MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

General Description Features

The MAX1044 and ICL7660 are monolithic, CMOS ●● Miniature μMAX Package
switched-capacitor voltage converters that invert, double, ●● 1.5V to 10.0V Operating Supply Voltage Range
divide, or multiply a positive input voltage. They are
pin compatible with the industry-standard ICL7660 and ●● 98% Typical Power-Conversion Efficiency
LTC1044. Operation is guaranteed from 1.5V to 10V with ●● Invert, Double, Divide, or Multiply Input Voltages
no external diode over the full temperature range. They ●● BOOST Pin Increases Switching Frequencies
deliver 10mA with a 0.5V output drop. The MAX1044 has (MAX1044)
a BOOST pin that raises the oscillator frequency above
●● No-Load Supply Current: 200μA Max at 5V
the audio band and reduces external capacitor size
requirements. ●● No External Diode Required for Higher-Voltage
Operation
The MAX1044/ICL7660 combine low quiescent current and
high efficiency. Oscillator control circuitry and four power
MOSFET switches are included on-chip. Applications Ordering Information appears at end of data sheet.
include generating a -5V supply from a +5V logic supply
to power analog circuitry. For applications requiring more Pin Configurations
power, the MAX660 delivers up to 100mA with a voltage
drop of less than 0.65V.
TOP VIEW
Applications
+
●● -5V Supply from +5V Logic Supply
(N.C.) BOOST 1 8 V+
●● Personal Communications Equipment
●● Portable Telephones CAP+ 2 MAX1044 7 OSC
●● Op-Amp Power Supplies ICL7660
●● EIA/TIA-232E and EIA/TIA-562 Power Supplies GND 3 6 LV

●● Data-Acquisition Systems CAP- 4 5 VOUT

●● Hand-Held Instruments
●● Panel Meters
DIP/SO/µMAX
Typical Operating Circuit V+ AND CASE

8
N.C. OSC
INPUT 1 7
CAP+ V+ SUPPLY
VOLTAGE
CAP+ ICL7660 LV
2 6
MAX1044
ICL7660
GND VOUT
3 5
CAP-
NEGATIVE
VOUT OUTPUT 4
VOLTAGE CAP-
( ) ARE FOR ICL7660
GND TO-99

NEGATIVE VOLTAGE CONVERTER

19-4667; Rev 2; 2/17

MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Supply Voltage (V+ to GND, or GND to VOUT)..................10.5V CERDIP (derate 8.00mW/°C above +70°C).................640mW
Input Voltage on Pins 1, 6, and 7........ -0.3V ≤ VIN ≤ (V+ + 0.3V) TO-99 (derate 6.67mW/°C above +70°C)....................533mW
LV Input Current...................................................................20μA Operating Temperature Ranges
Output Short-Circuit Duration (V+ ≤ 5.5V).................Continuous MAX1044C_ _ /ICL7660C_ _..............................0°C to +70°C
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) MAX1044E_ _ /ICL7660E_ _.......................... -40°C to +85°C
Plastic DIP (derate 9.09mW/°C above +70°C).............727mW MAX1044M_ _ /ICL7660M_ _....................... -55°C to +125°C
SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C).........................471mW Storage Temperature Range............................ -65°C to + 150°C
μMAX (derate 4.1mW/°C above +70°C)......................330mW Lead Temperature (soldering, 10sec).............................. +300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these
or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.

Electrical Characteristics
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 5.0V, LV pin = 0V, BOOST pin = open, ILOAD = 0mA, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted.)

