÿ|

This function assigns to each number its distance from the origin (0)

so 4 Ô |4| = 4 because it is 4 units from zero

and ¯4 Ô |¯4| = 4 because it is 4 units from zero
Calculator math  NUM  1:abs( ¯4) enter 4
Use your calculator to graph = |ÿ| for the domain ¯10 ” ÿ ” 10
c

c c

Range 0 ” ” 10

Composite Functions c^ 0c [ some texts use ^0(ÿ) ]

Consider ^(ÿ) = 2ÿ + 1 and 0(ÿ) = ÿ3

Then



0(2) = 23 = and ^( ) = 2 x + 1 = 17

^ 0(2) means substitute 2 into 0(ÿ) to get an answer and then substitute that
answer into ^(ÿ) to get a final answer.

i.e. ^ 0(2) = ^0({)- = ^( ) = 17

so ^ 0 ÿ
= ^(ÿ3) = 2ÿ3 + 1

N.B. In General ^ 0 ÿ
X 0 ^ ÿ

Here 0 ^ ÿ
= 0(^(ÿ)) = 0(2ÿ + 1) = (2ÿ + 1)3
= ÿ3 + 12ÿ2 + 6ÿ + 1

0 ^ 2
= 0(^(2)) = 0(5) = 53 = 125

12
Example: For 0(ÿ) = (ÿ) = ÿ + 4 and (ÿ) = ÿ2
ÿ

(a) find: (i) 0 (ÿ) (ii)  0(ÿ) (iii)  (ÿ)

(iv)  (ÿ) (v) 0 (ÿ) (vi)  0(ÿ)

(b) Solve: (i) (ÿ) = 0(ÿ) (ii) (ÿ) =  (ÿ)

12 12
(a) (i) 0 (ÿ) = (ii)  0(ÿ) = +4 (iii)  (ÿ) = (ÿ +
ÿ+4 ÿ
4)2
 12 144
(iv)  (ÿ) = ÿ2 + 4 (v) 0 (ÿ) = (vi)  0(ÿ) =
ÿ2 ÿ2

(b) (i) (ÿ) = 0(ÿ) (ii) (ÿ) =  (ÿ)

12
ÿ+4 = ÿ + 4 = (ÿ + 4)2
ÿ
ÿ2 + 4ÿ = 12 ÿ + 4 = ÿ2 + ÿ
+ 16
ÿ2 + 4ÿ $ 12 = 0 0 = ÿ2 + 7ÿ + 12
(ÿ + 6)(ÿ $ 2) = 0 0 = (ÿ + 3)(ÿ + 4)
ÿ = ¯6 or 2 ÿ
= ¯3 or ¯4
12


1

;
c c;
 
2

u;x c c

 1  1  
1

1


 2
;
c c

4

6

;
c c
 

 1

 12

1
Inverses. ^
(ÿ)

To find the inverse of a function (the rule that ³goes the other way´ )

An Obvious Example «
 1
e.g. ^(ÿ) = ÿ2 for ÿ ƒ ö´ then ^
(ÿ) = ÿ

1
^(5) = 25 ^
(25) = 25 = 5

Note the problem of Domain and Range in this example.

I have restricted the domain of ^(ÿ) = ÿ2 to ÿ ƒ ö´

giving a Range of ƒ ö´

^(
)
´ ´
½ c ½ c

u
i 

c
Å
^


c
´ ´
½ c ½ c

u
i


1
The Range of ^(ÿ) becomes the domain of ^
(ÿ) and vice versa.

If we had defined ^(ÿ) = ÿ2 for ÿ ƒ ö

1
V1 2
then ^
(ÿ) = ÿ is not a function as 4 Ô 2 and 4 Ô ¯2

To find the inverse of a function:

1. Note the domain and range of the function.

2. Swap ÿ and and rearrange to make the subject.

3. Consider if the domain of the original function needs to be restricted

!
Find the inverse of:

^ : ÿ Ô 2ÿ + 1

Domain ÿ ƒ ö , Range ƒö

Write as = 2ÿ + 1 Then the inverse will be ÿ=2 +1

ÿ$1=2





ÿ$1













2 =

V1 ÿ$1


^
:ÿÔ 2 ÿƒö
 ÿ2 + 2
O Find the inverse of: 0(ÿ) = 5

2
Domain ÿ ƒ ö , Range ÷ 5

ÿ2 + 2 2
+2
= 5 Inverse will be ÿ= 5
2
5ÿ = +2

2
5ÿ $ 2 =

For the inverse to be a function we now need to restrict the domain of 0(ÿ) so
ÿ2 + 2
that 0(ÿ) = 5 for ÿ ÷ 0
then 5ÿ $ 2 = 2

becomes 5ÿ $ 2 =

V1 2
i.e. 0 (ÿ) = 5ÿ $ 2 for ÿ ÷ 5

2 V1 2
Hence: 0 : [0 ,  [ Ô [ 5 , [ and 0 : [ 5 , [ Ô [0 ,  [
 2ÿ
$ 1
f Find the inverse of: ^ : ÿ Ô
ÿ$1

Domain ÿ ƒ ö , ÿ X 1 Range ƒö, X2

2 $1
Write: ÿ =
$1

then ÿ( $ 1) = 2 $ 1

ÿ $ÿ =2 $1

ÿ $ 2
= ÿ $ 1

(ÿ $ 2) = ÿ $ 1

ÿ$1
= ÿX2
ÿ$2

V1 ÿ$1
i.e. ^
(ÿ) = Domain ÿ ƒ ö , ÿ X 2 and Range ƒö, X1
ÿ$2
 Note The graph of the inverse of a function will be the reflection of the function
through the line = ÿ.

= ÿ2 and =
ÿ
V1 ÿ$1
Unless we restrict the domain the

^ : ÿ Ô 2ÿ + 1 and ^
: ÿ Ô 
; c2 c
inverse is not a function ; c c


V
V

2ÿ
$ 1 V1 ÿ$1



^:ÿÔ ^
(ÿ) =
ÿ$1 ÿ$2

 
V

f; c c

V

Exercises: UPM page 3 Ex 1B, page 45 Ex 1E
IPM page 105 Ex 3E, page 111 Ex 3F , page 114 Ex 3G

Don¶t do too many easy ones!

If they are easy,move on to harder ones !

Do enough to understand.
Linear Functions.

A very quick review«.

^ : ÿ Ô Ôÿ +  = Ôÿ + 
ÿ +


+  = 0c


f; =ÿ+
;
;   Represents a
;  vertical translation

0

by 


; 
= Ôÿ

f;



Ô changes the
gradient of the line
;



; ; 


 

 

$
1 = Ô(ÿ $ ÿ1)
ë 
 Will be a line of
gradient Ô through
(ÿ1, 1)
  

 ë   

i.e. The graph has
ë
  

 been translated by
5 5
ÿ1




  1


The Quadratic Function

^ : ÿ Ô aÿ2 + bÿ + c = aÿ2 + bÿ + c

= a(ÿ $ p)(ÿ $ q) = a(ÿ $ )2 + ¦

Factorise if possible:

Examples:
= ÿ2 $ 2ÿ $ factorise

 = (ÿ $ 4)(ÿ + 2)

 axes intercepts are (4,0) , (Ø2,0) &

(0,Ø )

Minimum will be half way

between 4 and Ø2

 minimum at (1,Ø9)

Sketch = ÿ2 + 2ÿ $ 15
Harder Factorising:

Sketch
= 6ÿ2 + 11ÿ $ 10

Two methods, in each you need to calculate a × c , here 6 × 10 = 60

Method 1 Method 2
Find factors of 60 which differ by 11 (6ÿ )(6ÿ )
write = 6
Here 4 and 15 fill in factors of 60 which differ by 11.

write
= 6ÿ2 + 11ÿ $ 10 (6ÿ $ 4)(6ÿ + 15 )

= 6ÿ2 + 15ÿ $ 4ÿ $ 10 = 6 simplify
= 3ÿ(2ÿ + 5) $ 2(2ÿ + 5)
= (2ÿ + 5)(3ÿ $ 2) = (3ÿ $ 2) (2ÿ + 5)
Hence the ÿVaxis intercepts are:

5 2
($ 2 , 0) and ( 3 , 0)

The Vaxis intercept is (0, $10)

11
the line of symmetry is ÿ = $ 12

11
Giving minimum ($ 12 ,$15ð0)

Sketch (a) = 12ÿ2 + ÿ $ 6 (b) = 12ÿ2 + ÿ $ 15

Complete The Square:

You should recognise the patterns:

Perfect Squares: (ÿ + a)2 = ÿ2 + 2aÿ + a2

(ÿ $ a)2 = ÿ2 $ 2aÿ + a2

We can use these patterns to ³complete the square´ to help us sketch graphs
by finding the turning point (maximum or minimum).

