Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET, Taxila

Grid and the Sub Station:

An electrical power substation is a conversion point betweentransmission level

voltages (such as 138Kv) and distribution levelvoltages (such as 11Kv). A
substation has one or more step-downtransformers and serves a regional area such
as part of a city or neighborhood. Substations are connected to each other
by thetransmission ring circuit system by equipments.

An electrical grid station is an interconnection point between twotransmission ring

circuits, often between two geographic regions. Theymight have a transformer,
depending on the possibly different voltages,so that the voltage levels can be
adjusted as needed.

The interconnected network of sub stations is called the grid, and mayultimately
represent an entire multi-state region. In this configuration,loss of a small section,
such as loss of a power station, does not impactthe grid as a whole, nor does it
impact the more localizedneighborhoods, as the grid simply shifts its power flow to
compensate,giving the power station operator the opportunity to effect
repairswithout having a blackout.
Definition of sub-station :
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g.Voltage level,
freq, p.f. etc) of electric supply is called sub-
station”.

Classification of sub-station:
There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two mostimportant
way of classifying them are:-
I)

According to service requirement

According to service requirement sub-station may be classified into:
1)

Transformer sub-station :
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET, Taxila
Those sub-station which change the voltage level of electrical supplyare called TIF
s/s.
2)

Switching sub-station :-
These sub-station simply perform the switching operation of power line
3)

Power factor correction S/S :-

These sub-station which improve the p.f. of the system are called p.f.correction s/s.
these are generally located at receiving end s/s.
4)

Frequency changer S/S :-

Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are known asfrequency
changer s/s. Such s/s may be required for industrialutilization.
4)

Converting sub-station :-
That sub-station which change a.c. power into d.c. power are calledconverting s/s
ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction,electroplating, electrical
welding etc.
5)

Industrial sub-station :
Those sub-stations, which supply power to individual industrialconcerns, are
known as industrial sub-station.
II)

According to constructional features :

According to constructional features, the sub-station are classified as
1)

Outdoor Sub-Station :
For voltage beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed outdoor. Itis because
for such Voltage the clearances between conductor and the
Muhammad Waqas 09-EE-119 UET, Taxila
space required for switches, C.B. and other equipment becomes so greatthat it is
not economical to install the equipment indoor.
2)

Indoor Sub-station :
For voltage up to 11KV, the equipment of the s/s is installed indoor because of
economic consideration. However, when the atmosphere iscontaminated with
impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for voltage up to 66KV.
3)

Underground sub-station :
In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is
limited and the cost of the land is high.Under such situations,the sub-station is
created underground
.
Functions of a Grid Station:
A Grid Station has the foll
owing functions…
1 - Supply of required electrical power.2 - Maximum possible coverage of the
supply network.3 - Maximum security of supply.4 - Shortest possible fault-
duration.5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.6 - Supply of electrical
power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hzand50.5 Hz).7 - Supply of
electrical power within specified voltage limits.8 - Supply of electrical energy to
the consumers at the lowest cost.An important function performed by a grid station
isswitching,which isthe connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or
other