MAX1044 ICL7660
PARAMETER CONDITIONS UNITS
MIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX
TA = +25°C 30 200 80 175
RL = ∞,
pins 1 and 7 TA = 0°C to +70°C 200 225
Supply Current no connection, TA = -40°C to +85°C 200 250 µA
LV open
TA = -55°C to +125°C 200 250
RL = ∞, pins 1 and 7 = V+ = 3V 10
Supply Voltage RL = 10kΩ, LV open 3.0 10.0
V
Range (Note 1) RL = 10kΩ, LV to GND 1.5 10 1.5 3.5
TA = +25°C 65 100 55 100
IL = 20mA, TA = 0°C to +70°C 130 120
fOSC = 5kHz,
LV open TA = -40°C to +85°C 130 140
TA = -55°C to +125°C 150 150
Output Resistance Ω
TA = +25°C 325 250
fOSC = 2.7kHz (ICL7660),
fOSC = 1kHz (MAX1044), TA = 0°C to +70°C 325 300
V+ = 2V, IL = 3mA, TA = -40°C to +85°C 325 300
LV to GND
TA = -55°C to +125°C 400 400
COSC = 1pF, V+ = 5V 5 10
Oscillator Frequency kHz
LV to GND (Note 2) V+ = 2V 1
Power Efficiency RL = 5kΩ, TA = +25°C, fOSC 5kHz, LV open 95 98 95 98 %
Voltage Conversion Efficiency RL = ∞, TA = +25°C, LV open 97.0 99.9 99.0 99.9 %
Oscillator Sink or VOSC = 0V or V+, Pin 1 = 0V 3
µA
Source Current LV open Pin 1 = V+ 20
V+ = 2V 1.0 1.0 MΩ
Oscillator Impedance TA = +25°C
V+ = 5V 100 100 kΩ
Note 1: The Maxim ICL7660 and MAX1044 can operate without an external output diode over the full temperature and voltage
ranges. The Maxim ICL7660 can also be used with an external output diode in series with pin 5 (cathode at VOUT) when
replacing the Intersil ICL7660. Tests are performed without diode in circuit.
Note 2: fOSC is tested with COSC = 100pF to minimize the effects of test fixture capacitance loading. The 1pF frequency is
correlated to this 100pF test point, and is intended to simulate pin 7’s capacitance when the device is plugged into a
test socket with no external capacitor. For this test, the LV pin is connected to GND for comparison to the original
manufacturer’s device, which automatically connects this pin to GND for (V+ > 3V).

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MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Typical Operating Characteristics

(V+ = 5V; CBYPASS = 0.1μF; C1 = C2 = 10μF; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise noted.)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE
vs. LOAD CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT
-2.0 400 -5.0 800

MAX1044-Fig 1

MAX1044-Fig 2
OUTPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE
350 -4.5 720
VOLTAGE A
-4.0 640
-1.5 300

OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p)

A: MAX1044 WITH B

OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

A: MAX1044 WITH -3.5 BOOST = V+ 560

BOOST = V+ 250 B: ICL7660
B: ICL7660
-3.0 480
C: MAX1044 WITH
-1.0 C: MAX1044 WITH 200 -2.5 BOOST = OPEN C 400
BOOST = OPEN
150 -2.0 320
C C
V+ = 2V -1.5 V+ = 5V 240
-0.5 LV = GND 100 LV = OPEN
B -1.0 B 160
50
-0.5 80
A A
OUTPUT RIPPLE OUTPUT RIPPLE
0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
LOAD CURRENT (mA) LOAD CURRENT (mA)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND OUTPUT RIPPLE EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT

vs. LOAD CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT
-10 700 100 10

MAX1044-Fig 4
MAX1044-Fig 3

A
-9 OUTPUT B 630 90 9
VOLTAGE C EFFICIENCY
-8 560 80 8

SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

A: MAX1044 WITH
OUTPUT RIPPLE (mVp-p)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

-7 490 70 7
BOOST = V+
EFFICIENCY (%)

-6 B: ICL7660 420 60 6
C: MAX1044 WITH
-5 350 50 5
BOOST = OPEN
-4 280 40 SUPPLY CURRENT 4
OUTPUT C V+ = 10V
-3 210 30 3
RIPPLE LV = OPEN
-2 140 20 2
B
V+ = 2V
-1 70 10 1
A LV = GND
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LOAD CURRENT (mA) LOAD CURRENT (mA)

EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT EFFICIENCY AND SUPPLY CURRENT

vs. LOAD CURRENT vs. LOAD CURRENT
100 50 100 50
MAX1044-Fig 5

MAX1044-Fig 6

B, C A
90 A 45 90 45
EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY
80 B 40 80 40
A: MAX1044 WITH
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)

70 C 35 70 A: MAX1044 WITH 35
BOOST = V+ BOOST = V+
EFFICIENCY (%)

EFFICIENCY (%)

