Enruslándic conjugation

Enruslándic conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Enruslándic verb from its
principal parts by inflection. Enruslándic verbs are conventionally divided into three
conjugations (conjugásiones) with the following grouping:

 1st group: verbs ending in -ar (except allár).

 2nd group: verbs ending in -ir
 3rd group: verbs ending in -er

All three groups follow regular patterns though there are many irregulars.

Moods and tenses

There are seven different moods in Enruslándic conjugation: Indicatíve, Subjunctíve,
conditionál, imperatíve, infinitíve, particípe, and gerondíve.

Tenses are described under the mood to which they belong, and they are grouped as
follows. An asterisk indicates a simple form. Other tenses are constructed through the use
of an auxiliary verb:

 Indicatíve
o Présent (Present) *
o Passú composú (present perfect), literally 'compound past', formed with an
auxiliary verb in the present
o Imperfét (Imperfect) *
o Plus-qué-perfét (pluperfect), literally 'more than perfect', formed with an
auxiliary verb in the imperfect
o Passú símple (simple past) *
o Passú antérior (past perfect), formed with an auxiliary verb in the passú
simple
o Futúre símple (simple future) *
o Futúre antérior (future perfect), formed with an auxiliary verb in the futúre
simple

 Subjunctíve
o Présent *
o Passú (past), formed with an auxiliary verb in the subjunctive present
o Imperfét *
o Plus-qué-perfét, formed with an auxiliary verb in the subjunctive imperfect

 Impératif
o Présent *
o Passú, formed with an auxiliary verb in the present imperative (rare)

 Conditionál
 o Présent *
o Passú (Past ), formed with an auxiliary verb in the present conditional

 Infinitíve
o Présent *
o Passú, formed with an auxiliary verb in the present infinitive

 Particípe
o Présent *
o Passú *

 Gerondíve (constructed by preceding the present participle with the preposition 'en')

Note that some of these tenses are very rarely used in contemporary Enruslándic. Others,
such as the passú símple, the passú antérior or the imperfét del subjúnctive and the plus-
qué-perfét del subjúnctive, are still used, but only in the written language (especially in
literature) or in extremely formal speech.

Auxiliary verbs
There are two auxiliary verbs in Enruslándic: avér (to have) and éser (to be), used to
conjugate compound tenses according to these rules:

 Transitive verbs (direct or indirect) in the active voice are conjugated with the verb
avér.
 Intransitive verbs are conjugated with either avér or éser (see Enruslándic
verbs#Temporal auxiliary verbs).
 Reflexive verbs (or "pronominal verbs") are conjugated with éser.
 éser is used to form the passive voice. éser is itself conjugated according to the tense
and mood, and this may require the use of avér as an additional auxiliary verb, e.g.
Ajú fú manjú (It was eaten).

Compound tenses are conjugated with an auxiliary followed by the past participle, ex: óm
fetú (I have done), sóim tombú (I have fallen). When éser is used, the participle is inflected
according to the gender and number of the subject. The participle is inflected with the use
of the verb avér according to the direct object, but only if the direct object precedes the
participle, ex:

 a marchú, ámos marchú (he/she has walked, we have walked)

 é tombú, éa tombeú, sómos tombús, son tombéus (he has fallen, she has fallen, we
have fallen, they (fem.) have fallen)
 a achetú úna vetúra. Vejlá la vetúra qu'il a achetéu. (He has bought a car. Here is the
car he has bought)

As stand-alone verbs, the conjugation of the two auxiliaries is listed in the table below:

Avér
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- ; present
subjunctive ab- ; future and conditional avr- ; simple past av- .

In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as
well:

Avér
"to
have
"

Indicative Subjunctive Condition Imperativ

al e
Presen Simpl Imperfec Future Presen Imperfect Present Present
t e Past t t *
éo om aví hábroim avróm abái aurái avréom
tu as avísti hábras avrás abás aurás avrávas áste
il a avít hábra avrá abá aura avráva
éla ája avíta hábrae avrája abája aurája avrávaja
nos ámos avímis hábramo avrámo abámo aurámos avrávamo amóste
s s
vos avéis avístis hábrais avréis abáis auráis avrávais avéste
ils án avírin hábran avrán abán aurán avrávan
élas áne avírin hábrane avráne abáne auráne avrávane
e

* Never used nowadays

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: avér
 Present participle: ajánt
 Gerundive: en ajánt
 Verbal adjective: ajánt(e)(a)(es)
 Past participle: ajú

Auxiliary verb: avér

Éser

This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently:
imperfect ér- ; present subjunctive si- ; future and conditional ser- ; simple past and past
subjunctive in f- . In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections
are irregular as well:

Ése
 r
"to
be"