Examples:

1. = ÿ2 + 6ÿ + 7 Look at the ³b´ coefficient. Here 6.

b2
calculate 2 = 32 = 9
= ÿ2 + 6ÿ + 9 $ 2  
adjust the equation to include the
= (ÿ + 3)2 $ 2 perfect square.

2 The graph of = ÿ2 has been

or + 2 = (ÿ + 3)

$3

translated by the vector 
$2



;x c cx

÷;x c cx
x 

 







In general $ ¦ = a(ÿ $ )2 will have turning point (, ¦)



2 2 
i.e. $ ¦ = a(ÿ $ ) is a translation of = ÿ by  with a vertical stretch
¦ 
of scale factor a.

Sketch: (a) = ÿ2 $ 4ÿ $ 1 (b) = ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 3

Solve by completing the square:

1. ÿ2 + 4ÿ + 1 = 0 2. 3ÿ2 + 10ÿ $ 2 =0
10 2
ÿ2 + 4ÿ + 4 = 3 ÿ2 + 3 ÿ $ 3 =0
10 100 2 100
(ÿ + 2)2 = 3 ÿ2 + 3 ÿ + 36 = 3 + 36
10 31
ÿ+2 =
3 (ÿ + 6 )2 = 9
5
31
ÿ=2$ 3 ,2+ 3 (ÿ + 3 ) = 3
5
31
ÿ= 3

Exercises: IPM Ex 1E page 23 , 1F page 3³

UPM page 144 ex 5D, 14 ex 5E

The Quadratic Formula:

2 Øb b2 $ 4ac
aÿ + bÿ + c = 0  ÿ= 2a

Proof:
 aÿ2 + bÿ + c = 0
b $c
֞ ÿ2 + aÿ = a
2 b b2 $c b2
m ÿ + aÿ + 4a2 = a + 4a2
b 2 b2 $ 4ac
m (ÿ + 2a ) = 4a2
b b2 $ 4ac
m (ÿ + 2a ) = 2a
Øb b2 $ 4ac
m ÿ = 2a as required

 = b2 $ 4ac is called the discriminant and determines the nature of the

solutions to the equation

>0  two real solutions

=0  one real solution (two ³equal´ solutions)

<0  no real solutions (two omplex solutions)

 is useful for many problems you will meet.

Examples:

 y = ¦ÿ V 1
1. Show that the equations  2 have no real solution

 y = ÿ + (¦ V 1)ÿ + ¦2
for all values of ¦

2 2
equating gives ÿ + (¦ V 1)ÿ + ¦ = ¦ÿ V 1
2 2
simplifying ÿ V ÿ + (¦ + 1) =0
now b2 V 4ac = 1 V 4(¦2 + 1)
2
= V3 V 4¦
2
= V(3 + 4¦ )
< 0 for all ¦
ß as  < 0, the equations have no real solution for all values of ¦
c
2. The equation kÿ2 $ 3ÿ + (k + 2) = 0 has two distinct real roots.
Find the set of possible values of k.

¨ = 3² ± 4(k + 2)k
= 9 ± k ± 4k²

13 13
±1 + 2 < k < ±1 + 2

IPM Exercise 1 F Questions all Ex 3a page 6 ipm

UPM Exercise 5E page 14 all Ex 11 E page 291 (ignore trig)

Transformations

Ú
 
Ú


 







 



$







 
 
 
 


 


 

 

 




Ú




 








  


 
 



 


Ú
 













  





$



















  

 
 



 





Consider the graph of:

f(x) = ÿ3 $ 3ÿ2 + 4
c cccc c = (ÿ + 1)(ÿ $2)2

Graph 2 = 1(ÿ) + 1
and describe the transformation.

g(x) = f(ÿ) + 1
= ÿ3 $ 3ÿ2 + 4

ie. a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f(ÿ) + a is

vertical translation of µa¶ units.

0
The graph has been translated 
a

Graph 2 = 1(ÿ
+ 2)
and describe the transformation.

h(ÿ) = f(ÿ +2)

= (ÿ + 2)3 $ 3(ÿ + 2)2 + 4
= (ÿ + 2 + 1)(ÿ + 2 $2)2
= ÿ2(ÿ + 3)

i.e. a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f(ÿ $ b) is

a horizontal translation b units

b
i.e. the graph has been translated 0
 
Graph
2 = 1($ÿ)
and describe the transformation

cck(x) = f(Øÿ) =Øÿ3 $ 3ÿ2 + 4

i.e. a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f(Øÿ)

is a reflection in the Vaxis.