60 B: ICL7660 30 60 B: ICL7660 30
C: MAX1044 WITH C: MAX1044 WITH
50 BOOST = OPEN 25 50 25
BOOST = OPEN
40 SUPPLY CURRENT 20 40 SUPPLY CURRENT 20
30 15 30 15
V+ = 5V
20 LV = OPEN 10 20 10
V+ = 10V
10 5 10 LV = OPEN 5
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
LOAD CURRENT (mA) LOAD CURRENT (mA)

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MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Typical Operating Characteristics

(TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

EFFICIENCY OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY

vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. EXTERNAL CAPACITANCE
100 100,000

MAX1044-Fig 7

MAX1044-Fig 8
90 MAX1044 WITH
10,000

OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz)

BOOST -V+
C1, C2 = 100µF

C1, C2 = 10µF

C1, C2 = 1µF

80
1000
EFFICIENCY (%)

70
ICL7660 AND
100 MAX1044 WITH
60 BOOST = OPEN
EXTERNAL 10
50
HCMOS
OSCILLATOR
40 1

30 0.1
101 102 103 104 105 6x105 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz) COSC (pF)

OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY

vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE vs. TEMPERATURE
100,000 100

MAX1044-Fig 10
MAX1044-Fig 9

A: MAX1044 WITH
BOOST = V+
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (kHz)
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz)

80 B: ICL7600
A C: MAX1044 WITH
10,000 BOOST = OPEN
60

FROM TOP TO BOTTOM AT 5V

40
MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND
1000 MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN
ICL7660, LV = GND
20
ICL7660, LV = OPEN
MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND B
C
MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C)

QUIESCENT CURRENT
vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
10,000
MAX1044-Fig 11
QUIESCENT CURRENT (μA)

1000

USING
100 EXTERNAL
CAPACITOR

USING
10
EXTERNAL
HCMOS
OSCILLATOR
1
100 101 102 103 104 105 5x105
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz)

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MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)

(TA = +25°C,
(V+ unless=otherwise
5V; CBYPASS 0.1μF; C1noted.)
= C2 = 10μF; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise noted.)

QUIESCENT CURRENT QUIESCENT CURRENT

vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE vs. TEMPERATURE
2000 500

1044-Fig 12

MAX1044-Fig 13
1000
A 400
QUIESCENT CURRENT (μA)

QUIESCENT CURRENT (μA)

B MAX1044 WITH
100
C BOOST = V+
300
D
10
A: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND 200
B: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN
C: ICL7660 AND MAX1044 WITH
1 BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND;
100
ABOVE 5V, MAX1044 ONLY
D: ICL7660 AND MAX1044 WITH
BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN ICL7660, MAX1044 WITH BOOST = OPEN
0.1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C)

OUTPUT RESISTANCE OUTPUT RESISTANCE

vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
1000 200

MAX1044-Fig 15
MAX1044-Fig 14

EXTERNAL 180
900
HCMOS
800 OSCILLATOR 160
OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω)

700 140
RESISTANCE (Ω)

600 120
C1, C2 = 100µF

C1, C2 = 10µF

500 100
C1, C2 = 1µF

400 80
300 60
200 40
100 20
0 0
101 102 103 104 105 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FREQUENCY (Hz) SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. TEMPERATURE
80
MAX1044-Fig 16

70
OUTPUT RESISTANCE (Ω)

60 ICL7660,
MAX1044 WITH
BOOST = OPEN
50

40

30 MAX1044 WITH
BOOST = V+
20
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
TEMPERATURE (°C)

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MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Pin Description
PIN NAME FUNCTION
BOOST Frequency Boost. Connecting BOOST to V+ increases the oscillator frequency by a factor of six.
(MAX1044) When the oscillator is driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be left open.
1
N.C.
No Connection
(ICL7660)
2 CAP+ Connection to positive terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor
3 GND Ground. For most applications, the positive terminal of the reservoir capacitor is connected to this pin.
4 CAP- Connection to negative terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor
Negative Voltage Output. For most applications, the negative terminal of the reservoir capacitor is
5 VOUT
connected to this pin.
Low-Voltage Operation. Connect to ground for supply voltages below 3.5V.
6 LV
ICL7660: Leave open for supply voltages above 5V.
Oscillator Control Input. Connecting an external capacitor reduces the oscillator frequency. Minimize stray
7 OSC
capacitance at this pin.
8 V+ Power-Supply Positive Voltage Input. (1.5V to 10V). V+ is also the substrate connection.

