Newton's Three Laws

of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion:

I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in

that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the
"Law of Inertia".

Newton's Second Law of Motion:

II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its

acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration
and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being
displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force
vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.

This is the most powerful of Newton's three Laws, because it allows quantitative calculations of
dynamics: how do velocities change when forces are applied. Notice the fundamental difference
between Newton's 2nd Law and the dynamics of Aristotle: according to Newton, a force causes only
a change in velocity (an acceleration); it does not maintain the velocity as Aristotle held.

This is sometimes summarized by saying that under Newton, F = ma, but under Aristotle F = mv,
where v is the velocity. Thus, according to Aristotle there is only a velocity if there is a force, but
according to Newton an object with a certain velocity maintains that velocity unless a force acts on
it to cause an acceleration (that is, a change in the velocity). As we have noted earlier in conjunction
with the discussion of Galileo, Aristotle's view seems to be more in accord with common sense, but
that is because of a failure to appreciate the role played by frictional forces. Once account is taken
of all forces acting in a given situation it is the dynamics of Galileo and Newton, not of Aristotle,
that are found to be in accord with the observations.

Newton's Third Law of Motion:

III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

This law is exemplified by what happens if we step off a boat onto the bank of a lake: as we move in
the direction of the shore, the boat tends to move in the opposite direction (leaving us facedown in
the water, if we aren't careful!).
The motion of an aircraft through the air can be explained and described by physical principals
discovered over 300 years ago by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton worked in many areas of mathematics and
physics. He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666, when he was only 23 years old. Some twenty
years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae
Naturalis." The laws are shown above, and the application of these laws to aerodynamics are given on
separate slides.

Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition
of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an object (if all the external forces
cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the
object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.

The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force.
The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time.
Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the "changes" expressed in the second law are
most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and
location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant
mass m, the second law states that the force F is the product of an object's mass and its acceleration a:

F=m*a

For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A force will
cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works
both ways.

The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other
words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object A. Notice
that the forces are exerted on different objects. The third law can be used to explain the generation
of lift by a wing and the production of thrust by a jet engine.
 Panitikan
Sa pinakapayak na paglalarawan, ang panitikan o panulatan ay ang pagsulat ng
tuwiran o tuluyan at patula na nag-uugnay sa isang tao. Subalit upang maipagkaiba ito
mula sa ibang mga walang saysay na babasahin o patalastas lamang, ang mga
panitikan ay ang mainam na pagsulat na may anyo, pananaw, at diwang nakasasanhi
ng matagal na pagkawili at gana. Samakatuwid, may hugis, may punto de bista at
nakapagpapahaba ng interes ng mambabasa ang isang sulating pampanitikan.
Nagsasalaysay ng buhay, pamumuhay, lipunan, pamahalaan, pananampalataya at mga
karanasang kaugnay ng iba't ibang uri ng damdaming tulad ng pag-ibig, kaligayahan,
kalungkutan, pag-asa, pagkapoot, paghihiganti, pagkasuklam, sindak at pangamba. Ito
ang isang dahilan kung bakit pinag-aaralan ang larangan ng literatura sa mga paaralan.
Ang Iliad ni Homer, ang isang halimbawa ng mga mabuting likhaing pampanitikang
kanluranin, maging ang Aeneid ni Vergil.

Mga uri ng panitikan[baguhin | baguhin ang batayan]

Sa pinakapayak na paghahati, dalawa ang anyo ng panitikan: ang
mga Piksiyon (Ingles: fiction) at ang mga Di-piksiyon(Ingles: non-fiction) na mga sulatin
at babasahin. Ginagamit ng mga manunulat ang kanilang imahinasyon para sa pagsulat
ng mga akdang bungang-isip lamang. Nag-iimbento sila ng mga kathang-isip na mga
tauhan, pangyayari,sabunutan, sakuna, at pook na pinangyarihan ng kuwento para sa
kanilang mga prosang katulad ng mga maikling kuwento.

