(65-79)

(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal,

79-65 ( ‫لثةرة‬ ) March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

Petrographic and Petrological Investigations

of the Neogene Lignite of Chomatero-Koroni,
SW Peloponnes, Greece.
Polla Khanaqa
Kurdistan Technology and Research Centres / Kurdistan Region/ Iraq
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a petrographic analysis of drilled cores of the Neogene (Pliocene)
lignite deposit of Chomatero-Koroni basin in SW-Peloponnes, Greece. The study involve by studying
polished slabs of lignites under both fluorescent and polarized microscopes in order to derive a standard
quantitative analysis of the lithotypes components (macerel analysis) in addition to macropetrographic
description of lithotypes. The study has proved that lignites, the primary of plants organs and tissues are
not yet obscured by digenetic processes. Therefore, lithotype description provides significant information
regarding origin, composition and coal seam development in the Neogene lignite deposits of Greece.
For this study eight lignite bearing lithologies are selected which showed that the lignites are
characterized by a high proportion of xylites and tissue-dominated lithotypes. This corresponds well with
the dominance of humotelinites in the macerel spectrum. The abundance of xylites in combination with
the general lack of carbonate partings and some paleobotanical and palynological evidence can be used as
a strong argument for the origin of the Chomatero-Koroni lignite from a taxodiaceous swamp forest. This
is unusual for Pliocene lignites in Greece. Reflectivity measurements show values corresponding to those
of normal immature lignites. The classification of ICCP is used for the first time in this paper on the coal
of south Europe.
Keywords: Greece coal, coal petrography, organic petrology, lignite lithotypes, origin
of coal, Fluorescence intensity measurements, Vitrinit-Refection.

Introduction been studied mainly with the aim to assess

This paper presents
E-mail:the results of a their economic potential [6- 9].
drpolla@hotmail.com
Small open mines operated near Koroni
petrographic analysis of the Neogene
lignite deposit in Chomatero-Koroni and Falanthi intermittently during the period
Basin (SW-Peloponnes). It is part of a of 1939 to 1945 and later. Previous deter-
broad range of investigations regarding minations of the heat value (3400 kcal/kg),
the constitution and genesis of lignites water content (28.9%) and ash content
in Greece [1-5] and Antoniadis, (8.6%), probably run from whole seam
Khanaqa et al., 2005 in press] carried samples, and demonstrated the relatively
out during the last two decades by the high quality of the lignite [9]. In the future,
Department of Geology at the such high quality lignites may be considered
University of Göttingen in cooperation as a possible additive to low quality lignites
with the University and the National such as the Pleistocene lignites of
Megalopolis in electric power generation.
Technical University of Athens.
Based on micropaleontological evidence
Lignites from the deposit at
from marine interbeds in the accompanying
Chomatero-Koroni have previously
sediments as well as palynological studies of
the lignite horizons from bore holes and

65
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

Figure 1: Generalized map showing the location of the Basin of Chomatero-Koroni and
the position of the studied core.

mine outcrops an early Pliocene age is sedimentary sequences of the Olonos-Pindos

assigned to the lignite deposit [10, 11].
Conclusions regarding the constitution,
genesis and coalification of the deposit
are restricted to results of petrographic
study. Since palynological data are not
productive
Gelogical Setting Pre-Neogene
The Neogene basin of Chomatero-
Koroni is situated within the tectonic
zone of the Central-Hellenic nappes,
which are here mainly made up of
Zone. These consist essentially of Upper
Triassic to Upper Cretaceous limestones.
Radiolarites of Upper Jurassic to Lower
Cretaceous age mark the deep sea stage of
Tethyan rifting. Flysch sequences of latest
Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and Palaeogene
age complete the succession. Upper Jurassic
to Lower Cretaceous limestone and younger
flysch deposits form the pre-Neogene
western margin of the basin near the lignite
deposit (see figure 1) [12 ,13].