Graph
2 = $ 1(ÿ) c
and describe the transformationc

l(ÿ) = Øf(ÿ) =Øÿ3 + 3ÿ2 $ 4

i.e. a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ Øf(ÿ) is a

reflection in the ÿVaxis

Graph
2 = ¿ 1(ÿ)¿ c
and describe the transformation
 m(ÿ) = |f(ÿ)|

a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ |f(ÿ)| reflects

all negative image values in the ÿVaxis
to make them positive.

Graph
2 = 1(¿ÿ¿) c
and describe the transformation

p(ÿ) = f(|ÿ|)

a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f(|ÿ|) Will

create a reflection of the values for
ÿ > 0 in the Vaxis to make a graph
symmetric about the y axis

1
Graph
2 =

1(ÿ) c
and describe the transformation

1
n(ÿ) =
f(ÿ)

when sketching a transformation

1
f(ÿ) ĺ first draw vertical
f(ÿ)
asymptotes at any zeros of f(x), the
remember large values (>1) become
fractional values (<1) and sign is not
c
altered.
Graph
2 = 3 1(ÿ) c
and describe the transformation

q(ÿ) = 3f(ÿ)

a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ pf(ÿ)

stretches the graph by scale factor p ,
parallel to the y axis

Graph
2 = 1(3ÿ) c
and describe the transformation

r(ÿ) = f(3ÿ)

ÿ

a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f q stretches
 
the graph by scale factor q , parallel to
the Vaxis
c

Graph
2 = 1(ÿ
+ 2) $ 3 c
and describe the transformation
ccccs(ÿ) = f(ÿ + 2) $ 3

a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f(ÿ $ a) + b is

a translation represented

a
by the vector b
 

$1
Use the draw menu to sketch 1 (ÿ) c

The graph of fV1 is a reflection of the

graph f in the line = ÿ

(If we require fV1 to be a function it will

be necessary to restrict the
domain of f)

1
Graph 1 = and its inverse.
ÿ c
Comment.

c
 1
The graph of f: xĺ has both
ÿ
axes as asymptotes. The line
= ÿ is a line of symmetry, and
hence
1
fV1(ÿ) = = f(ÿ).
ÿ
1
This can be easily verified: =
ÿ
, for the inverse swap ÿ and
1
giving ÿ = and rearrange
1
 y=
ÿ
The exponential function ^ : ÿ Ô aÿ , a > 0

e.g. ^ ÿ = 2ÿ Has domain ÿ ƒ ö and range >0

V1
Its inverse function is ^
(ÿ) = log2(ÿ) for ÿ > 0 with range ƒö

0
V5 0 5

V2

V4

Calculator: 1 = 2^ÿ 2 = ÿ

3 = log(ÿ)/log(2)

log(ÿ)
since log2(ÿ) = log(2)

A special exponential function; ^ : ÿ Ô 
ÿ ,  o 2ð71 2 1 2

Note:  ƒ  i.e. 
is irrational




We will come across this function many times.

V1
It has inverse function is ^
(ÿ) = log(ÿ) for ÿ > 0 with range ƒö

log(ÿ) is usually written as  ÿ) and it is called the natural logarithm.


V  

V

V
The function = ¦

is used to model various growth / decay
situations. and ¦ are parameters, and 
measures time.
0
represents the initial ³amount´ when  = 0 since (0) =  =

Example Solution
The population of a country grows P = 12ekt and t=7 when P = 15
according to the law P = 12ekt Hence 15 = 12e7k
where P million is the population at 1
time t years and k is a constant.  k = 7 ln(15/12) = 0.0319
Given that when t = 7 , P = 15 , P= 30  30 = 12 e0.0319t
calculate the number of years when
the population will reach 30 million. 1
 t = 0.0319 ln(30/12)  t = 2 .74
i.e. t = 29 years
10m 1
The mass of a radioactive t = 4  m = 9 eV4k  k = V 4 ln(0.9)
substance is given by m = m0eVkt
where m is the mass at t years, and m = 0.6m0  0.6m0 = m0 e1/4 ln(0.9) t
m0 is the initial mass and k is a
constant. Given that 10m = 9m0 1
when t = 4 , find the value of t when  ln(0.6) = 4 ln(0.9) t
the mass has reduced to 0.6m0 . 4ln(0.6)
 t = ln(0.9) = 19.4
{
c 
 c c  c  c 
 c  c  c     c 
 c
ccccccc  c c
  c

