Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243
7KH:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\(DUWK6FLHQFHV6\PSRVLXP:0(66
6WDELOLW\$QDO\VLVRI8QGHUJURXQG0LQLQJDQG7KHLU$SSOLFDWLRQ
RQWKH0LQH&KDDEWH(O+DPUD$OJHULD
1HNDFKH5DGRXDQHD
%RXNHOORXO0D)UHGM0D
a
University of Annaba BP 12, Algeria Faculty of Earth Science Mining Department, Laboratory: Mineral Resources and planning.
$EVWUDFW
0HWKRG URRP DQG SLOODU VL]HV DUH NH\ IDFWRUV IRU VDIH PLQLQJ DQG WKHLU UHFRYHU\ LQ RSHQVWRS PLQLQJ 7KLV PHWKRG LV
DGYDQWDJHRXVGXHWRLWVVLPSOLFLW\DQGUHTXLUHPHQWRIOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQWREHXVHG,WLVSUREDEO\WKHPRVWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHPHWKRG
DPRQJWKHWRWDOORDGDSSURDFKPHWKRGVDOWKRXJKLWDOVRUHPDLQVDVDIHGHVLJQPHWKRG8VLQJDILQLWHHOHPHQWVRIWZDUH3/$;,6
'DQDO\VHVZHUHFDUULHGRXWZLWKDQHODVWRSODVWLFPRGHODQGFRPSDULVRQVZHUHPDGHZLWKPHWKRGVEDVHGRQWKHWRWDOORDG
DSSURDFK7KHUHVXOWVZHUHSUHVHQWHGDVWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQIRULPSURYLQJWKHRUHUHFRYHU\UDWHZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJDVDIHZRUNLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0(66
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015.
Keywords:URRPDQGSLOODUPLQLQJWRWDOORDGDSSURDFKHODVWRSODVWLF
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKHVWXG\LVFRQFHUQHGZLWKDFRPSDUDWLYHVWDELOLW\DQDO\VLVRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDODQGVHOHFWLYHURRP
DQGSLOODUH[SORLWDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVIRUVXEKRUL]RQWDOQDUURZYHLQVFRQFHUQLQJ$OJHULD&KDDEWH(O+DPUD0LQH,Q
DGGLWLRQ WR SHUIRUPLQJ WKH VWDELOLW\ DQDO\VLV D FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ RI SURGXFWLRQ LQGLFDWRUV PD\ LQGLFDWH ZKLFK
PHWKRGSURYLGHVPRUHDGYDQWDJHVLQWHUPVRIVDIHW\DQGHFRQRP\
2YHU WKH \HDUV D QXPEHU RI PHWKRGRORJLHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR FDOFXODWH IXOOVFDOH URRPDQGSLOODU PLQH
SLOODUVWUHQJWKVEDVHGXSRQODERUDWRU\VFDOHVWUHQJWKVREWDLQHGIURPGLDPRQGGULOOFRUHRUVDZFXWVSHFLPHQV)RU
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:PLQHVHWFDUULHUHV#\DKRRIU
1878-5220 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.058
238 Nekache Radouane et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243
VTXDUHSLOODUVDUHODWLRQVKLSGHYHORSHGXVXDOO\IROORZVWKHIRUP
ıS FZDKE
ZKHUHıp 3LOODUVWUHQJWKC0 8QFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIURFNLQWKHODERUDWRU\w 3LOODUZLGWKh
3LOODUKHLJKWDQGa,b = &RQVWDQWVIRXQGIURPILHOGREVHUYDWLRQVRUODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWV
6HYHUDO GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV ZHUH XVHG DQG UHFRJQL]LQJ ZKLFK PHWKRGV DUH PRUH RU OHVV DSSURSULDWH IRU WKH