terminal of C1 to ground and shifts the negative terminal

V+
to VOUT. This connects C1 in parallel with the reservoir
capacitor C2. If the voltage across C2 is smaller than the
CBYPASS
BOOST V+ = 0.1µF
voltage across C1, then charge flows from C1 to C2 until the
voltages across them are equal. During successive cycles,
MAX1044 EXTERNAL C1 will continue pouring charge into C2 until the voltage
ICL7660 OSCILLATOR
CAP+ OSC
across C2 reaches - (V+). In an actual voltage inverter, the
RL output is less than - (V+) since the switches S1–S4 have
COSC
C1 resistance and the load drains charge from C2.
10µF
GND LV Additional qualities of the MAX1044/ICL7660 can be
understood by using a switched-capacitor circuit model.
Switching the bucket capacitor, C1, between the input and
CAP- VOUT VOUT
output of the circuit synthesizes a resistance (Figures 3a
C2 and 3b.)
10µF
When the switch in Figure 3a is in the left position,
capacitor C1 charges to V+. When the switch moves
Figure 1. Maxim MAX1044/ICL7660 Test Circuit
to the right position, C1 is discharged to VOUT. The
charge transferred per cycle is: ΔQ = C1(V+ - VOUT).
Detailed Description If the switch is cycled at frequency f, then the resulting
The MAX1044/ICL7660 are charge-pump voltage current is: I = f x ΔQ = f x C1(V+ - VOUT). Rewriting
converters. They work by first accumulating charge in this equation in Ohm’s law form defines an equivalent
a bucket capacitor and then transfer it into a reservoir resistance synthesized by the switched-capacitor circuit
capacitor. The ideal voltage inverter circuit in Figure 2 where:
illustrates this operation.
During the first half of each cycle, switches S1 & S3
(V + − VOUT )
I=
close and switches S2 & S4 open, which connects the 1/ ( f x C1)
bucket capacitor C1 across V+ and charges C1. During the and
second half of each cycle, switches S2 & S4 close and 1
switches S1 & S3 open, which connects the positive R EQUIV =
f x C1

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MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

V+ CAP+
pin 8 pin 2
S1 S2 S1 S2
V+

C1
1M

BOOST Q

OSCILLATOR
C2 pin 1
2
S3 S4 Q
VOUT = -(V+) OSC
pin 7
S3 S4
VOUT
pin 5

REGULATOR
INTERNAL
LV GND CAP-
pin 6 pin 3 pin 4

Figure 2. Ideal Voltage Inverter

Figure 4. MAX1044 and ICL7660 Functional Diagram

Design Information
f The MAX1044/ICL7660 are designed to provide a simple,
compact, low-cost solution where negative or doubled
V+ VOUT
supply voltages are needed for a few low-power com-
ponents. Figure 5 shows the basic negative voltage
C1 C2 RLOAD converter circuit. For many applications, only two external
capacitors are needed. The type of capacitor used is not
critical.
Proper Use of the Low-Voltage (LV) Pin
Figure 3a. Switched Capacitor Model Figure 4 shows an internal voltage regulator inside
the MAX1044/ICL7660. Use the LV pin to bypass this
regulator, in order to improve low-voltage performance
and allow operation down to 1.5V. For low-voltage opera-
REQUIV tion and compatibility with the industry-standard LTC1044
V+
and ICL7660, the LV pin should be connected to ground
VOUT
1
for supply voltages below 3.5V and left open for supply
REQUIV = voltages above 3.5V.
f x C1 C2 RLOAD
The MAX1044’s LV pin can be grounded for all operat-
ing conditions. The advantage is improved low-voltage
performance and increased oscillator frequency. The
disadvantage is increased quiescent current and reduced
Figure 3b. Equivalent Circuit efficiency at higher supply voltages. For Maxim’s ICL7660,
the LV pin must be left open for supply voltages above 5V.
where f is one-half the oscillator frequency. This resis- When operating at low supply voltages with LV open,
tance is a major component of the output impedance of connections to the LV, BOOST, and OSC pins should
switched-capacitor circuits like the MAX1044/ICL7660. be short or shielded to prevent EMI from causing
As shown in Figure 4, the MAX1044/ICL7660 contain oscillator jitter.
MOSFET switches, the necessary transistor drive cir-
cuitry, and a timing oscillator.