Examples:

1. Find the values for which ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 2 ÷

0
Sketch the graph of f(ÿ) = (ÿ $ 2)(ÿ +
1)
Now (ÿ $ 2)(ÿ + 1) ÷ 0 corresponds to
the sections of the graph on or above
the
ÿVaxis, and for these sections,
ÿ › ¯1 and ÿ ÷ 2.
c
This is usually written as
{ÿ: ÿ › ¯1} {ÿ: ÿ ÷ 2}.

or ]V,¯1] [2, [c

Alternatively you can ÿc ¯{c ¯c c {c c
consider a table of values, ÿccc $c c c c c
choosing critical values
on either side of the ÿc$c{c $cc $c $c c c
zeros: cÿ
ccÿc$c{c c c
c
$c c c
2. Solve ÿ2 $ 3 < 0

ÿ2 < 3
c cc$c 3 <cÿc< 3 cc
c
i.e. ÿ ƒ ]$c 3 , 3 [ c

3. Solve ÿ2 + 3ÿ $ 1 ” 4ÿ $ 6

ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 12 ” 0
(ÿ $ 4)(ÿ + 3) ” 0

i.e. ¯3 ” ÿ ” 4

ÿ+1
4. For what values of ÿ is ÷
ÿ$2
0?
Three methods:
1. Graph

{ÿ ” ¯1} {ÿ > 2}

2. Table of Values

{ÿ ” ¯1} {ÿ > 2} ÿ ¯2 ¯1 0 2 3
ÿ
+ 1 $ 0 + + +
ÿ
$ 2 $ $ $ 0 +
c
ÿ+1
c + 0 $  +
c ÿ$2
c

3. Multiply by (ÿ $ 2)2

ÿ+1
÷ 0
ÿ$2
(ÿ + 1)(ÿ $ 2) ÷ 0 ÿ X 2

giving ÿ ” ¯1 or ÿ > 2

You need to be careful to note ÿ X 2

5. For what values of ÿ is
(2 $ ÿ)(2ÿ $1)(ÿ + 3) › 0?
From the graph, the equation is seen
to be satisfied for ÿ in the interval
1
¯3 › ÿ › 2 and ÿ ÷ 2,
1
thus {ÿ: ¯3 › ÿ › 2 } {ÿ: ÿ ÷ 2} c
c

| 2ÿ + 1 |
6. Solve 3 = 5

Relying on the fact that | a | = a,  two

possible solutions:

¯(2ÿ + 1) = 15 and (2ÿ + 1) = 15 c

c

2ÿ + 1 = ¯15 2ÿ = 14
2ÿ = ¯16 ÿ=7
ÿ=¯
i.e. ÿ ƒ {¯ , 7 }
c
7. Solve | 2ÿ + 1 | = | 3ÿ $ 2 |
This again gives two possibilities;
(2ÿ + 1) = 3ÿ $ 2
and ¯(2x + 1) = 3x $ 2
1
Solving each gives x = 3 and x = 5
c

. Solve | 2x + 1 | < | 3x V 2 |
In this case make use of the fact
that | a | = a2
 (2x + 1)2 < (3x V 2)2
(2x + 1)2 < (3x V 2)2
4x2 + 4x + 1 < 9x2 V 12x + 4
simplifying and factorising gives
(x V 3)(5x V 1) > 0 c
1
hence {x: x < 5 } {x: x > 3}

2 1
9.cccc > It is not possible to multiply by e.g. (x$3) as this may
x$2 x$3
be negative and change the sign!

2 1 2 1 (x$4)
>  $ >0  >0
x$2 x$3 x$2 x$3 (x$2)(x$3)

Note the sign will change at 2, 3 and 4. Consider a table of valuesc

 x <2 2 to 3 to >4
3 4
(x $ 4) $ $ $ +
(x $ 2) $ + + +
(x $ 3) $ $ + +
(x$4)
$ + $ +
(x$2)(x$3)
c

(x$4)
i.e. > 0 when 2 < x < 3
(x$2)(x$3)
or when x > 4
c
Thus {x: 2< x < 3} {x: x > 4} is the
required solution.