66
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

Conglomerate

Lacustine marl
m
0
1

Conglomerate
N
e
g
o
n
e

Lignite seam 2
Lacustine marl
Lignite seam1
Sand
Flysch
Limestone
Radiolarite
N
P
e
g
o
n
e
r
-

Limestone

Figure 2: General section of the Neogene succession in the Basin of Chomatero-

Koroni and the surrounding pre-Neogene rocks of The Olonos-Andos Zone
(adapted from Albatakis, 1987)

Neogene the basin and varies between 0.5 and 7m

The Neogene succession is schematically
represented in figure 2. The basal
sandstone overlies the pre-Neogene
sequence disconformably and crops out
mainly at the northern margin of the basin.
The sands were overlay by the main
lignite seam (seam 1) with a thickness of
10 to 20m. It consists of several coal
horizons separated by thin interbeds. Over
most of its known extent the main seam is
overlain by a succession of grey marls
reaching a thickness of up to 70m.
Another lignite seam (seam 2) is restricted
in areal extent to the northeastern part of
in thickness. A second sedimentary cycle
is initiated by a thick (about 100m)
conglomerate overlying the marl and
upper lignite disconformably. This is
succeeded by 100m thick lacustrine marl
with abundant gastropods and bivalves
covering most of the basin surface. A third
sedimentary cycle is indicated by another
conglomerate which, however, is
preserved in a small erosional remnant
only.
Quaternary deposits are restricted in areal
extent and thickness within the study area.

67
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
Petrographic analysis
For a comprehensive petrographic
analysis of lignites it is imperative to
include both, a macropetrographic
description of lithotypes and seam
sections and a standard quantitative
analysis of components under the
microscope (maceral analysis). In lignites,
primary features of plant organs and
issues are not yet obscured by diagenetic
processes.
Therefore, lithotype description pro-
vides significant information regarding
origin, composition and coal seam
development in the Neogene lignite
deposits of Greece.
Portions of a drill core were provided by
LARCO Company for the present study.
The location of the drill site near
Chomatero is shown in fig. 1. A detailed
macropetrographic description of the
upper 7m of the main seam was carried
out along with the determination of the
microscopic composition (maceral
analysis) and ash content of 8 selected
samples.
In addition, reflectivity of suitable
macerals (eu-ulminite) was measured
from two samples in order to determine
the degree of coalification.
Macropetrographic description of
seam section
The macropetrographic description of the
seam section is based on the terminology
and classification set up by [14] and
adapted to the specific conditions
characterizing Greek lignites by [1]. This
classification is based on an essentially
subjective assessment of the ratio between
recognizable tissue remains and fine-
grained organic matrix. As a general rule,
the terms “tissue lithotype” and “matrix
lithotype” are used, if tissue remains
respectively organic matrix are clearly
dominant. Lithotypes in which tissue
68
remains and matrix occur in about equal
proportions are termed “mixed
tissue/matrix lithotype”.
In addition, there are lithotypes
consisting mainly of woody material
(“xylitic lithotype”) or exhibiting fine
layering (“laminated lithotype”) due to an
abundance of leaf remains or algal
respectively bacterial mats. In Greek
lignites is the close association of coal and
marl often necessitates the recognition of
“carbonaceous marls” and “marly lignite
lithotypes”.
The results of macropetrographic
analysis of the main seam (upper part) are
given in fig. 3. The left column represents
the succession of lithotypes as
distinguished on the basis of the ratio
between matrix and recognizeable tissue
remains. Immediately to the right the most
common accessory components and
inclusions such as seeds, leave remains,
wood (xylite) and charcoal fragments
(fusain) as well as root traces and shelly
material are listed.
The upper portion of the main seam
studied here begins with about 30 cm of a
mixed tissue/matrix lithotype bearing