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MAX1044/ICL7660
+ FROM V+
1 8 V+ VOUT = -(V+)
MAX1044 CBYPASS
2 7
C1 ICL7660
10µF
3 6 * 10F
4 5
*REQUIRED FOR V+ < 3.5V
Figure 5. Basic Negative Voltage Converter
Oscillator Frequency Considerations
For normal operation, leave the BOOST and OSC pins
of the MAX1044/ICL7660 open and use the nominal
oscillator frequency. Increasing the frequency reduces
audio interference, output resistance, voltage ripple, and
required capacitor sizes. Decreasing frequency reduces
quiescent current and improves efficiency.
Oscillator Frequency Specifications
The MAX1044/ICL7660 do not have a precise oscillator
frequency. Only minimum values of 1kHz and 5kHz for the
MAX1044 and a typical value of 10kHz for the ICL7660
are specified. If a specific oscillator frequency is required,
use an external oscillator to drive the OSC pin.
Increasing Oscillator Frequency
Using the BOOST Pin
For the MAX1044, connecting the BOOST pin to the V+
pin raises the oscillator frequency by a factor of about 6.
Figure 6 shows this connection. Higher frequency opera-
tion lowers output impedance, reduces output ripple,
allows the use of smaller capacitors, and shifts switch-
ing noise out of the audio band. When the oscillator is
driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be left
open. The BOOST pin should also be left open for normal
operation.
Reducing the Oscillator Frequency Using COSC
An external capacitor can be connected to the OSC
pin to lower the oscillator frequency (Figure 6). Lower
frequency operation improves efficiency at low load
currents by reducing the IC’s quiescent supply current.
It also increases output ripple and output impedance. This
can be offset by using larger values for C1 and C2.
Connections to the OSC pin should be short to prevent
stray capacitance from reducing the oscillator frequency.
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Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters
CONNECTION
+ TO BOOST
1 8 V+
C2 2 MAX1044 7
10µF
3 6
COSC
VOUT = -(V+)
4 5
10F
Figure 6. Negative Voltage Converter with COSC and BOOST
Overdriving the OSC Pin with an
External Oscillator
Driving OSC with an external oscillator is useful when
the frequency must be synchronized, or when higher
frequencies are required to reduce audio interference.
The MAX1044/ICL7660 can be driven up to 400kHz.
The pump and output ripple frequencies are one-half the
external clock frequency. Driving the MAX1044/ICL7660
at a higher frequency increases the ripple frequency and
allows the use of smaller capacitors. It also increases the
quiescent current.
The OSC input threshold is V+ - 2.5V when V+ ≥ 5V, and
is V+ / 2 for V+ < 5V. If the external clock does not swing
all the way to V+, use a 10kΩ pull-up resistor (Figure 7).
Output Voltage Considerations
The MAX1044/ICL7660 output voltage is not regulated.
The output voltages will vary under load according to the
output resistance. The output resistance is primarily a
function of oscillator frequency and the capacitor value.
Oscillator frequency, in turn, is influenced by temperature
and supply voltage. For example, with a 5V input voltage
and 10μF charge-pump capacitors, the output resistance
is typically 50Ω. Thus, the output voltage is about -5V
under light loads, and decreases to about -4.5V with a
10mA load current.
Minor supply voltage variations that are inconsequential to
digital circuits can affect some analog circuits. Therefore,
when using the MAX1044/ICL7660 for powering sensi-
tive analog circuits, the power-supply rejection ratio of
those circuits must be considered. The output ripple and
output drop increase under heavy loads. If necessary, the
MAX1044/ICL7660 output impedance can be reduced by
paralleling devices, increasing the capacitance of C1 and
C2, or connecting the MAX1044’s BOOST pin to V+ to
increase the oscillator frequency.
Maxim Integrated │  8
MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Efficiency, Output Ripple,

and Output Impedance
10kΩ
V+ REQUIRED The power efficiency of a switched-capacitor voltage
FOR TTL converter is affected by the internal losses in the con-
+ verter IC, resistive losses of the pump capacitors, and
1 8 CMOS or
V+ TTL GATE
conversion losses during charge transfer between the
MAX1044
capacitors. The total power loss is:
2 7
ICL7660
10µF Σ PLOSS = PINTERNAL + PSWITCH + PPUMP + PCONVERSION
3 6
LOSSES LOSSES CAPACITOR LOSSES
4 5 VOUT = -(V+) LOSSES
10µF
The internal losses are associated with the IC’s internal
functions such as driving the switches, oscillator, etc.
These losses are affected by operating conditions such as
input voltage, temperature, frequency, and connections to
Figure 7. External Clocking the LV, BOOST, and OSC pins.

Inrush Current and EMI Considerations The next two losses are associated with the output resis-
tance of the voltage converter circuit. Switch losses occur
During start-up, pump capacitors C1 and C2 must be
because of the on-resistances of the MOSFET switches
charged. Consequently, the MAX1044/ICL7660 develop
in the IC. Charge-pump capacitor losses occur because
inrush currents during start-up. While operating, short
of their ESR. The relationship between these losses and
bursts of current are drawn from the supply to C1, and
the output resistance is as follows:
then from C1 to C2 to replenish the charge drawn by the
load during each charge-pump cycle. If the voltage con- PPUMP + PSWITCH = IOUT2 x ROUT
verters are being powered by a high-impedance source,
CAPACITOR LOSSES
the supply voltage may drop too low during the current LOSSES
bursts for them to function properly. Furthermore, if the
supply or ground impedance is too high, or if the traces where:
between the converter IC and charge-pump capacitors
are long or have large loops, switching noise and EMI 1
R OUT ≅ +
may be generated. To reduce these effects: (f OSC / 2) x C1
1) Power the MAX1044/ICL7600 from a low-impedance 4( 2R SWITCHES + E SRC1 ) + E SRC2
source.
2) Add a power-supply bypass capacitor with low and fOSC is the oscillator frequency.
effective series resistance (ESR) close to the IC
The first term is the effective resistance from the switched-
between the V+ and ground pins.
capacitor circuit.
3) Shorten traces between the IC and the charge-pump
Conversion losses occur during the transfer of charge
capacitors.
between capacitors C1 and C2 when there is a voltage
4) Arrange the components to keep the ground pins of difference between them. The power loss is:
the capacitors and the IC as close as possible.
5) Leave extra copper on the board around the voltage
converter as power and ground planes. This is easily
1
( 2 2
 2 C1 (V + ) − VOUT +
PCONV.LOSS ≅ 
) 

 × f OSC /2
done on a double-sided PC board.  1 C2 V
 2 ( 2
RIPPLE − 2VOUT VRIPPLE ) 


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MAX1044/ICL7660
Increasing Efficiency
Efficiency can be improved by lowering output voltage
ripple and output impedance. Both output voltage ripple
and output impedance can be reduced by using large
capacitors with low ESR.
The output voltage ripple can be calculated by noting that
the output current is supplied solely from capacitor C2
during one-half of the charge-pump cycle.
 
1
VRIPPLET ≅  + 2 x ESR C2  I OUT
 2 × f OSC x C 2  not apply any input sources operating from external
Slowing the oscillator frequency reduces quiescent
current. The oscillator frequency can be reduced by
connecting a capacitor to the OSC pin.
Reducing the oscillator frequency increases the rip-
ple voltage in the MAX1044/ICL7660. Compensate by
increasing the values of the bucket and reservoir capaci-
tors. For example, in a negative voltage converter, the
pump frequency is around 4kHz or 5kHz. With the rec-
ommended 10μF bucket and reservoir capacitors, the
circuit consumes about 70μA of quiescent current while
providing 20mA of output current. Setting the oscillator to
400Hz by connecting a 100pF capacitor to OSC reduces
the quiescent current to about 15μA. Maintaining 20mA
output current capability requires increasing the bucket
and reservoir capacitors to 100μF.
+ +
1 BOOST 8 V+
CBYPASS
2 MAX1044 7 0.1µF
C1 ICL7660
10µF
3 6
4 LV 5 VOUT = -(V+)
C2
10µF
Figure 8. Negative Voltage Converter with BOOST and LV
Connections
www.maximintegrated.com
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters
Note that lower capacitor values can be used for lower
output currents. For example, setting the oscillator to
40Hz by connecting a 1000pF capacitor to OSC provides
the highest efficiency possible. Leaving the bucket and
reservoir capacitors at 100μF gives a maximum IOUT of
2mA, a no-load quiescent current of 10μA, and a power
conversion efficiency of 98%.
General Precautions
1) Connecting any input terminal to voltages greater
than V+ or less than ground may cause latchup. Do
supplies before device power-up.
2) Never exceed maximum supply voltage ratings.
3) Do not connect C1 and C2 with the wrong polarity.
4) Do not short V+ to ground for extended periods with
supply voltages above 5.5V present on other pins.
5) Ensure that VOUT (pin 5) does not go more positive
than GND (pin 3). Adding a diode in parallel with C2,
with the anode connected to VOUT and cathode to LV,
will prevent this condition.
Application Circuits
Negative Voltage Converter
Figure 8 shows a negative voltage converter, the most
popular application of the MAX1044/ICL7660. Only two
external capacitors are needed. A third power-supply
bypass capacitor is recommended (0.1μF to 10μF)
V+
1 8
MAX1044
2 7 VOUT = 2(V+) - 2VD
ICL7660
3 6
4 5 C1 C2
Figure 9. Voltage Doubler
Maxim Integrated │  10
MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Positive Voltage Doubler
Figure 9 illustrates the recommended voltage doubler
circuit for the MAX1044/ICL7660. To reduce the volt-
age drops contributed by the diodes (VD), use Schottky
diodes. For true voltage doubling or higher output cur-
rents, use the MAX660.
Voltage Divider
The voltage divider shown in Figure 10 splits the power
supply in half. A third capacitor can be added between V+
and VOUT.
Combined Positive Multiplication and
Negative Voltage Conversion
Figure 11 illustrates this dual-function circuit. Capacitors
C1 and C3 perform the bucket and reservoir functions for
generating the negative voltage. Capacitors C2 and C4
are the bucket and reservoir capacitors for the doubled
positive voltage. This circuit has higher output imped-
ances resulting from the use of a common charge-pump
driver.
Cascading Devices
Larger negative multiples of the supply voltage can
be obtained by cascading MAX1044/ICL7660 devices
(Figure 12). The output voltage is nominally VOUT =
-n(V+) where n is the number of devices cascaded. The
output voltage is reduced slightly by the output resistance
of the first device, multiplied by the quiescent current
of the second, etc. Three or more devices can be cas-
caded in this way, but output impedance rises dramati-
cally. For example, the output resistance of two cascaded
MAX1044s is approximately five times the output resis-
tance of a single voltage converter. A better solution may
be an inductive switching regulator, such as the MAX755,
MAX759, MAX764, or MAX774.

+ + V+
V+
1 8 1 8
VOUT = -(V+)

MAX1044 2 MAX1044 7
2 7
ICL7660 ICL7660 C3
C1 C1 3 LV 6
3 6
10µF

4 LV 5 4 5

VOUT = 2(V+) - 2VD

VOUT = 1 V+
2 C2
C2 C4
10µF

Figure 10. Voltage Divider Figure 11. Combined Positive and Negative Converter

+ + +
1 8 V+ 1 8 1 8
MAX1044 MAX1044 MAX1044
2 ICL7660 7 2 ICL7660 7 2 ICL7660 7
10µF 10µF
3 6 3 6 3 6
10µF
VOUT = -n(V+)
4 5 4 5 4 5
1 2 3

10µF 10µF 10µF

Figure 12. Cascading MAX1044/ICL7660 for Increased Output Voltage

www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  11

MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Paralleling Devices
+
Paralleling multiple MAX1044/ICL7660s reduces output
resistance and increases current capability. As illustrated
1 8 V+
in Figure 13, each device requires its own pump capacitor
2 MAX1044 7 C1, but the reservoir capacitor C2 serves all devices. The
ICL7660 equation for calculating output resistance is:
C1
3 6
R OUT (of MAX1044 or ICL7660)
4 5 R OUT =
1 n (number of devices)

+
Shutdown Schemes
1 8 Figures 14a–14c illustrate three ways of adding shutdown
capability to the MAX1044/ICL7660. When using these
2 MAX1044 7 circuits, be aware that the additional capacitive loading
ICL7660 VOUT = -(V+)
C1 on the OSC pin will reduce the oscillator frequency. The
3 6 C2 first circuit has the least loading on the OSC pin and has
4 5 the added advantage of controlling shutdown with a high
n or low logic level, depending on the orientation of the
switching diode.

Figure 13. Paralleling MAX1044/ICL7660 to Reduce Output

Resistance
Ordering Information
PART TEMP. RANGE PIN-PACKAGE
V+
10kΩ REQUIRED FOR TTL MAX1044CPA 0°C to +70°C 8 Plastic DIP
+
V+ CMOS or
1 8 MAX1044CSA 0°C to +70°C 8 SO
TTL GATE
1N4148
MAX1044 MAX1044C/D* 0°C to +70°C Dice*
2 7
ICL7660
MAX1044EPA -40°C to +85°C 8 Plastic DIP
10µF 3 6
MAX1044ESA -40°C to +85°C 8 SO
4 5
MAX1044MJA -55°C to +125°C 8 CERDIP**
VOUT = -(V+)
10µF ICL7660CPA 0°C to +70°C 8 Plastic DIP
a) ICL7660CSA 0°C to +70°C 8 SO
ICL7660CUA 0°C to +70°C 8 μMAX
V+ 74HC03 ICL7660C/D 0°C to +70°C Dice*
OPEN-DRAIN OR
MAX1044 74LS03 ICL7660EPA -40°C to +85°C 8 Plastic DIP
7 OPEN-COLLECTOR
ICL7660
NAND GATES ICL7660ESA -40°C to +85°C 8 SO
b) ICL7660AMJA† -55°C to +125°C 8 CERDIP**
ICL7660AMTV† -55°C to +125°C 8 TO-99**
V+ OUTPUT *Contact factory for dice specifications. Dice are not tested
ENABLE
MAX1044 74HC126 OR **Contact factory for availability.
7 74LS126
ICL7660 †The Maxim ICL7660 meets or exceeds all “A” and “S”
TRI-STATE BUFFER
specifications.
c)

Figure 14a-14c. Shutdown Schemes for MAX1044/ICL7660

www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  12

MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Chip Topographies
MAX1044
GND CAP+ BOOST ICL7660

V+

0.084"
0.076" CAP+
(2.1mm)
(1.930mm)
GND
CAP- OSC

V+ CAP-

VOUT LV
VOUT
LV OSC
0.076" 0.060"
(1.930mm) (1.5mm)

TRANSISTOR COUNT: 72 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 71

SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO V+ SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO V+

Package Information
For the latest package outline information and land patterns
(footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note
that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status
only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but
the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.

PACKAGE PACKAGE OUTLINE LAND

TYPE CODE NO. PATTERN NO.
6 TDFN-EP T633-2 21-0036 90-0058
8 Plastic DIP P8+1 21-0043 —
8 SOIC S8+2 21-0041 90-0096
8 CERDIP J8+2 21-0045 —
8 µMAX U8+1 21-0036 90-0092
8 TO-99 T99-8 21-0022 —

www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │  13

MAX1044/ICL7660 Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters

Revision History
REVISION REVISION PAGES
DESCRIPTION
NUMBER DATE CHANGED
2 2/17 Updated part numbers in Ordering Information table 13

For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim Integrated’s website at www.maximintegrated.com.

Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses
are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits)
shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.

Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. ©  2017 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. │  14
Mouser Electronics

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Maxim Integrated:
ICL7660CSA+T ICL7660CUA+ ICL7660CUA+T ICL7660EPA+ ICL7660ESA+T ICL7660ISA+ ICL7660ISA+T
MAX1044CSA+T ICL7660AMJA/883B ICL7660ESA ICL7660ESA-T ICL7660CPA+ ICL7660CSA+ ICL7660ESA+
MAX1044CPA+ MAX1044CSA+ MAX1044ESA+ MAX1044EPA+ MAX1044ESA+T ICL7660CSA MAX1044CSA
MAX1044ESA ICL7660CPA ICL7660CSA-T ICL7660CUA ICL7660CUA-T MAX1044CSA-T MAX1044ESA-T
MAX1044MJA/883B MAX1044CPA MAX1044EPA ICL7660ISA-T ICL7660EPA ICL7660ISA