IPM Ex 1i page 37

UPM Ex 5d page 144

Can you produce the following Graphs?
The following are all one function:
{ðd c   c
  c c cc   c   c c
c    c c  c 
c c   c
  cc 
 .

    : V an algebraic expression of the form:

P(x) = a0 + a1ÿ + a2ÿ2 + . . . . + anÿn
where a0, a1, . . . an are elements of Real numbers, called     ,
and n is a non negative integer. a0 is called the constant term.

 c!c" the highest power of ÿ present in the polynomial.

If P(ÿ) is a cubic polynomial then Deg P(ÿ) = 3

Examples:

2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4 is a polynomial of degree 4 ( a quartic)

10 $ 3ÿ7 is a polynomial of degree 7

2ÿ + 3 is a polynomial of degree 1 (linear)

4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4 is a polynomial of degree 2 (quadratic)

2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6 is a polynomial of degree 3 (cubic)

6 is a polynomial of degree 0 (a constant)

3
We know ( I hope!) 23 € 5 = 45

or in year 4 you might have written 23 € 5 = 4 remainder 3

23 is called the    , 5 is called the   

4 is called the
 3 is called the    
Starter: Find 5340716 € 17

1 17
2 34
3 51
4 6  ½ 
c
5 5
c
6 102 c
7 119 c
c
 136 c
9 153 c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
So now can you do this one? (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) € (ÿ $ 1)

 ÿ $  { ÿ  ÿ $  ÿ { ½ ÿ $ 

So (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) = (ÿ $ 1)(2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6) + 2

2
or (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) € (ÿ $ 1) = (2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6) +
ÿ $1

or (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) € (ÿ $ 1) = (2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6) remainder 2

 (3ÿ4 + 7ÿ3 $ ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 27) € (ÿ + 3)

 ÿ  ÿ  ÿ $ ÿ { { ÿ {

so (3ÿ4 + 7ÿ3 $ ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 27) € (ÿ + 3) = 3ÿ3 $ 2ÿ2 + 5ÿ + 9

or (3ÿ4 + 7ÿ3 $ ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 27) = (ÿ + 3)(3ÿ3 $ 2ÿ2 + 5ÿ + 9)

(ÿ + 3) is a   of (3ÿ4 + 7ÿ3 $ ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 27)

x
c

cc 
c  
cc 
c ccÿc$c c

c 
cc 
c cc 
c
 
cc c 
c
 c cÿc

À
c 
cc 
c 
c

 cc 
c c c
cccc cc
c
 
c
c cc c

 cc c c c
ccc cc
c 
cc

Œcc c
c c
c c
c
c

6c c cc 
c cc 
c
c
c
 
c
c
 ccÿccÿccÿ{cc½ÿcccc cccc
ÿcc{c c 
cc 
cccccccccccc
c ½cccccc
c c cccccccccc½ccccc c
cccccccccccccccccccccc{ccccccccc{c ccccccccccccc À
c 
cc 
c 
c
ccccccccccccccccccccc{ccccccccccc cc
c c
6c  ccÿcc{c c c{cc c
 cÿccÿ{cc½ÿcccc
c
{
cÿcc{ÿ cc{ÿccccc c
c  ccc{cc{cccc
c
c  cc
c
 ccccc{cc{ccc  cc c{c

c 
c
c
c
 cc{ÿc$c{
ÿ{cc {cc ccÿccc
c
c
ccccccccccccc{cccccccccccccc{
cccccccccccc {cccc
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c
c
c c
 cc{ÿc$c{
ÿ{cc {cc ccÿccc c
c c
ccccccccccccc{cccccccccccccc{
cccccccccccc {cccc 
cc ccccc 
c c
ccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccc{ccc {c c ÿcc
ccÿc
ccccccccccccc{cccccc
cccccccccccccc{cccccccc c
c c 6c  ccÿc$c cc ccc cc
{ÿc$c{
ÿ{cc {cccc c
ccÿcc{ÿc$c
ÿ{c$cÿc{c
c
ccc

cccccÿccccc ccccc

c 
ccccccccccccccccc

‹˜‹†‡‫ ݔ‬ସ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͻͳ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳʹ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷͶ͸  „›ሺš൅ʹሻ


‹˜‹†‡›‘—”ƒ•™‡”„›ሺÿȂ͵ሻ

‡…‡ˆƒ…–‘”‹•‡‫ ݔ‬ସ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͻͳ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳʹ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷͶ͸…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›


