BASICS OF

TRANSFORMER

1
TRANSFORMERS WORKING PRINCIPLE,

VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS USED IN A POWER

STATION,

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF MAIN TRANSFORMER AND

ACCESSORIES,

BUCHOLTZ RELAY AND MAIN PROTECTIONS,

TYPES OF COOLING,

2
 BASICS OF
TRANSFORMER AND ITS
WORKING PRINCIPLE

3
HISTORICALLY, THE FIRST ELECTRICAL POWER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY EDISON IN 1880
1880s
s
WAS TRANSMITTING DC (DIRECT CURRENT)

IT WAS DESIGNED FOR LOW VOLTAGES (SAFETY AND

DIFFICULTIES IN VOLTAGE CONVERSION)
CONVERSION);; THEREFORE,
HIGH CURRENTS WERE NEEDED TO BE GENERATED AND
TRANSMITTED TO DELIVER NECESSARY POWER

THIS SYSTEM SUFFERED SIGNIFICANT ENERGY LOSSES!

4
THE SECOND GENERATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(WHAT WE ARE STILL USING) WAS PROPOSED BY TESLA FEW
YEARS LATER
LATER..

HIS IDEA WAS TO GENERATE AC POWER OF ANY CONVENIENT

VOLTAGE, STEP UP THE VOLTAGE FOR TRANSMISSION (HIGHER
VOLTAGE IMPLIES LOWER CURRENT AND, THUS, LOWER LOSSES ),
LOSSES),

TRANSMIT AC POWER WITH SMALL LOSSES, AND FINALLY STEP

DOWN ITS VOLTAGE FOR CONSUMPTION

POWER LOSS IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE CURRENT

TRANSMITTED

THE STEP UP AND STEP DOWN VOLTAGE CONVERSION WAS BASED

ON THE USE OF TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS..

5
 A TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE
THAT CONVERTS ONE AC VOLTAGE TO ANOTHER AC VOLTAGE AT THE
SAME FREQUENCY

IT CONSISTS OF ONE OR MORE COIL(S) OF WIRE WRAPPED AROUND

A COMMON FERROMAGNETIC CORE

THESE COILS ARE USUALLY NOT CONNECTED ELECTRICALLY

TOGETHER

HOWEVER, THEY ARE CONNECTED THROUGH THE COMMON

MAGNETIC FLUX CONFINED TO THE CORE

ASSUMING THAT THE TRANSFORMER HAS AT LEAST TWO

WINDINGS, ONE OF THEM (PRIMARY) IS CONNECTED TO A SOURCE
OF AC POWER
POWER;; THE OTHER (SECONDARY) IS CONNECTED TO THE
LOADS..
LOADS
6
CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE
TYPE::
CIRCULAR SHAPED RECTANGULAR SHAPED
WINDINGS WINDINGS

7
 CORE

THE CORE WILL WORK AS A CAGE FOR THE MAGNETIC FLUX

MOST OF THE FLUX WILL BE KEPT INSIDE THE CORE

THE CORE IS MADE WITH A VERY SPECIAL ELECTRICAL STEEL

THE STEEL IS MADE AS THIN INSULATED SHEETS WHICH MUST BE

MOUNTED ONE BY ONE

THE FINAL GOAL IS TO MINIMIZE THE SIZE OF THE CORE AND

LOSSES..
LOSSES
8
9
10
THE CORE
CORE:: WHICH PROVIDES A PATH FOR THE MAGNETIC LINES
OF FLUX

THE PRIMARY WINDING

WINDING:: WHICH RECEIVES ENERGY FROM THE
AC SOURCE

THE SECONDARY WINDING

WINDING:: WHICH RECEIVES ENERGY FROM
THE PRIMARY WINDING AND DELIVERS IT TO THE LOAD

THE ENCLOSURE
ENCLOSURE:: WHICH PROTECTS THE ABOVE COMPONENTS
FROM DIRT, MOISTURE, AND MECHANICAL DAMAGE
DAMAGE..