abundant xylite fragments and some
leaves and other plant remains. It is
succeeded by 25cm of a xylitic coal made
up of about 25 to 50% xylite fragments
and numerous other indeterminable plant
remains. The tissue lithotype with a
thickness of about 25cm following above
still contains a number of xylite fragments
in addition to other plant remains. The
lithotype succession is continued by a
nearly 80cm thick mixed tissue/
framework lithotype, in which seeds, root
horizons, xylite fragments and charcoal
layers (fusain) can be recognized along
with numerous indeterminable plant
remains.
The succeeding 2m of the seam section
are characterized by lithotypes consisting
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
mainly of xylite. A distinction may be
made between purely xylitic and xylite-
rich lithotypes depending on an estimated
proportion of more or less than 50%
xylite. In this part of the seam there are
several fusain horizons and layers with
abundant seeds and randomly distributed
other plant remains. The following 1.20m
are dominated by mixed tissue/matrix
lithotypes which are particularly tissue-
rich and fusain bearing at the base and
characterized in the middle by high xylite
content. A 10 cm thick xylite layer
separates this part of the section from the
succeeding tissue-rich lithotype which, in
turn, is interbedded by xylite and fusain
layers.
The uppermost 1.20m of the seam is
made up of a narrow alternation of tissue
rich lithotypes, mixed tissue/ matrix
lithotypes, xylite lithotypes, silty marls
and shelly layers. An increasing number
of fusain layers occur toward the top of
this section and, in addition, xylite
fragments and leaf remains.
The macropetrographic description of the
core shows that the Pliocene lignite of
Chomatero-Koroni is characterized by a
high proportion of xylite and dominated
by tissue-rich lithotypes. Fusain layers
occur particularly in association with
xylite rich horizons and the topmost
portion of the seam. The shelly and marl
layers near the top indicate the transition
to the lacustrine marls overlying the seam.
Micropetrography
In selecting the (8) samples for the
determination of the micropetrographic
composition the highly variable upper part
of the seam section was sampled more
closely in order to be able to observe the
expected changes in maceral composition.
The results are summarized in graphic
form in fig. 3 and related to the
macropetrographic seam section.
69
The detailed maceral composition on an
ash-free basis is listed in table 1.
Classification of the vitrinite respecti-vely
huminite maceral group is here adjusted to
the system proposed by the International
Commission of Coal Petrology in 1994
and published later [15, 16] which is
applicable to lignites as well as
bituminous coals. Table 2 shows a
summary of this vitrinite maceral
classification and the correspondence to
lignite equivalents.
The maceral composition reflects the
general abundance of xylite in the coal of
Chomatero-Koroni by the content of
telinite, a common derivative of woody
tissue.
However, maximum telinite values do
not, as a rule, coincide with xylitic
lithotypes in our samples. This may in part
be due to sampling procedures, since the
matrix may have been preferentially
sampled rather than the massive xylites
themselves. In part, this may also be due
to the fact that in the common maceral
classification telinite macerals, i.e.
textinites and texto-ulminites (Plate2.3
and Plate2.2) in the original lignite
maceral classification, derived from
xylites are not distinguished from those
derived from other sources of tissues.
High values of telinites can therefore also
be due to good preservation of mesophyll
tissue. In most samples the gelified form
of telinite (texto-ulminite) predominates
over the ungelified variety (textinite).
The detritic component (collodetrinite),
too, is generally highly gelified and, thus,
represented by the maceral type densinite
(Plate2.1) according to the traditional
lignite maceral classification.
Collodetrinite is clearly subordinate in
abundance to telinite in most samples
exceeding telinite in two samples only.
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

Core Macro Sample- Micropetrography

Depth petrography number (maceral composition)

Figure 3: Macropetrographic seam section showing the upper part of the main
seam and the maceral composition of selected lithotypes

The proportion of gelovitrinite is highly more evident in the diagram of fig. 4 in

variable. gelovitrinite values reach their
maximum in the one sample at the top of
the seam near the transition to the
overlying marl.
It seems to be noteworthy that high
values of gelovitrinite are mainly due to
the occurrence of gelinite (Plate1.6) while
corpogelinites play only a minor role
despite good representation of tissue
remains. The contrast between high
telinite and low gelinite values becomes
which only the proportion of vitrinite
macerals, i.e. telinite, collodetrinite and
gelinite are shown.
The liptinite component shows great
variation with regard to the proportion of
the total maceral content (between 1% and
20%) as well as the proportion of maceral
types within the liptinite group.
Particularly rich in liptinite (more than
20% of total maceral content) are the
mixed tissue/matrix lithotypes near the top

70
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
sample (4) and near the base of the section
sample (11). The high liptinite values in
sample (4) are mainly due to a resinite
(Plate1.5) content of 7.5%. But
liptodetrinite, sporinite, and cutinite
(Plate1.3 and Plate1.4) are quite common
there as well.
In sample (11) liptodetrinite is the most
frequent liptinite type, however, cutinite
and resinite are well represented, while
sporinite plays a subordinate role only.
Cutinite is also quite abundant in the
xylitic lithotype from the centre of the
studied section sample (9).
Characteristic for the entire lignite is the
near lack of alginite and bituminite
(Plate1.2) and the only sporadic
occurrence of suberinite (Plate1.1) and
fluorinate. In addition to the high liptinite
content the mixed tissue/matrix lithotype
of sample (11) is characterized by an
unusual inertinite content of 21%, which
is mainly due to the genetically related
maceral types fusinite (Plate2.4),
semifusinite and inertodetrinite. High
inertodetrinite values are also recorded in
sample (6) (tissue dominated lithotype).
Optically deter-mined values of mineral
content are highly variable especially in
the upper part of the seam. Pyrite content
reaches nearly 40% in sample (7) (mixed
tissue/matrix lithotype). The proportion of
other mineral matter (mainly clay and
quartz grains) exceeds 30% in sample 3
71
(xylitic coal). In contrast, the proportion
of mineral matter is as low as 4 to 6% in
the lower part of the studied section. The
values of ash content determined by
heating to 810°C according to ISO-norm
1171 differ in part considerably from the
optically determined mineral matter
values and are generally higher.
Apparently, diffusely distributed clay and
carbonate are only insufficiently recorded
in petrographic sections, while pyrite is
decomposed and much of its weight was
lost during heating.
Determination of rank
Two samples, (9a and 11), which differ
markedly in their maceral composition,
were selected for the determination of
rank. Reflectivity was measured on eu-
ulminites (telinites) following recom-
menddations for rank measurements of
lignites by ICCP. Some measurements on
gelinites (eugelinites) were included.
Spectral fluorescence of sporinites has
been omitted as a rank parameter since it
was obvious from maceral analysis that
colour and intensity of fluorescence in
sporinites varied greatly possibly due to
oxidation of exines prior to being
embedded into sediment.
Thus, reliable values could not be
expected from sporinite fluorescence.
‫‪(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A‬‬
‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى ‪ 2706‬ئازارى ‪ 2006‬بةرط ‪ 4‬ذ (‪ )1‬بةشى ‪A‬‬

‫‪72‬‬
‫‪(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A‬‬
‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى ‪ 2706‬ئازارى ‪ 2006‬بةرط ‪ 4‬ذ (‪ )1‬بةشى ‪A‬‬

‫‪73‬‬
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

Telinite

3
25 6 75
12

4
50 9 50
1

7
11
75 25

Collodetrinite 25 50 75 Gelinite

Figure 4: Relative proportion of macerals within the vitrinite group.

The diagram shows the predominance of telinite over collodetrinite
and the low proportion of gelinite.

Figure 4: Relative proportion of Macerals within the Vitrinite group. The diagram
shows the predominance of Telinite over Collodetrinite and the low proportion of
Gelinite

74
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
60
Sample 9
50
40
30
20
10
0 .275 0 .37 5 0 .425
0 .325
Figure 5 : Reflectograms from two samples shown good agreement of reflectivity
(Measurement of Vitrinite-Reflection on Eu-Ulminite and Eu-Gelinite).
The reflectograms of fig. 5 show good
agreement of reflectivity values between
both samples. This is especially true if the
few values above 0.4% in sample (9a) are
omitted. The average reflectivity of
0.325% corresponds to that of low rank
lignite (Weichbraunkohle). Comparable
values have been obtained from other
Neogene lignites in Greece, e.g. the
Lower Miocene lignite of Aliveri, Evia
(0.27% to 0.33% Rm, [17] ), the middle
Miocene lignites of Moschopotamos
(0.32% to 0.35%, [2] ) and the Pliocene
lignite of Ptolemais (0.31 to 0.33% Rm,
[18] ). In contrast, Pleistocene deposits in
Greece show slightly lower reflectivity
values, e.g. the Pleistocene lignites of
Megalopolis, Peloponnes (0.26% to
0.31% Rm, [19] ) and the somewhat
younger lignites in the basin of Drama
(0.28% to 0.31%, [1] ).
According to the classification of Greek
lignites given by Chassapis et. Al. [20]
based on heating values (A.S.T.M.
Standards) the lignites of Chomatero-
Koroni rank as lignite B. It should be
noted, however, that heating values of
Greek lignites presented by [20] vary
within much wider ranges than the
reflectance values listed above. Since
there is generally good control on the type
of maceral used in reflectance
measurements it is concluded here that
60
Sample 11
50
40
30
20
10
0 .47 5
% 0 .275 0 .375 0 .425 0 .47 5
%
0 .325
heating values of low rank coals depend to
a considerable degree on coal lithotype
and that reflectance values may provide a
more reliable measure of rank.
Discussion
The lignite of Chomatero-Koroni clearly
differs from other important Plio-
Pleistocene lignite deposits in Greece such
as the Pliocene lignites in the basin of
Ptolemais [21] and the Pleistocene lignites
of Megalopolis Peloponnes [3] and
Drama [20] by its high xylite content and
the near lack of carbonate interbeds. On
the other hand, xylite-rich lignites are
known from Miocene deposits in Greece,
such as Aliveri, Evia [5] and Vegora [22].
The abundance of xylites in these
Miocene deposits may be explained by
their origin from taxodiaceous swamp
forests, while the scarcity of xylites in the
younger lignites may be due to their origin
from herbaceous swamps respectively
mires [21 and 4]. Similarly, the high xylite
content suggests an origin from
taxodiaceous forest swamp for the
Chomatero-Koroni lignites as well.
Hopefully, this should be confirmed by
future studies of the xylotomy, carpology,
palynology and organic petrology from
additional new sections with high
resolution. The high proportion of
taxodiaceous pollen mentioned by [11
75
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
and10], however, strongly supports the
idea that taxodiaceous swamp forests
played an important role in the original
mire environment. Results of carpological
studies by [23] suggest that Glyptostrobus
(Taxodiaceae) was an important part of
the swamp forest. However, the
palynological results of [10] as well as
preliminary studies in the open mine of
Agias Pelagias (Kaouras, personal
communication) indicate that fern spores
and pollen of herbaceous plants are also
important elements in the pollen
assemblages of lignites in the area.
Macropetrographic evidence, however,
strongly suggests that lignites in the
section studied here originated from a
relatively dry forest swamp.
Antoniadis & Lampropoulou [24]
attempt to interpret the depositional
environment of the Chomatero-Koroni
lignite by applying various indices to the
maceral data presented by Antoniadis et al
evident from this study and should be
emphasized that macropetrographic
lithotype analysis is an indispensable
source of information for the recon-
76
[25] which are also the basis for the
present paper. Of particular interest is the
plot of the gelification index (ratio of
gelified to ungelified humic macerals) vs.
the tissue preservation index (ratio of
structured to detritic macerals) as
suggested by Diessel [26]. In the diagram
shown by Antoniadis & Lampropoulou
[24] the majority of samples are grouped
within the field designated by Diessel [26]
to represent a dry forest swamp
environment. Only samples (6) and (12)
indicate a tendency toward wet forest
swamp. Though Scott [27] cautions
against the exclusive use of macerals in
the reconstruction of environments of coal
formation there is good agreement
between maceral derived reconstructions
and evidence thus far collected from other
sources, i.e. macropetrography,
palynology [10] and carpology [23] with
respect to the depositional environment.
However, it is
struction of peat forming environments in
low rank coals.
It seems to be particularly important to
point out that during the Pliocene
taxodiaceous swamp forests prevailed as
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

coal forming environments in the south of

Greece in contrast to northern Greece Aknowledgements
where the Taxodiaceae seem to have been I am deeply indebted to Prof. Riegel,
reduced in their role and largely replaced Univrsity of Goetingen, or offering many
by reed environments in wetlands since suggestions and corrections during all
the Messinian event [4]. Thus, the stages of this work.
Messinian event apparently had different My sincere thank Prof. Dr. Antoniadis,
effects on the regional vegetation Technical University of Athen for his help
depending on latitude as well as in fieldwork and photographing many
ecological habitat. features in this Paper.
References
[1] Kaouras, G. Antoniadis, P., Blickwede, H., & Riegel, W., Petrographische und
palynologische Untersuchungen an Braunkohlen im Becken von Drama,
Ostmakedonien (Griechenland). – N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1991, 3 (2). ,145-162.
[2] Khanaqa, P., Petrologische und sedimentologische Untersuchungen an der miozänen
Braunkohle von Meliadi und Moschopotamos (Griechenland). – Unpublished
Diploma thesis Univ. Göttingen: 1989, 118.
[3] Nickel, B., Riegel., W., Schönherr, T., & Velitzelos, E.,: Environments of coal
formation in the Pleistocene lignite at megalopolis, Peloponnesus (Greece) –
reconstructions from palynological and petrological investigations. – N. Jb. Geol.
Paläont. Abh. 1996. (200)1-2, 201-220.
[4] Riegel, W., Kaouras, G., & Velitzelos, E. Ecological aspects of coal formation in
Neogene basins of Greece. – Ann. Géol. Pays Hellén. 1995, 36 (1), Pp. 649-660..
[5] Riegel, W., Wehmeyer, D., Meinke, K., Schwarz, G., Apostolikas, A., & Velitzelos,
E., Succession of depositional environments in the Neogene Basin at Aliveri, Evia
(Greece). – Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1989, 70 (1), 261-273
[6] Albatakis, N., & Maglaras, K. Sedimentologische Untersuchungen des
Braunkohlebeckens von Koroni (Griech.). – Larko, A.G., priv. Archive, Athens. 1978:
[7] Albatakis, N., & Tsagarakis, D.,: Das Braunkohlebecken von Chomatero-Messinien
und ihre Verwertbarkeit. - Larko, A.G., priv. Archive, Athens, 1980.
[8] Fitrolakis, N., Geological map of Koroni-Pilos-Schiza, (1: 50.000). – IGME, Athens, 1980.
[9] Karageorgiou, M.,: Koroni, Velika and Kaliani lignite Basin. – Geol. Reconn. IGME,
Athens, 1951, (4) , 1-10.
[10] Koutsouveli, A., Mettos, A., Tsapralis, V., & Ioakim, C.,: Evolution et
reconstitution du paleoenvironment de la region de Koroni (Peloponnese meridionale,
Grece) en cours du Plio-Pleistocene d´après les analyses micropaleontologiques et
palynologiques. – VIII Congr. Reg. Comm. Mediter. Neog. Stratigraphie
(R.C.M.N.S.), Budapest, abstract. 1985.
[11] Ioakim, C., Palynologisch-stratigraphische Untersuchung der Bohrungen 553 und
655 in der Umgebung von Chomatero-Koroni. – IGME Athens, unpubl. Report,1986,
1-4.
[12] Fitrolakis, N.,: Geologische Untersuchungen im Becken von Pilis (Messinien). –
Ann. Geol. Pays Hell. 1968, 21 , 114-120.
[13] Fitrolakis, N., Geologische Untersuchungen in der Provinz von Pilias (Messinien).
– Ann. Geol. Pays Hell. 1971, 230.57-122.

77
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A
A ‫) بةشى‬1( ‫ ذ‬4 ‫ بةرط‬2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬

[14] Vogt, W.,: Der makropetrographische Flözaufbau der rheinischen Braunkohle und
Brikettiereigenschaften der Lithotypen. – Forts. Geol. Rheinld. Westf. 1981 (2)29, 73-
89.
[15] International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP). The new vitrinite
classification (ICCP System 1994). – Fuel ,1998, 77 (5), 349-358.
[16] Taylor, G.H., Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R., & Robert, P.,:
Organic Petrology. – Borntraeger, 19981, 704.
[17] Meinke, K., Petrologische Untersuchungen an der miozänen Braunkohle von
Aliveri, Euböa (Griechenland). – Unpubl. Diploma thesis Univ. Göttingen part (II),
1987, p.1-98.
[18] Blickwede, H., Kohlenpetrographische Untersuchungen an den Braunkohlen von
Ptolemais (Nordwest Mazedonien, Griechenland). – Unpublished Diploma thesis
Univ. Göttingen, 1991, 1-42.
[19]Schönherr, T.,: Petrologische Untersuchungen an der Braunkohle von Megalopolis
im Tagebau Thoknia. – Diploma thesis Univ. Göttingen part (2),1987, 1-71. Unpub.
[20] Chassapis, K., Angelopoulos, K., & Katakis, D., Studies of the low rank Greek
coals. 1. Classification. – Intern. J. Coal Geol. 1989 (11), 305-314.
[21] Kaouras, G., Kohlepetrographische, palynologische und sedimentologische
Untersuchungen der pliozänen Braunkohle von Kariochori bei Ptolemais/NW-
Griechenland. Doctoral Diss. Univ. Göttingen 1989, 1-200.
[22] Velitzelos, E.,: Beiträge zur neogenen Flora Nordwest-Makedoniens. Die
Makroflora aus dem blauen Mergel des b-Komplexes im Becken von Vegora und die
Frage der Braunkohlegenese. – Proc. 6th Coll. Geol. A. Region, Athens, 1977, (3)1,
1155-1158.
[23] Velitzelos, E., & Gregor, H.-J. Neue paläofloristische Befunde im Neogen
Griechenlands. – Documenta naturae, 1985, 25 (1), 1-4.
[24] Antoniadis, P., & Lampropoulou, E., 1992: Depositional environment
interpretations based on coal facies analysis of Chomatero-Koroni lignite deposit. –
Documenta naturae (96) 13-24.
[25] Antoniadis, P., Kaouras, G., Khanaqa, P.A., & Riegel, W., Petrographische
Untersuchungen an der neogenen Braunkohle im Becken von Chomatero-Koroni,
SW-Peloponnes, Griechenland. - Acta Palaeobot. 1992, 32 (1), 27-37..
[26] Diessel, C.F.K., The correlation between coal facies and depositional environ-
ments. – Adv. Study of the Sydney Basin, Proc. 20th Symp. Univ. Newcastle, 1986,
19-22
[27] Scott, A.C.,: Coal petrology and the origin of coal macerals: a way ahead? – Intern.
J. Coal Geol.,2002. 50 (4), 119-134.

‫وطرافى لةسةر خةلَوزى بةردينى‬ َ ‫ولَينةوةى ثيَتر‬َ ‫ليَك‬

‫وماتيَرو‬
َ ‫ك‬
‫ونيَس لة يونان‬
َ ‫وث‬
َ ‫وذئاواى ثل‬َ ‫ر‬
ِ ‫ونى باشورى‬ َ ‫ور‬
َ ‫ك‬
‫ثؤل خانةقا‬
‫ عيَراق‬/ ‫هةريَمي كوردستان‬/ ‫دةزطاي تةكنؤلؤجياو توَذينةوةى زانســتى كوردستان‬

78
 ‫‪(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006, 4(1) part A‬‬
‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى ‪ 2706‬ئازارى ‪ 2006‬بةرط ‪ 4‬ذ (‪ )1‬بةشى ‪A‬‬

‫ثوختة‬
‫ل كردنةوةى ثيَتروَطرافــى خةلَوزى بةردينــى نيوَجيــن‬ ‫ئةم توَذينةوةيــة لة ئةنجامــى شيتة َ‬
‫( بليوَـسين) دةكوَلَيَتةوة‪ ,‬كـة لة ناوضةى كوَماتيَرو‪-‬كوَرونـى هةيـة‪ ,‬كـة دةكةوي َـتة باشورى‬
‫رِوَذئاواى ثلوَثوَني َـــس لة يونان‪.‬ئةوةى ئةم توَذينةوةيـــة بةدةســـتى هي َـــنا‪ ،‬ليَكوَلَينةوة بوو‬
‫لةســةر (‪ )polished slabs‬ى ليطنايــت لة ذي َ ـر مايكروَ ـسكوَثى فلوَرس ـيَنت كــة ئةذمارى‬
‫شيكردنةوةى ثيَوانةيـــى بوَ ثيَكهاتةكانـــى ليتوَتايـــث ( شيكردنةوةى مةســـيرالى) دةكات‬
‫سـةرةرِاى باسـى مايكروَطرافيكـى ليطنايتةكـة‪ .‬ئةم ليَكوَلَينةوةيـة سـةلماندى كـة ثيَكهاتةى‬
‫‪Prozess‬ثي َـك نةهاتووة‪ .‬لةم ثيَكهاتةيــة دةتوانري َـت ئةندام و‬ ‫بنةرِةتــى بةهوَى ‪Digenetic‬‬
‫َ‬
‫شانـة رِووةكيةكان ديارى بكري َـت‪.,‬لة ئةنجامـى هةلبذاردنـى هةشـت نموونةى (ليطنايـت)‬
‫وثر‬
‫وةك دةركةوت ريَذةيةكى بةرز لةتةختة (‪ )Xylite‬و شانةى رِووةكي بةشيَوةيةكى ضرِ ِ‬
‫ل رِيَذةى هيموَتيَلينايـــت دةطونجي َـــت‪ .‬رِيَذةى كســـيليت وبوونـــى‬ ‫تيَدايـــة‪ ,‬ئةمةش لةطة ًَ‬
‫كاربوَنايـــــت ومادةى رِووةكـــــى تايبةت‪ ,‬ئةوة دةســـــةلميَنيَت كـــــة خةلَوزى كوَماتيَروَ‬
‫سةرضاوةكةى دةطةرِيَتةوة بوَ دارستانى ‪. Taxodiaceous Swamp‬‬
‫رِيَذةى ثيَوانةيـى ثلةى تيشكدانةوةى ظيترينايـت (‪ )Vitrinite-Reflection‬دةيسـةلميَنيبَت كـة‬
‫ئةو خةلَوزةى توَذينةوةى لةســـةر كراوة بريتييـــة لة ليطنايتـــى ثيَنةطةيشتوو لة رِووى‬
‫جيوَلوَجيةوة‪.‬بـؤ يةكةميـن جار دةسـت كرا بـة بةكارهيَنانـى ثوَليَنكردنـى )‪ ,ICCP( 1994‬لة‬
‫سةر خةلَوزى باشورى ئةوروثا‪.‬‬