ƒ…–‘”‹•‡‫ ݔ‬ସ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͻͳ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳʹ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷͶ͸  
In general:

ÿc c ÿc c ÿc c Œÿc

Wc c Wc c Wc c Wc
 
c c  c c  
c c Π
c

We had

(2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) = (ÿ $ 1)(2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6) + 2

and this is true for all ÿ

so in particular it is true for ÿ = 1,

ÿ = 1  LHS = 2 + 3 $ 4 + 5 $ 4 = 2 RHS = (1 $ 1)(2 + 5 + 1 + 6) + 2 = 2

We also had:

{ÿc$c{
ÿ{cc {cccccÿcc{ÿc$c
ÿ{c$cÿc{c
c
 cÿcc¯ccccccxccccc c Œxcc
The Remainder Theorem:
For any polynomial P(ÿ), the remainder when divided by (ÿ V ) is P( ).

 the degree of the remainder R(ÿ) must be less than the degree of the
divisor D(ÿ). Therefore if D(ÿ) has degree = 1, R(ÿ) has degree = 0
and is constant.

ß if P(ÿ) = D(ÿ) × Q(ÿ) + R and D(ÿ) = (x V )

then P(ÿ) = (ÿ V ) Q(ÿ) + R (R is constant)
when ÿ = , P( ) = ( V ) Q(ÿ) + R
ß P( ) = R
i.e. the remainder on division of P(ÿ) by (x V ) is P( )

Example: Find the remainder when 6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12
is divided by:

(a) (ÿ + 1) (b) (ÿ + 2) (c) (ÿ $ 3) (d) (ÿ $ 1) (e) (ÿ $ 2)

(a) = ¯1  remainder = 6(¯1)5 $ 29(¯1)4 + 26(¯1)3 + 29(¯1)2 $ 20(¯1) $ 12

= ¯6 $ 29 $ 26 + 29 + 20 $ 12
= ¯24
(b) = ¯2  remainder =
(c) = 3  remainder =
(d) = 1  remainder =
(e) = 2  remainder =

What can you conclude from these answers?

So (ÿ $ 3) , (ÿ $ 1) and (ÿ $ 2) are
all factors of 6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12

Expand (ÿ $ 3)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2)

Hence Calculate:
[6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12] € [(ÿ $ 3)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2)]

Hence completely factorise: 6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12

(ÿ $ 3)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2) = ÿ3 $ 6ÿ2 + 11ÿ $ 6

6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12

3 2 = 6ÿ2 + 7ÿ + 2
ÿ $ 6ÿ + 11ÿ $ 6

6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12 = (ÿ $ 3)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2)(6ÿ2 + 7ÿ + 2)

6ÿ2 + 7ÿ + 2 = (3ÿ + 2)(2ÿ + 1)

6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12 = (ÿ $ 3)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2)(3ÿ + 2)(2ÿ + 1)

Factorise: ÿ3 $ 5ÿ2 $ 17ÿ + 21

Hence solve : ÿ3 $ 5ÿ2 $ 17ÿ + 21 = 0

ÿ3 $ 5ÿ2 $ 17ÿ + 21 = (ÿ $ 7)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ + 3)

ÿ3 $ 5ÿ2 $ 17ÿ + 21 = 0  ÿ ƒ {¯3 , 1 , 7 }

Solve: ÿ4 + ÿ3 $ 27ÿ2 $ 25ÿ + 50 = 0

ÿ4 + ÿ3 $ 27ÿ2 $ 25ÿ + 50 = (ÿ $ 5)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ + 2)(ÿ + 5) = 0
 ÿ ƒ {¯5, ¯2, 1, 5}

 c c  c
c (ÿ V ) is a factor of P(ÿ) if and only if P( ) = 0

 by the remainder theorem, P(ÿ) = (ÿ V ) × Q(ÿ) + R ÿ

ß P( ) = R
but if P( ) = 0 i.e. R = 0 then P(ÿ) = (ÿ V )Q(ÿ)
i.e. (ÿ V ) is a factor of P(ÿ)

Examples:

1. Factorise ÿ3 $ 7ÿ + 6

let P(x) = ÿ3 $ 7ÿ + 6 and consider the factors of 6: 1, 2, 3, 6

So possible factors are (ÿ
1) , (ÿ
2) , (ÿ
3) and (ÿ
6)