Para sa pangalawang anyo ng panitikan, bumabatay ang may-akda sa mga tunay na

balita at iba pang kaganapan, ayon sa kaniyang mga kaalaman hinggil sa paksa.
Pinipilit dito ng manunulat na maging tumpak sa mga detalye ng mga pangyayari. Hindi
gawa-gawa lamang ang nakaka-engganiyong kuwento. Kabilang sa mga hindi-
bunganga-isip na mga sulatin at babasahin ang
mga talambuhay, awtobiyograpiya, talaarawan, sanaysay, at mga akdang pang-
kasaysayan. Mga akdang pampanitikan[baguhin | baguhin ang batayan]
 Mga Akdang Tuluyan
 Anekdota
 Nobela
 Pabula
 Parabula
 Maikling kuwento
 Dula
 Pasaling Dula
 Sanaysay
 Talambuhay
 Talumpati
 Balita
 Kuwentong bayan
 Salawikain
 Kasabihan
 Alamat
 Mito

Mga Akdang Patula Mga Tulang Pasalaysay -

pinapaksa nito ang mahahalagang mga tagpo o pangyayari sa buhay, ang kagitingan at
kabayanihan ng tauhan.

 Awit at Korido
 Epiko
 Balada
 Sawikain
 Salawikain
 Bugtong
 Soneto
 Kantahin
 Tanaga
 Tula
Impressionism
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin,
yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in
its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary
subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and
experience, and unusual visual angles. Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-
based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the
1870s and 1880s.
The Impressionists faced harsh opposition from the conventional art community in
France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude
Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the
critic Louis Leroyto coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian
newspaper Le Charivari.
The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous
styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist
literature.
 List of 20th-century classical composers
This is a list of composers of 20th-century classical music, sortable by name, year of birth, year of death,
nationality, notable works, and remarks. It includes only composers of significant fame and importance. The
style of the composer's music is given where possible, bearing in mind that some defy simple classification.
Names are listed first by year of birth, then in alphabetical order within each year.

Ye
Year ar
Nation Notable 20th-century
Name of of Remarks
ality works
birth de
ath

Charles Solo de concours no. 7,

1817 1907 French Romanticism
Dancla Op. 224

Luigi Arditi 1822 1903 Italian

Theodor
1823 1903 German
Kirchner

Trio for piano, clarinet

Carl and horn in B♭, Op. 274;
1824 1910 German Romanticism
Reinecke String Quartet No. 5,
Op. 287

Richard
1825 1904 Dutch Organ music Romanticism
Hol

Ludwig
1826 1917 Austrian
Minkus

Morten
1826 1913 Danish
Eskesen

François-
Auguste 1828 1908 Belgian Romanticism
Gevaert
 Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life.
According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4.5 billion
years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and
the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period
known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times.[n 5]
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane, producing seasonson
Earth.[27] The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon causes ocean tides,
stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation.[28] Earth is the densest
planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface
over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water,
mostly by oceans.[29] The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that
together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere.
The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the
sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid
outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate
tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect
the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic
organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion
years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties,
and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive.[30][31] In the history of the
Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated
by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species[32] that ever lived on Earth
are extinct.[33][34] Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely;[35][36][37] most
species have not been described.[38] Over 7.6 billion humans live on Earth and depend on
its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans have developed
diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states.

Space
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and
direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicistsusually
consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The
concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the
physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an
entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity;
namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks
called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e.
place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on
Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen. Many of these classical
philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century,
particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was
absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in
the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a
collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th
century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial
depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that
the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—
they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all
experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reasonas being a
subjective "pure a priori form of intuition".
In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in
which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general
relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space.[4]Experimental tests of general
relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to
building") is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the
movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic
processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the
concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century.
The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was
validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (the crust and upper mantle), is
broken into tectonic plates. The Earth's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates
(depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where the plates meet, their
relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent,
or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation
occur along these plate boundaries (or faults). The relative movement of the plates typically
ranges from zero to 100 mm annually.
Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each
topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction, or one plate moving
under another, carries the lower one down into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced
by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this
way, the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is
also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories, since disproven, proposed
gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.
Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater mechanical
strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result
in convection; that is, the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid mantle. Plate movement is
thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading
ridges due to variations in topography (the ridge is a topographic high) and density changes in
the crust (density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge). At
subduction zones the relatively cold, dense crust is "pulled" or sinks down into the mantle over
the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell. Another explanation lies in the different forces
generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors
and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate