TESOL

Q1: Discuss I detail the following theories of language learning . a.

Behaviourist Theory. B. Cognitive Theory . c. Moniter Model Theory?

ANS: A. BEHAVIOURIST THEORY:

The way in which an person or animal behaves in response to a particular
situation or stimulus.

Behaviorism is an approach to physhology based on the proposition that behavior

can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mentel states. It is a
form of materialism, denying any independent significance for mind. Its
significane for psychological treatment has been profound. The Behaviourist
Theory stands among the major theoretical perspectives within the field of first
language acquisition. It began as a reaction against the introspective psychology
of the late 19th and 20th century, and dominated the study of learning throught
the first half of the twentieth century.

. Language learning is a habit formation resembling the formation of other words.

Language is learned in the way in which other habits are learned.

. Language learning is nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior or

knowledge. It takes place when experience or practice causes a change in a
person knowledge or behavior.

. Language learning is an external event, because it involves an observable change

in behaviour brought about by the stimuli coming from the environment.

Classical condition was first described by the Russian physiologist lvan Pavlov. In
1903 through his experiment on dog. The genral idea of Pavlov’s experiment is
this; Pavlov presented dogs with food to examine their salivary response. He rang
a bell just before serving the food. At first the dogs did not salivate until the food
is served. However, when the bell was rung at repeated feedings, the sound of
bell alone caused the dogs to salivate. Thus in classical conditioning an
unconditioning stimulus (food) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (bell). When
they repeatedly occur in pair, the conditioned stimulus acquires the capacity to
produce a condition response.Behaviourist Theory explains two major aspects. It
firstly exolainshow the child produces speech. It secondly explains how he/she
understands speech. Positive and negative reinforcement contain various adult
utterances which stimuli for the production of the child responses.

COGNITIVE THEORY:
Cognitive theory sychology that attempts to explain the human behaviour by
understanding your thought process.

Cognition is a complex mental process whereby an individual gains knowledge

and understanding of the world. While cognition cannot be neatly dissected into
constitutive processes. A dynamic process, since both the world and the individual
are subject to change, cognition is a vital function which enables an individual to
exist in the world as an independent and active participant.

Cognition starts with perception. Perception, which occurs in space and time,
provides the genral framework for cognition; perception is also the process of
becoming aware of a stimulus, which can be external or internal.

The first step in the cognition learning process is attention. In order to begin
learning, a student must be paying attention to what they are experiencing. As
any one who has in a class full of children knows, attention is not ultimited and
can be quite fleeting Educational psychologists have come to the conclusion that
the average person can hold approximately two or three learned tasks in their
attention at the same time. It means that maintaine the time, and students are
busy to complete the task. Information processing is a common description of
this mental process and theorists compare the way the human mind functions to
a computer.

MONITER MODEL THEORY:

To watch, observe, listen to, or check for a special purpose over a period of time.

‘’Nurses constantly monitored the patient’s heart rate”.

Government agents have been monitoring the enemy’s radio communication. The
educational systems that adopt the moniter model were damaged by acquisition-
learning hypothesis because grammar was not explicity taught. As a result, writing
suffered immensely because direct instruction of grammar is essential for school
writing.

Teengers, young adults, and adults can really benefit from actually learning
strategies and explicit grammar instruction.

The moniter hypothesis involves the acquisition center being monitored by the
learning system. So the acquisition center would produce language and what the
student has been learning will allow the student to moniter output. If the output
matches, then no problem, but if the language produced is not correct, then the
monitoring of the learning system will help correct the acquisition center.

The input hypothesis revolves around students receiving an appropriate amount

of input. However the hypothesis belives it is not just input, but comprehensible
input that is easily understood by the learner that will deliver the grammar need.

Q2: Define lesson planning . What are the important elements of

lesson planning? Discuss.

ANS: LESSON PLANNING:

Planning lies at the heart of good teacher. It is the essential condition of effective
classroom teaching.

At thebeginning of every lesson, write your lesson plan goal at the top.

It should be ineredibly simple. Something like, “Students will be able to identify

different animal body structures that enable eating, breathing, moving, and
thriving”.
The success or failure of a lesson much depends upon good or bad planning.
Planning means pre viewing or thinking about a certain activity before it is taken
up for execution. It an arrangement of all important details of the activity before
hand. The importance of lesson planning cannot be overstated. It is essential for
the teacher as bluepoint is for the builder planning ensures balance in language
skills.Planning answer that language item and skills are nither neglected nor over
emphasize?

. Anticipatory set is a short activity, dispatch or prompt that focus the attention
and ties previous lesson to today’s lesson.

. Purpose is an explanation of the lesson and a statement concerning what

student will be able to do when they have complete it.

. The vocabulary, skills and concepts to be learned.

. The teacher demonstrates what is to be learned.

. The leads the students through the steps necessary to perform the skills using
multiple modalities.

. The teacher uses a variety of questioning strategies to determine if the students

are understanding.

. The teacher relasces students to practice on their own.

. A review or warp-up of the lesson.

Literature is a powerful way to educate children about disabilities, but the choice
of related classroom activities is also important. Teacher first job is to create
condition for teaching, so that learning take place and secondly to plan his lesson
for effective learning to take place.