11
2 ADJACENT COILS
COILS NOT PHYSICALLY CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER
12
THE PRIMARY WINDING IS CONNECTED TO A 50 HERTZ AC
VOLTAGE SOURCE

THE MAGNETIC FIELD (FLUX) BUILDS UP (EXPANDS) AND

COLLAPSES (CONTRACTS) ABOUT THE PRIMARY WINDING

THE EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING MAGNETIC FIELD

AROUND THE PRIMARY WINDING CUTS THE SECONDARY
WINDING AND INDUCES AN ALTERNATING VOLTAGE INTO
THE WINDING

THIS VOLTAGE CAUSES ALTERNATING CURRENT TO FLOW

THROUGH THE LOAD

THE VOLTAGE MAY BE STEPPED UP OR DOWN DEPENDING ON

THE DESIGN OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS
WINDINGS..
13
WHEN A LOAD DEVICE IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE SECONDARY
WINDING OF A TRANSFORMER, CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE
SECONDARY AND THE LOAD
THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY THE CURRENT IN THE
SECONDARY INTERACTS WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY
THE CURRENT IN THE PRIMARY
THIS INTERACTION RESULTS FROM THE MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
BETWEEN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS
WINDINGS..

SIMPLE TRANSFORMER INDICATING

PRIMARY- AND SECONDARY
PRIMARY- SECONDARY--WINDING
FLUX RELATIONSHIP

14
THE VOLTAGES IN THE PRIMARY & SECONDARY COILS
DEPEND ON NUMBER OF TURNS IN COILS

Vp = PRIMARY VOLTAGE
Vs = SECONDARY VOLTAGE
Np = NUMBER OF TURNS OF PRIMARY COIL
Ns = NUMBER OF TURNS OF SECONDARY COIL
15
 THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

1 STEP-
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT
SYMBOL
Ns > Np
Vs > Vp

2 STEP-
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT
SYMBOL

Vs < Vp Ns < Np
16
IF NO POWER IS LOST IN A TRANSFORMER

(NO POWER LOSS)

17
IF THE SECONDARY OF A TRANSFORMER HAS TWO TIMES AS
MANY TURNS AS THE PRIMARY
PRIMARY,, THE VOLTAGE INDUCED INTO
THE SECONDARY WILL BE TWO TIMES THE VOLTAGE ACROSS
THE PRIMARY

IF THE SECONDARY HAS ONE

ONE--HALF AS MANY TURNS AS THE
PRIMARY, THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE SECONDARY WILL BE
ONE--HALF THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE PRIMARY
ONE PRIMARY..

HOWEVER, THE TURNS RATIO AND THE CURRENT RATIO OF A

TRANSFORMER HAVE AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP..

THUS, A 1:2 STEP-

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER WILL HAVE ONE-
ONE-HALF
THE CURRENT IN THE SECONDARY AS IN THE PRIMARY
PRIMARY..

A 2:1 STEP-
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER WILL HAVE TWICE THE
CURRENT IN THE SECONDARY AS IN THE PRIMARY
PRIMARY..
18
POWER TRANSFORMERS : USED IN TRANSMISSION
NETWORK OF HIGHER VOLTAGES, DEPLOYED FOR STEP
STEP--UP
AND STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER APPLICATION (765 kV, 400
kV, 220 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33
33kV,
kV,22
22kV)
kV)

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS:: USED FOR LOWER
VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AS A MEANS TO END
USER CONNECTIVITY
CONNECTIVITY.. (11
11kV,
kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V,
440V, 230V)
230V)

19
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

DELTA/STAR:: USED IN GENERATING STATIONS FOR STEP-UP

DELTA/STAR

STAR/DELTA:: USED IN RECEIVING STATIONS FOR STEP-DOWN

STAR/DELTA

ALL GTs ARE DELTA/STAR CONNECTED

ALL TIE IN TRANSFORMERS ARE STAR/STAR CONNECTED.

20
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

STAR / STAR CONNECTION

STAR / DELTA CONNECTION

21
 VARIOUS TYPES OF
TRANSFORMERS USED IN
A POWER STATION

22
23
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT)

STATION TRANSFORMER (ST)

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (UAT)

EXCITATION TRANSFORMER

NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRANSFORMER

AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS

24
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER:: THE GENERATOR IS CONNECTED TO
THIS TRANSFORMER BY MEANS OF ISOLATED BUS DUCTS
DUCTS..

THIS TRANSFORMER IS USED TO STEP UP THE GENERATING

VOLTAGE OF AROUND 15
15KV
KV TO GRID VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE..

THIS TRANSFORMER IS GENERALLY PROVIDED WITH OFAF

COOLING..
COOLING

IT IS ALSO PROVIDED WITH OFF CIRCUIT/ON LOAD TAPS ON THE

HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE
SIDE..

THIS TRANSFORMER HAS ELABORATE COOLING SYSTEM

CONSISTING OF NUMBER OF OIL PUMPS AND COOLING FANS
APART FROM VARIOUS ACCESSORIES.
ACCESSORIES.

25
THE UAT DRAWS ITS INPUT FROM THE MAIN BUS- BUS-DUCT
CONNECTING GENERATOR TO THE GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER..

THE TOTAL KVA CAPACITY OF UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

REQUIRED CAN BE DETERMINED BY ASSUMING 0.85 POWER
FACTOR AND 0.9 EFFICIENCY FOR TOTAL AUXILIARY MOTOR LOAD
LOAD..

IT IS SAFE AND DESIRABLE TO PROVIDE ABOUT 20

20%% EXCESS
CAPACITY THAN CIRCULATE SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR
MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES AND POSSIBLE INCREASE IN
AUXILIARY LOAD
LOAD..

WITH HIGHER UNIT RATINGS AND HIGHER STEAM CONDITIONS,

THE AUXILIARY POWER REQUIRED ALSO INCREASES AND
LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE SWITCHGEAR VOLTAGES
AVAILABLE, INDICATE THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF UNIT AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER WHICH CAN BE USED

26
27
THE STATION TRANSFORMER IS REQUIRED TO FEED POWER TO THE
AUXILIARIES DURING START UPS
UPS..

THIS TRANSFORMER IS NORMALLY RATED FOR THE INITIAL

AUXILIARY LOAD REQUIREMENTS OF UNIT
UNIT..

IN TYPICAL CASES, THIS LOAD IS OF THE ORDER OF 60

60%% OF THE
LOAD AT FULL GENERATING CAPACITY
CAPACITY..

BUT IN LARGE STATIONS WHERE MORE THAN ONE UNITS ARE

OPERATING, THE STATION TRANSFORMERS SHOULD HAVE
SUFFICIENT CAPACITY TO START TWO UNITS AT A TIME IN
ADDITION TO FEEDING THE COMMON AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARIES..

IT IS ALSO PROVIDED WITH ON LOAD TAP CHANGER TO CATER TO

THE FLUCTUATING VOLTAGE OF THE GRID
GRID..

28
THESE TRANSFORMERS ARE EMPLOYED IN THE POWER PLANTS FOR
DELIVERING POWER TO LOW VOLTAGE LOADS (VOLTAGE BELOW
1KV).
KV).

THESE TRANSFORMERS CONNECTS BETWEEN HV DISTRIBUTION

BUSES AND LV DISTRIBUTION BUSES OF THE PLANT
PLANT..

THEIR RATING WILL BE AROUND 1 TO 5MVA, NATURAL OIL

COOLING OR AIR COOLED TRANSFORMERS ARE USED
USED..

SOME OF THE POINTS RELATED TO STATION AUXILIARY

TRANSFORMERS ARE LISTED BELOW
BELOW::
THESE TRANSFORMERS ARE LOCATED IN POWER PLANT TO STEP
DOWN VOLTAGE FROM 6.6KV TO 415V
415V.

THE RATING FOR THIS TRANSFORMER CORRESPONDS TO THE

RATING OF THE AUXILIARY LOAD IT SHOULD BE BEARING
BEARING..

THESE TRANSFORMERS ARE INDOOR TYPE AND USUALLY DRY TYPE

TRANSFORMERS ARE USED.
USED.
29
 THE CONSERVATOR (RESERVOIR)
AT TOP PROVIDES OIL TO
ATMOSPHERE ISOLATION AS
COOLANT LEVEL AND
TEMPERATURE CHANGES
CHANGES..

THE WALLS AND FINS PROVIDE

REQUIRED HEAT DISSIPATION
BALANCE

CUTAWAY VIEW OF OIL

IMMERSED CONSTRUCTION
TRANSFORMER
30
31
STEP DOWN VALUES TO SAFE LEVELS FOR MEASUREMENT
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
ALSO CALLED VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
STANDARD OUTPUT 120V
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
STANDARD OUTPUT OF 1 OR 5 AMPS
METERING AND RELAYING STANDARDS
CAN PRODUCE HIGH VOLTAGES IF OPEN CIRCUITED

32
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF MAIN
TRANSFORMER AND ACCESSORIES

33
34
1. TANK
2. RADIATOR/ FAN/PUMP
3. BUSHINGS
4. TAP CHANGER
5. CONSERVATOR
6. BREATHER
7. TEMPERATURE INDICATORS
8. BUCHHOLZ RELAY/OIL SURGE RELAY
9. OIL LEVEL GAUGE
10. PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE (PRD)
11. VALVES
12. ROLLER
13. COOLER CONTROL CUBICLE (MARSHALLING BOX)
14. REMOTE TAP CHANGER CONTROL CUBICLE (RTCC)
35
1. FLANGE FOR MOUNTING.
2. TANK, TANK COVER.
3. CORE.
4. CONSERVATOR.
5. COOLER (RADIATOR).
6. WINDINGS
7. LV BUSHING.
8. HV BUSHING.
9. TERMINALS CONNECTIONS.
10. CARRIAGE.
11. CORE-
CORE-BOLTS.
12. HEADER.
13. THERMOMETER.
14. BUCHHOLZ RELAY.
15. BREATHER.
36
RADIATORS ARE USED TO
INCREASE THE COOLING
AREA
DUE TO TRANSFORMER OIL
GETS HEATED UP, HOT OIL
RISES TO TOP & FLOW TO
RADIATOR
IN RADIATOR WHILE
FLOWING DOWN, OIL
DISSIPATES HEAT TO
COOLING MEDIUM
COLD OIL AGAIN ENTERS
TRANSFORMER AT BOTTOM
OF RADIATOR

37
38
WITH THE VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE THERE IS
CORRESPONDING VARIATION IN THE OIL VOLUME

TO ACCOUNT FOR THIS, AN EXPANSION VESSEL CALLED

CONSERVATOR IS ADDED TO THE TRANSFORMER WITH A
CONNECTING PIPE TO THE MAIN TANK

IN SMALLER TRANSFORMERS THIS VESSEL IS OPEN TO

ATMOSPHERE THROUGH DEHYDRATING BREATHERS (TO KEEP THE
AIR DRY)

IN LARGER TRANSFORMERS, AN AIR BAG IS MOUNTED INSIDE THE

CONSERVATOR WITH THE INSIDE OF BAG OPEN TO ATMOSPHERE
THROUGH THE BREATHERS AND THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OF THE BAG
IN CONTACT WITH THE OIL SURFACE
SURFACE..

39
SILICA GEL BREATHER

40
BOTH TRANSFORMER OIL AND CELLULOSIC PAPER ARE HIGHLY
HYGROSCOPIC

PAPER BEING MORE HYGROSCOPIC THAN THE MINERAL OIL TO THE

MOISTURE, IF NOT EXCLUDED FROM THE OIL SURFACE IN
CONSERVATOR, THIS WILL FIND ITS WAY FINALLY INTO THE PAPER
INSULATION AND CAUSES REDUCTION INSULATION STRENGTH OF
TRANSFORMER..
TRANSFORMER

TO MINIMISE THIS THE CONSERVATOR IS ALLOWED TO BREATHE

ONLY THROUGH THE SILICAGEL COLUMN
COLUMN,, WHICH ABSORBS THE
MOISTURE IN AIR BEFORE IT ENTERS THE
THE--CONSERVATOR AIR
SURFACE..
SURFACE

41
42
MOST OF THE TRANSFORMER (SMALL TRANSFORMERS HAVE ONLY
OTI)) ARE PROVIDED WITH INDICATORS THAT DISPLACE OIL
OTI
TEMPERATURE AND WINDING TEMPERATURE

THERE ARE THERMOMETERS POCKETS PROVIDED IN THE TANK

TOP COVER

OIL TEMPERATURE MEASURED IS THAT OF THE TOP OIL, WHERE AS

THE WINDING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IS INDIRECT
INDIRECT,, THIS IS
DONE BY ADDING THE TEMPERATURE RISE

FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING OR OTI & WTI IT IS ESSENTIAL TO

KEEP THE THERMOMETERS POCKET CLEAN AND FILLED WITH OIL
OIL..

43
TRANSFORMERS TANK IS A PRESSURE VESSEL AS THE INSIDE
PRESSURE CAN GROUP STEEPLY WHENEVER THERE IS A FAULT IN
THE WINDINGS AND THE SURROUNDING OIL IS SUDDENLY
VAPORIZED

TANKS ARE TESTED FOR A PRESSURE WITHSTAND CAPACITY OF 0.35

kg/ cm2 TO PREVENT BURSTING OF THE TANK, THESE TANKS ARE IN
ADDITION PROVIDED WITH EXPANSION VENTS WITH A THIN
DIAPHRAGM MADE OF BAKELITE/COPPER/GLASS AT THE END

IN PRESENT DAY TRANSFORMERS, PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES ARE

REPLACING THE EXPANSION VENTS, THESE ARE SIMILAR TO SAFETY
VALVES ON BOILERS (SPRING LOADED)
LOADED)..

44
WORKS AS A PRESSURE RELEASING
VALVE

EQUIPPED WITH ALARM/TRIP CONTACT

PRESSURE::8 kg/ cm2

OPERATING PRESSURE

45
46
BUCHHOLZ RELAY IS A GAS
GAS-- ACTUATED RELAY INSTALLED IN OIL
OIL--
IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ALL KIND
OF FAULTS
FAULTS..

IT IS USED TO GIVES AN ALARM IN CASE OF SLOW DEVELOPING

FAULTS OR INCIPIENT FAULTS IN THE TRANSFORMER AND TO
DISCONNECT THE TRANSFORMER FROM THE SUPPLY IN THE EVENT
OF SEVERE INTERNAL FAULTS.
FAULTS.

IT IS INSTALLED IN THE PIPE BETWEEN THE CONSERVATOR AND

MAIN TANK AS SHOWN IN FIG ON NEXT SLIDE.
SLIDE. THIS RELAY IS USED
IN OIL-
OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS OF RATING ABOVE 750 kVA.
kVA.

47
48
BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION IS NORMALLY PROVIDED ON ALL
TRANSFORMERS FITTED WITH A CONSERVATOR.
CONSERVATOR. THE BUCHHOLZ
RELAY IS CONTAINED IN A CAST HOUSING WHICH IS CONNECTED
IN THE PIPE TO THE CONSERVATOR, AS IN FIGURE BELOW

A TYPICAL BUCHHOLZ RELAY

WILL HAVE TWO SETS OF
CONTACTS..
CONTACTS
ONE IS ARRANGED TO OPERATE
FOR SLOW ACCUMULATIONS OF
GAS, THE OTHER FOR BULK
DISPLACEMENT OF OIL IN THE
EVENT OF A HEAVY INTERNAL
FAULT..
FAULT
AN ALARM IS GENERATED FOR
THE FORMER, BUT THE LATTER IS
USUALLY DIRECT
DIRECT--WIRED TO THE
CB TRIP RELAY
RELAY..

49
50
IN CASE OF SLOW DEVELOPING FAULTS WITHIN THE TRANSFORMER,
THE HEAT DUE TO THE FAULT CAUSES DECOMPOSITION OF SOME
TRANSFORMER OIL IN THE MAIN TANK.
TANK.

THE PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITION MAINLY CONTAIN 70 70%

% OF
HYDROGEN GAS
GAS.. THE HYDROGEN GAS BEING LIGHT TRIES TO GO
INTO THE CONSERVATOR AND IN THE PROCESS GETS TRAPPED IN
THE UPPER PART OF THE RELAY CHAMBER
CHAMBER..

WHEN A PREDETERMINED AMOUNT OF GAS GETS ACCUMULATED, IT

EXERTS SUFFICIENT PRESSURE ON THE FLOAT TO CAUSE IT TO TILT
AND CLOSE THE CONTACTS OF MERCURY SWITCH ATTACHED TO IT. IT.
THIS COMPLETES THE ALARM CIRCUIT TO SOUND AN ALARM.
ALARM.

51
IF SERIOUS FAULT OCCUR IN THE TRANSFORMER, AN ENORMOUS
AMOUNT OF GAS IS GENERATED IN THE MAIN TANK.
TANK. THE OIL IN THE
MAIN TANK RUSHES TOWARDS THE CONSERVATOR VIA THE
BUCHHOLZ RELAY AND IN DOING SO IT TILTS THE FLAP TO CLOSE
THE CONTACTS OF MERCURY SWITCH
SWITCH.. THIS COMPLETES THE TRIP
CIRCUIT TO OPEN THE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROLLING THE
TRANSFORMER..
TRANSFORMER

52
THE BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION DEVICE WILL GIVE AN ALARM FOR THE
FOLLOWING FAULT CONDITIONS, ALL OF WHICH ARE OF A LOW
ORDER OF URGENCY
URGENCY..

a. HOT SPOTS ON THE CORE DUE TO SHORT CIRCUIT OF LAMINATION

INSULATION
b. CORE BOLT INSULATION FAILURE
c. FAULTY JOINTS
d. INTERTURN FAULTS OR OTHER WINDING FAULTS INVOLVING ONLY
LOWER POWER INFEEDS
e. LOSS OF OIL DUE TO LEAKAGE
WHEN A MAJOR WINDING FAULT OCCURS, THIS CAUSES A SURGE OF
OIL, WHICH DISPLACES THE LOWER FLOAT AND THUS CAUSES
ISOLATION OF THE TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER.. THIS ACTION WILL TAKE PLACE
FOR::
FOR
i. ALL SEVERE WINDING FAULTS, EITHER TO EARTH OR INTERPHASE
ii. LOSS OF OIL IF ALLOWED TO CONTINUE TO A DANGEROUS
DEGREE 53
AN INSPECTION WINDOW IS USUALLY PROVIDED ON EITHER SIDE
OF THE GAS COLLECTION SPACE
SPACE.. VISIBLE WHITE OR YELLOW GAS
INDICATES THAT INSULATION HAS BEEN BURNT, WHILE BLACK OR
GREY GAS INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF, DISSOCIATED OIL
OIL..

IN THESE CASES THE GAS WILL PROBABLY BE INFLAMMABLE,

WHEREAS RELEASED AIR WILL NOT
NOT.. A VENT VALVE IS PROVIDED ON
THE TOP OF THE HOUSING FOR THE GAS TO BE RELEASED OR
COLLECTED FOR ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS..

TRANSFORMERS WITH FORCED OIL CIRCULATION MAY EXPERIENCE

OIL FLOW TO/FROM THE CONSERVATOR ON STARTING/STOPPING
OF THE PUMPS
PUMPS.. THE BUCHHOLZ RELAY MUST NOT OPERATE IN THIS
CIRCUMSTANCE..
CIRCUMSTANCE

54
55
LOSSES IN THE TRANSFORMER ARE OF THE ORDER OF 1% OF ITS
FULL LOAD KW RATING
THESE LOSSES GET CONVERTED IN THE HEAT THEREBY THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE WINDINGS, CORE, OIL AND THE TANK RISES
THE HEAT IS DISSIPATED FROM THE TRANSFORMER TANK AND THE
RADIATOR IN TO THE ATMOSPHERE
TRANSFORMER COOLING HELPS IN MAINTAINING THE
TEMPERATURE RISE OF VARIOUS PARTS WITHIN PERMISSIBLE
LIMITS
IN CASE OF TRANSFORMER, COOLING IS PROVIDED BY THE
CIRCULATION OF THE OIL
TRANSFORMER OIL ACTS AS BOTH INSULATING MATERIAL AND ALSO
COOLING MEDIUM IN THE TRANSFORMER
FOR SMALL RATING TRANSFORMERS HEAT IS REMOVED FROM THE
TRANSFORMER BY NATURAL THERMAL CONVECTION
FOR LARGE RATING TRANSFORMERS THIS TYPE OF COOLING IS NOT
SUFFICIENT, FOR SUCH APPLICATIONS FORCED COOLING IS USED
USED.. 56
DIFFERENT TRANSFORMER COOLING METHODS ARE
ARE::
AIR COOLING FOR DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS:
AIR NATURAL TYPE (A.N.)
AIR FORCED TYPE (A.F.)

COOLING FOR OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS:

OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL TYPE (O.N.A.N.)
OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED TYPE (O.N.A.F.)
OIL FORCED AIR NATURAL TYPE (O.F.A.N.)
OIL FORCED AIR FORCED TYPE (O.F.A.F.)

OIL IMMERSED WATER COOLING:

OIL NATURAL WATER FORCED (O.N.W.F.)
OIL FORCED WATER FORCED (O.F.W.F.)
57
58
TRANSFORMERS ABOVE 60 MVA EMPLOY A COMBINATION OF FORCED OIL
AND FORCED AIR COOLING

OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED TYPE OF COOLING IS NOT ADEQUATE TO REMOVE

THE HEAT CAUSED BY THE LOSSES WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO
1% OF THE TRANSFORMER RATING (0.6MW)

IN CASE OF FORCED OIL AND FORCED AIR COOLING SYSTEM A SEPARATE

COOLER IS MOUNTED AWAY FROM THE TRANSFORMER TANK

THIS COOLER IS CONNECTED TO THE TRANSFORMER WITH PIPES AT THE

BOTTOM AND THE TOP

THE OIL IS CIRCULATED FROM THE TRANSFORMER TO THE COOLER

THROUGH THE PUMP

THE COOLER IS PROVIDED WITH THE FANS WHICH BLAST AIR ON THE
COOLING TUBES

THIS TYPE OF COOLING IS PROVIDED FOR THE HIGHER RATING

TRANSFORMERS AVAILABLE AT THE SUBSTATIONS AND POWER STATIONS
STATIONS..
59
60
THIS TYPE OF COOLING SYSTEM NEEDS A HEAT EXCHANGER IN
WHICH THE HEAT OF THE TRANSFORMER OIL IS GIVEN TO THE
COOLING WATER

THE COOLING WATER IS TAKEN AWAY AND COOLED IN SEPARATE

COOLERS

THE OIL IS FORCED THROUGH THE HEAT EXCHANGER

THE OIL PUMP PUMPS THE OIL FROM TRANSFORMER TO THE HEAT
EXCHANGER THOUGH THE TOP PIPES

OIL FROM THE HEAT EXCHANGER IS PUMPED BACK TO THE

TRANSFORMER THROUGH THE BOTTOM PIPE

THIS TYPE OF COOLING IS PROVIDED FOR VERY LARGE

TRANSFORMERS WHICH HAVE RATINGS OF SOME HUNDREDS OF MVA
(GENERATING TRANSFORMER WILL HAVE VERY HIGH RATING AND
RATING EQUAL TO THE RATING OF THE GENERATOR)

THIS TYPE OF TRANSFORMERS IS USED IN LARGE SUBSTATIONS AND

POWER PLANTS
PLANTS.. 61
62
63
1. WINDING AND TERMINAL FAULTS
2. CORE FAULTS
3. TANK AND TRANSFORMER ACCESSORY FAULTS
4. ON
ON––LOAD TAP CHANGER FAULTS
5. ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
6. SUSTAINED OR UNCLEARED EXTERNAL FAULTS

THE APPROXIMATE
PROPORTION OF FAULTS
DUE TO EACH OF THE
CAUSES LISTED ABOVE IS
SHOWN IN FIGURE

64
SOURCES OF ABNORMAL STRESS IN A TRANSFORMER ARE
ARE::

OVERLOAD

SYSTEM FAULTS

OVERVOLTAGE

REDUCED SYSTEM FREQUENCY

65
INSUFFICIENT OIL LEVEL

SEEPAGE OF WATER IN OIL

PROLONGED OVER LOADING

SINGLE PHASE LOADING

UNBALANCED LOADING

FAULTY TERMINATION (IMPROPER SIZED LUGS ETC)

POWER THEFT

PROLONGED SHORT CIRCUIT

FAULTY OPERATION OF TAP CHANGER SWITCH

LACK OF INSTALLATION CHECKS

66
HOURLY
THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS ARE TO BE CHECKED EVERY HOUR
AND RECORDED, IF THE OBSERVED VALUE EXCEEDS THE VALUE
GIVEN BY THE SUPPLIER, IMMEDIATE REMEDIAL ACTION SHOULD
BE TAKEN
TAKEN..

1. WINDING TEMPERATURE
2. OIL TEMPERATURE
3. LOAD CURRENT
4. TERMINAL VOLTAGE

NORMALLY, MAXIMUM ALLOWED WINDING TEMPERATURE IS 55 55ºC

ºC
ABOVE AMBIENT AND OIL TEMPERATURE IS 45
45ºC
ºC ABOVE AMBIENT
(ACTUAL ALLOWED VALUE MAY VARY FROM SUPPLIER TO
SUPPLIER)..
SUPPLIER)

67
DAILY
1. OIL LEVEL IN MAIN CONSERVATOR
2. OIL LEVEL IN OLTC
3. OIL LEVEL IN BUSHING
4. LEAKAGE OF WATER INTO COOLER (OFWF)
5. WATER TEMPERATURE (OFWF)
6. WATER FLOW (OFWF)
7. COLOUR OF SILICA GEL

68
QUARTERLY CHECKING/ REPLACEMENT

RECONDITIONING OF SILICA GEL BREATHER

CHECKING OF WATER COOLER FUNCTIONING
CHECKING OF COOLING FANS FUNCTIONING
GEAR OIL FOR TAP CHANGER MECHANISM
CHECKING OF COOLING PUMPS AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING

HALF YEARLY

INSPECTION OF ALL GASKETS AND JOINTS

69
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