VLWXDWLRQVHHNWRREWDLQDQDJUHHPHQWDPRQJWKHPHWKRGUHVXOWV\LHOGLQJDKLJKOHYHORIFRQILGHQFH7KHLQGLYLGXDO
PHWKRGV DUH GHVFULEHG EHORZ ,Q HDFK FDVH WKH SLOODU VWUHVV GXH WR RYHUEXUGHQ IRU IODWO\LQJ IRUPDWLRQV ZLWK D
UHJXODUSDWWHUQRIVTXDUHRUUHFWDQJXODUSLOODUVLV
ം
ቀభరరቁ
ߪ௩ ൌ
ଵିா
+HGOH\DQG*UDQWPHWKRG
+HGOH\ DQG *UDQW SURSRVHG D SLOODU GHVLJQ PHWKRG IRU YHU\ KDUG URFNV VXFK DV WKRVH IRXQG LQ WKH IRUPHU
XUDQLXPPLQHVLQ2QWDULR&DQDGD7KHIRUPXODWLRQIRUVTXDUHSLOODUVLVWKHIROORZLQJ
ıS ȕ&ZDKE
ZKHUHıp 3LOODUVWUHQJWKȕ 'LVFRXQWIDFWRUWRREWDLQHVWLPDWHGVWUHQJWKRIDLQFKFXEHVSHFLPHQIURPWHVW
GDWDRQVPDOOHUGLDPRQGGULOOFRUHVKHUHWDNHQDWIRUDQRPLQDOLQFKGLDPHWHUFRUHC0 8QFRQILQHG
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKLQWKHODERUDWRU\RIDF\OLQGULFDOURFNFRUHw 3LOODUZLGWKh 3LOODUKHLJKWa b
7KHSLOODUVWUHVVGXHWRRYHUEXUGHQLVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(TXDWLRQ7KHSLOODUVWUHQJWKLVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH
SLOODUVWUHVVDVLQ
SF Hedley-Grant ߪ Ȁߪ௩
ZKHUHSFHedley-Grant )DFWRURIVDIHW\LQFUXVKLQJIRUWKH+HGOH\*UDQW0HWKRGıY 3LOODUVWUHVVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ
(TXDWLRQ
6WDFH\3DJHPHWKRG
6WDFH\DQG3DJHLQ6RXWK$IULFDKDYHSURSRVHGDSLOODUGHVLJQPHWKRGVSHFLILFDOO\GHYHORSHGIRUODUJHVSDQ
H[FDYDWLRQVLQKDUGURFN7KHIRUPXODWLRQFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV
ǡହ
ߪ ൌ ܭሺܹ Ȁ݄ǡ ሻ
ZKHUHıS 3LOODUVWUHQJWKLQ03D03D SVLk 'HVLJQURFNPDVVVWUHQJWKLQ03DZKLFKLVFDOFXODWHGE\
DVHULHVRIVWHSVXVLQJDSURFHVVJLYHQLQ6WDFH\DQG3DJHZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDUHGXFWLRQIDFWRURIDSSUR[LPDWHO\
WRIRUPDQ\OLPHVWRQHVDQGGRORPLWHVW eff = î>wlw l@RU>îSLOODUDUHDSLOODUSHULPHWHU@
ZKHUHw 3LOODUZLGWKl 3LOODUOHQJWKh 3LOODUKHLJKW:LWKDOOGLPHQVLRQVLQPHWHUVPHWHUP IW
Nekache Radouane et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243 239
DQGWKHSLOODUVWUHVVGXHWRRYHUEXUGHQLVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ(TXDWLRQ7KHSLOODUVWUHQJWKLVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH
SLOODUVWUHVVXVLQJFRQVLVWHQWXQLWV
SF 6WDFH\3DJH ߪ Ȁߪ௩
ZKHUH SF 6WDFH\ 3DJH )DFWRU RI VDIHW\ LQ FUXVKLQJ IRU WKH 6WDFH\ DQG 3DJH ıY 3LOODU VWUHVV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ
(TXDWLRQ
+DUG\$JDSLWRVPHWKRG
+DUG\ DQG $JDSLWR LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV GHYHORSHG D SLOODU GHVLJQ PHWKRG IURP REVHUYDWLRQV LQ RLO VKDOH
PLQHV³2LOVKDOH´LVQHLWKHU³RLO´QRU³VKDOH´EXWDK\GURFDUERQNHURJHQGLVWULEXWHGLQDIUHVKZDWHUOLPHVWRQH7KH
SLOODUVWUHQJWKLVHVWLPDWHGIURP
௦ ǡଵଵ଼ ሺௐǤ௦ሻ ǡ଼ଷଷ
ߪ ൌ ߪ ቀ ቁ ቂሺௐ௦Ǥሻቃ
ZKHUH ı S 3LOODU VWUHQJWK ı c &RPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI D VDPSOH PHDVXUHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ Vs 9ROXPH RI
VDPSOHWHVWHGVp 9ROXPHRISLOODUw p :LGWKRISLOODUh s +HLJKWRIVDPSOHw s :LGWKRIVDPSOH h p
+HLJKWRISLOODU7KHSLOODUVWUHQJWKLVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHSLOODUVWUHVVDVLQ
SFHardyí Agapito = ı p / ıv
ZKHUHSF Hardy-Agapito )DFWRURIVDIHW\LQFUXVKLQJE\WKH+DUG\$JDSLWR0HWKRGı v 3LOODUVWUHVVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ
(TXDWLRQ,QPRVWFDVHVXVLQJ1;RU14VL]HGGLDPRQGGULOOFRUHWKHODERUDWRU\WHVWHGVDPSOHGLPHQVLRQVDUH
F\OLQGULFDOZLWKDQRPLQDOGLDPHWHURILQFKHVDQGKHLJKWRILQFKHV
2EHUW'XYDOOPHWKRG
2EHUWDQG'XYDOOSURSRVHGDSLOODUGHVLJQPHWKRGIRUURFNVLQJHQHUDOEXWPRVWO\EDVHGRQVWURQJURFNVVXFK
DVWKRVHIRXQGLQ]LQFDQGOHDGPLQHV7KHIROORZLQJUHODWLRQVKLSWKHQGHVFULEHVWKHSLOODUVWUHQJWK
ıp = ıc[0,778 + 0,222 (w/h)]
ZKHUHı p 3LOODUVWUHQJWKı c 8QFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIDODERUDWRU\VSHFLPHQw 3LOODUZLGWKDQG
OHQJWKh 3LOODUKHLJKW7KHSLOODUVWUHQJWKLVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHSLOODUVWUHVVDVLQ
SFObert-Duvall ıp ıv
ZKHUHSFObert-Duvall )DFWRURIVDIHW\LQFUXVKLQJE\WKH2EHUW'XYDOO0HWKRGı v 3LOODUVWUHVVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ
(TXDWLRQ2EHUWDQG'XYDOOSUHFRPPHQGDVDIHW\IDFWRURIDWOHDVWIRXUIRUURRPDQGSLOODUPLQLQJZLWK
D FKHFNHUERDUG SDWWHUQ XVLQJ WKLV PHWKRG 7KH 2EHUW DQG 'XYDOO 0HWKRG LV WKXV HLWKHU YHU\ FRQVHUYDWLYH RU
XQUHDOLVWLFGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSRLQWRIYLHZ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHRULJLQDODSSOLFDWLRQRIWKLVIRUPXODWRSLOODU
GHVLJQ ZDV E\ %XQWLQJ IRU XVH LQ WKH DQWKUDFLWH PLQHV LQ QRUWKHDVWHUQ 3HQQV\OYDQLD %XQWLQJ UHSRUWHG WKDW
-RKQVRQGHULYHGWKHIRUPXODJLYHQLQ(TXDWLRQIURPODERUDWRU\VWUHQJWKGDWDREWDLQHGE\%DXVFKLQJHUIRU
VDQGVWRQHVDPSOHVRIGLIIHUHQWVKDSHV&ORVHVFUXWLQ\RI%XQWLQJ¶VSDSHUVKRZVWKDWWKHUHZDVQRDWWHPSWWRDFFRXQW
IRUUHGXFWLRQLQVWUHQJWKRIDSLOODUGXHWRWKHHIIHFWVRIVFDOHRUGLVFRQWLQXLWLHV
%LHQLDZVNL3HQQVWDWHPHWKRG
URFNV +RZHYHU$JDSLWR$VVRFLDWHV ,QF H[SHULHQFH LV WKDW WKH PHWKRGLV RYHUO\ FRQVHUYDWLYH LQ PDQ\ KDUGURFN
HQYLURQPHQWV7KHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
ıp ı>w h @
ZKHUHıp 3LOODUVWUHQJWKı 8QFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIDODUJHFXEHRIURFNLQWKHODERUDWRU\RU
ı Co d ZKHUHCo /DERUDWRU\GHWHUPLQHGURFNFRUHXQFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKd
'LDPHWHURIURFNFRUHw 3LOODUZLGWKDQGOHQJWKh 3LOODUKHLJKW7KHSLOODUVWUHQJWKLVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKH
SLOODUVWUHVVDVLQ
SFBieniawski ıp ıv
ZKHUHSFBieniawski )DFWRURIVDIHW\LQFUXVKLQJIRUWKH%LHQLDZVNL0HWKRG
$EHO:LOVRQ$VKZLQPHWKRG
1XPHULFDOPRGHOLQJRISLOODUPLQLQJPHWKRGDEDQGRQHGFDVHPLQH&KDDEHWHO+DPUD
7KHUHLVDQLQWHUHVWLQWULJJHUPHFKDQLVPVRIVXEVLGHQFHRIODQGVXUIDFHIRUWKLVFRQVLGHULQJWKHSUREOHPSRVHG
E\QXPHULFDOPRGHOLQJ7KHPDLQGDWDDUHWKHJHRPHWU\DQGPDWHULDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHUHVROXWLRQRIWKHSUREOHP
WRWDNHDFFRXQWRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVWULJJHULQJWKHORFDOL]DWLRQRIGHIRUPDWLRQVDQGWKHEHDULQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHSLOODUV
RI WKH PLQH RI &KDDEHW (O+DPUD 7KLV FDVH LV PRGHOOHG LQ WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV 7KH 5RFN\ PDVVLI RI &KDDEHW (O
+DPUD LV FRPSRVHGRI OD\HU RI PDUOV DQG'RORPLWHV )RU WKH FDOFXODWLRQRI VWDELOLW\ K\SRWKHVLVRISODQH VWUDLQ LV
DGRSWHG7KHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIPDWHULDOVIROORZLQJWKHFULWHULRQRI0RKU&RXORPEZLWKWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKH
PDWHULDOV LV OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH FDVH REWDLQHG E\ PHWKRG RI 2%(57 DQG '89$// ZHUH
YDOLGDWHGE\QXPHULFDOPRGHOLQJ3/$;,6'DVVHHQLQ7DEOH
7DEOH0HFKDQLFDODQGSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
9ROXPHZHLJKW
<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXV 3RURVLW\ 3RLVRQ¶VUDWLR
0DWHULDOV XQVDWXUDWHG VDWXUDWHG
*3D S Q
ȖN1P ȖN1P
GRORPLWH
PDUO
]LQFRUH
Nekache Radouane et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243 241
7DEOH&DVHVVHOHFWHGIRUQXPHULFDOPRGHOLQJ
'HSWKWR 6WUHVV,Q
3LOODUZLGWK 5RRPZLGWK 3LOODU6WUHQJWK ([WUDFWLRQ5DWH )DFWRURI
&DVH SLOODUURRI 3LOODU
P P 03D 6DIHW\ &RPPHQWV
OHYHO'P 03D
67$%/(
583785(
67$%/(
583785(
1XPHULFDO PRGHOOLQJ LV SHUIRUPHG IRU IRXU DERYH FDVHV 7DE ZKLFK WKH SURSRVHG PRGHOV DUH PDGH RI WKUHH
OD\HUVEHORZEHQFKHV
OD\HURIRUH
OD\HURIPDUO
OD\HURIGRORPLWH
)LJ(IIHFWLYHPHDQVWUHVVHVFDVH1
1XPHULFDO PRGHOOLQJ VKRZV EHIRUH XVH WKH HIIHFWLYH VWUHVVHV DUH HYHQO\ GLVWULEXWHG DQG DUH HTXDO WR
.1P7KHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGVKRZWKDWWKHWRWDOVWUHVVWRWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHSLOODUVDUHOHVV
LPSRUWDQW7KHVHWWLQJVRIWKHEDVLQDUHPD[LPXPDPSOLWXGHP7KHUHIRUHWKHSLOODUVDUHVWDEOHZLWKD
IDFWRURIVDIHW\WR
)LJ(IIHFWLYHPHDQVWUHVVHVFDVH1
242 Nekache Radouane et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243
)RUWKLVFDVHWKHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHWRWDOVWUHVVWRWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHSLOODUVDUHYHU\
LPSRUWDQW 7KH VHWWLQJV RI WKH EDVLQ KDV PD[LPXP DPSOLWXGH P ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH SLOODUV DUH EUHDNLQJ
ZLWK D VHFXULW\ IDFWRU 7KHUHIRUH WKH FROODSVH ILQDOO\ UHDFKHV WKH VRLO VXUIDFH FDXVLQJ VXUIDFH VXEVLGHQFH
SURJUHVVLYHEUXWDORUXQH[SHFWHG
)LJ(IIHFWLYHPHDQVWUHVVHVFDVH1
)RUWKLVFDVHZLWKDVOLJKWYDULDWLRQRIWKHYDOXHRIWKHZLGWKRIWKHURRPWRWKHZLGWKRIWKHSLOODUZLWKDFRQVWDQW
GHSWKWKHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHWRWDOVWUHVVWRWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHSLOODUVDUHOHVVLPSRUWDQW
7KHVHWWLQJVRIWKHEDVLQKDV0D[LPXPDPSOLWXGHPYHU\VPDOOGHIRUPDWLRQV$VDUHVXOWWKHSLOODUV
DUH VWDEOH ZLWK D IDFWRU RI VDIHW\ 7KHUHIRUH ZHDN GLVWXUEDQFHV PD\ RFFXU ILQDOO\ VXUIDFH VRLO FDXVLQJ
VXEVLGHQFHRIYHU\ORZPDJQLWXGHDOPRVWQHJOLJLEOH
)LJ(IIHFWLYHPHDQVWUHVVHVFDVH1
)RUWKLVFDVHZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKHGHSWKDQGSRZHURIWKHGHSRVLWWKHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHWRWDOVWUHVVWRWDO
GLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHSLOODUVDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQW$VDUHVXOWIDLOXUHVRIWKHSLOODUVZLWKDIDFWRURI
VDIHW\ HTXDO WR 7KHUHIRUH WR VWURQJ GLVWXUEDQFHV PD\ RFFXU ILQDOO\ VXUIDFH VRLO FDXVLQJ VXEVLGHQFH RI KLJK
PDJQLWXGH
Nekache Radouane et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 237 – 243 243
&RQFOXVLRQV
1XPHULFDO PRGHOOLQJ VKRZV EHIRUH XVH WKH HIIHFWLYH VWUHVVHV DUH HYHQO\ GLVWULEXWHG +RZHYHU DIWHU XVH RI WKH
GHSRVLWZHQRWHWKDWPRUHH[SORLWHGWKHVSDFHZLGWKGHSWKRIWKHRSHUDWLQJDUHDDQGWKHSRZHURIWKHPLQHUDOL]HG
OD\HUVLQFUHDVHPRUHWKHDQJOHRILQFOLQDWLRQRIWKHGHSRVLWGHFUHDVHV7KHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGVKRZWKDWWKHWRWDOVWUHVV
WRWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVLQWKHSLOODUVDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRUFDVHVDQGDQGOHVVLPSRUWDQWIRUFDVHV
DQG$QDO\VLVRIWKHVHUHVXOWVVKRZVWKDWGHVSLWHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGGHIRUPDWLRQVFDYLQJDQG
EDFNILOOPHWKRGVSUHVHQWOHVVULVNFRPSDUHGWRIDUPVE\HPSW\URRPV
5HIHUHQFHV
+HGOH\'*)DQG)*UDQW³6WRSHDQG3LOODU'HVLJQIRUWKH(OOLRW/DNH8UDQLXP0LQHV´CIM TransactionsYSS±
6WDFH\75DQG&+3DJHPractical Handbook forUnderground Rock Mechanics7UDQV7HFK3XEOLFDWLRQV&ODXVWKDO=HOOHUIHOG*HUPDQ\
S
+DUG\03DQG-)7$JDSLWR³3LOODU'HVLJQLQ8QGHUJURXQG2LO6KDOH0LQHV´Proc. 16th U.S. Symposium onRock Mechanics1HZ
<RUN$PHULFDQ6RF&LY(QJSS±
2EHUW/DQG:,'XYDOORock Mechanics and the Design ofStructures in Rock-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF1HZ<RUNS
%XQWLQJ'³&KDPEHU3LOODUVLQ'HHS$QWKUDFLWH0LQHV´Transactions A.I.M.EYSS±
-RKQVRQ-%The Materials of Construction-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV,QF1HZ<RUNS
%DXVFKLQJHU-³0LWWHLOXQJHQDXVGHP0HFKDQLVFK7HFKQLVKHQ/DERUDWRULXPGHU.7HFKQLVKHQ+RFKVFKXOHLQ0XQVFKHQ>&LWHGLQ
$EHO@
%LHQLDZVNL=7Rock Mechanics Design in Mining andTunneling$$%DONHPD5RWWHUGDPS
%LHQLDZVNL=70$OEHUDQG*6.DODPDUDV³7LPH'HSHQGHQW6WUHQJWKRI&RDO6WUDWDIRU/RQJ7HUP3LOODU6WDELOLW\´Proceedings 13th
Conference on Ground Control in Mining:HVW9LUJLQLD8QLYHUVLW\0RUJDQWRZQ:9SS±
$EHO-)-U³6RIW5RFN3LOODUV´Int’l J. Mining and Geol.Eng.YSS±
:LOVRQ$+DQG'3$VKZLQ³5HVHDUFKLQWRWKH'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI3LOODU6L]H´The Mining EngineerYSDUW-XQHSS
±