P(1) = 1 $ 7 + 6 = 0  (ÿ $ 1) is a factor

(ÿ3 $ 7ÿ + 6) € (ÿ $ 1) = ÿ2 + ÿ $ 6
 ÿ2 + ÿ $ 6 = (ÿ + 3)(ÿ $ 2)

so ÿ3 $ 7ÿ2 + 6 = (ÿ $ 1)(ÿ + 3)(ÿ $ 2)

 2. Solve: ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36 = 0

let P(x) = ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36

P(1) = 1 $ 4 $ 17 + 24 + 36 X 0
P(2) = 16 $ 32 $ 6 + 4 + 36 = 0 ß (ÿ $ 2) is a factor
P(V1) = 1 + 4 $ 17 $ 24 + 36 = 0 ß (ÿ + 1) is a factor

You can now choose to keep trying other factors of 36

or divide by (ÿ $ 2)(x + 1) = ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 2

ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36

= ÿ2 $ 3ÿ $ 1
ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 2

ß ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36 = (ÿ2 $ 3ÿ $ 1)(ÿ $ 2)(ÿ + 1)

= (ÿ $ 6)(ÿ + 3)(ÿ $ 2)(ÿ + 1)

ß ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36 = 0  ÿ ƒ {V3, V1, 2 , 6 }

We could now graph:

P(x) = ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 $ 17ÿ2 + 24ÿ + 36
= (ÿ $ 6)(ÿ + 3)(ÿ $ 2)(ÿ + 1)

Roots are V3, V1, 2 , 6

The ± intercept is 36

3. Completely factorise S(ÿ) = ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 + 3ÿ2 + 4ÿ $ 4

Sketch the graph of S(ÿ) clearly showing all axisVintercepts.
When finished graph S(ÿ) using you GDC to check your graph.
S(x) = ÿ4 $ 4ÿ3 + 3ÿ2 + 4ÿ $ 4
= (ÿ $ 2)2(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ + 1)

There are roots at ÿ =
1

and a double root at ÿ = 2

The Vintercept is ¯4

Because the factor (ÿ $ 2)2 is

squared there is no change of sign
and the graph touches the ÿVaxis at
ÿ = 2 without passing through.

4.

When ÿ $ ÿ
{
ÿ º is divided by  ÿ $  the remainder is ±, and
when the same expression is divided by  ÿ  the remainder is 0.
Calculate the values of Ê and , and factorise the expression completely.

5. The polynomial f(ÿ) = ÿ3 + 3ÿ2 + aÿ + b leaves the same remainder

when divided by (ÿ ± 2) as when divided by (ÿ + 1).
Find the value of a.

6. The polynomial ÿ2 ± 4ÿ + 3 is a factor of

ÿ3 + (a ± 4)ÿ2 + (3 ± 4a)ÿ + 3. Calculate the value of the constant a.

Answers:
  {
4. P(ÿ) = ÿ $ ÿ ÿ º P(1) = ¯ and P(¯1) = 0

P(1) = a + b =  a+b=
P(¯1) = ¯2 $ a + b = 0 ¯a + b = 2
2b = 10  b = 5 , a= 3

5. The remainder when divided by (ÿ ± 2) is

f(2) =  + 12 + 2a + b = 2a + b + 20 c
and when divided by (x + 1), the remainder is
f(±1) = ±1 + 3 ± a + b = 2 ± a + b. c
These remainders are equal when 2a + 20 = 2 ± a giving a = ¯ 6.
6. #$%& dc ' c#$%& { Using the information
given it follows that
ÿ2 ± 4ÿ + 3 = (ÿ ± 3)(ÿ ± 1)
ÿ3 + (a ± 4)ÿ2 + (3 ± 4a)ÿ + 3 Ú
1 + (a ± 4) + (3 ± 4a) + 3 = 0
Solving, a = 1 OR (ÿ2 ± 4ÿ + 3)(ÿ + 1)
27 + 9(a ± 4) + 3(3 ± 4a) + 3 = 0 Comparing coefficients of ÿ2 (or ÿ)
Solving, a = 1 a ± 4 = ±3 (or 3 ± 4a = ±1)
giving a = 1
UPM Ex 5G page 155

IPM Chapter 4

 c

c c
 c

c

c c  c c

ccc
c  cc
c  ccc

c 
c
cccc
c
c c

c
c
 d

f;
- d

; - - 

-d -d -  d d 

- c c c c c c 

- c c c c c  c c  c c

-
 c c(c c c)c c c c c

-
c(c c c)c c c  c c c

-d

-d

-d

-d
c