‫الدراسة البتروجرافية على فحم الكوماتيرو‪-‬كورونى في جنوب‬

‫غرب بلوبونيس‪ ,‬يونان‬
‫ثؤل خانقا‬
‫هيئة كوردستان للتكنلوجيا والبحث العلمي‪/‬اقليم كوردستان‪ /‬العراق‬

‫ألخلصة‬
‫تقدم البحث دراسة لنتائج التحاليل البتروجرافية لفحم النيوجين (بليوسين) المتوفرة في‬
‫حوض الكوماتيرو‪-‬كورونـى‪ ،‬الواقـع فـى جنوب غرب بلوبونيـس فـى اليونان‪ .‬انجزت البحـث‬
‫دراســة على ((‪ polished slabs‬للليجنايــت تحــت المهجــر الفلورســنت‪ .‬حيــث تــم حســاب‬
‫التحليــل القياســي للمكونات الليتوتايــب (التحليــل المســيرالي) بالضافــة الى الوصــف‬
‫المايكروجرافي‪ .‬لقد اثبتت الدراسة بان التراكيب الساسية لم تتكون بواسطة العمليات‬
‫التحويرية‪ .‬ومن هذه التراكيب يمكن تحديد العضاء و النسجة النباتية‪.‬‬
‫لقـد تـم اختيار ثمانيـة نماذج مـن الليجنايـت‪ .‬حيـث اظهرت انهـا تمتاز بالنسـبة العاليـة مـن‬
‫الخشــب (‪ )Xylite‬و النســجة النباتيــة وهذه تتوافــق مــع شيوع الهوموتلينايــت‪ .‬ان كثرة (‬
‫‪ )Xylite‬مـع وجود الكاربونايـت والمواد النباتيـة الخاصـة تثبـت بأن ذلك الفحـم يعود اصـلها‬
‫الى غابات ‪)Taxodiaceous Swamp(.‬‬
‫ان قياسـات درجـة النعكاسـية (‪ )Vitrinite-Reflection‬كشفـت ان الفحـم المدروس عبارة‬
‫عن ليجنايت غير ناضجة جيولوجيآ و هذا شائع للفحم البليوسين اليونانية‪ .‬ولول مرة تم‬

‫‪Received on 1/12/2004,‬‬ ‫اوروبا‪.‬لة ‪26/5/2005‬‬ ‫في جنوب‬

‫ثةسندكراوة‬ ‫‪ICCP ,1994‬‬
‫‪، 1/12/2004‬‬ ‫استخدام تصنيف‬
‫وةرطيراوة لة‬
‫‪Accepted on 26/5/2005‬‬

‫‪79‬‬