Indicative Subjunctive Conditiona Imperativ

l e
Present Simpl Imperfec Future Presen Imperfec Present Present
e past t t t
éo sóim fuí éroim seróm síom fuíom seréom
tu es fuístis éras serás sías fuías serávas sóie
il é* fuít erá será sía fuía seráva
éla éja** fuíta erája serája síaja fuíaja serávaja
nos sómos fuímis erámos serámo síamos fuíamos serávamo sóion
s
vos éis fuístis eráis seréis síais fuíais serávais sóiejes
ils son*** fuírin erán serán sián fuían serávan
élas sóne*** fuírine eráne seráne siáne fuíane serávane
*

* Negative form: néje; with que becomes qu’éje ** Negative form: néja ; with que becomes
qu’éja *** Negative form: néson **** Negative form: nésone

 Infinitive: éser
 Present participle: etánt
 Gerundive: en etánt
 Verbal adjective: étant(e)(a)(es)
 Past participle: fú

Auxiliary verb: avér

First group verbs (-ár verbs)

Enruslándic verbs ending in -ar, which comprise the largest class, inflect somewhat
differently than other verbs.

Parlár

parler
"to
speak
"

Indicative Subjunctive Condition Imperativ

al e
Presen Simpl Imperfec Simpl Presen Imperfec Present Present
t e past t e t t
 future
éo párl- parl-á párlam- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar-
am oim -óm iom jom éom

tu párl-as parl- párlam- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar- párl-as

ásta as -ás ias jas ávas

il párl-a parl- párlam-a parlar parlár- parláu-ja parlar-áva

át -á ia

éla párl- parl- párlam- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar-

aja áta ae -ája iaja jeja ávaja

nos párl- parl- parlám- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar- párl-amos

amos ámas amos -ámos iamos jamos ávamo

vos párl-ais parl- parlám- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar- párl-ais

ástas ais -éis iais jais ávais

ils párl-an parl- párlam- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar-

áran an -án ian jan ávan

élas párl- parl- párlam- parlar parlár- parláu- parlar-

ane árane ane -áne iane jane ávane

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: parl-ár
 Present participle: parl-ánt
 Gerundive: en parl-ánt
 Verbal adjective: parl-ánt(e)(a)(es)
 Past participle: parl-ú

Auxiliary verb: avér (arrivár, entrár, montrár, passár, and returnár use éser)

Exceptional verbs:

 The verb allár, though it ends in -ar is completely irregular and belongs to the
irregular group of verbs.
 In most -elár and -etár verbs, the writer must change the l or t to ll or tt. For
example: appelár (to call) -> éo appéllom (present) / éo appelleróm (futur) / éo
appelleréom (conditional).

Second group verbs (-ír verbs)

The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs only on the following point:

 In the nos form, the ending -íyis is used. If regular rules had been followed, the
ambiguous and bizarre-looking – íiis would have to be used, consisting of three
continuous vowels.

Finír

finir
"to
speak
"

Indicative Subjunctive Condition Imperativ

al e
Presen Simpl Imperfec Simpl Presen Imperfec Present Present
t e past t e t t
future
éo fín-im fin-í fínim- finir- finír- finíu-jom finir-éom
oim óm iom

tu fín-is fin-ísti fínim-as finir- finír- finíu-jas finir-ávas fín-is

ás ias

il fín-i fin-ít fínim-a finir-á finír-ia finíu-ja finir-áva

éla fín-ia fin-íta fínim-ae finir- finír- finíu-jeja finir-ávaja

ája iaja

nos fín- fin- finím- finir- finír- finíu- finir- fín-imos

imos ímis amos ámos iamos jamos ávamo

vos fín-iyis fin- finím-ais finir- finír- finíu-jais finir-ávais fín-iyis

ínistis éis iais

ils fín-in fin- fínim-an finir- finír- finíu-jan finir-ávan

írin án ian

élas fín-ine fin- fínim- finir- finír- finíu- finir-ávane

írine ane áne iane jane

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: fin-ír
 Present participle: fin-issánt
  Gerundive: en fin-issánt
 Verbal adjective: fin-issánt(e)(a)(es)
 Past participle: fin-ú

Auxiliary verb: avér (venír and derivatives use éser)

Third group verbs (-ér verbs)

The -er verbs follow the same pattern as –ar verbs.

Finír

dícer
"to
speak
"

Indicative Subjunctive Condition Imperativ

al e
Presen Simpl Imperfec Simpl Presen Imperfec Present Present
t e past t e t t
future
éo díc-em dic-é dícem- dicer- dicér- dicéu- dicer-éom
oim óm iom jom

tu díc-es dic- dícem-as dicer- dicér- dicéu-jas dicer-ávas díc-es

éste ás ias

il díc-e dic-ét dícem-a dicer- dicér- dicéu-ja dicer-áva

á ia

éla díc-ea dic- dícem-ae dicer- dicér- dicéu- dicer-ávaja

éta ája iaja jeja

nos díc- dic- dicém- dicer- dicér- dicéu- dicer- díc-emos

emos émes amos ámos iamos jamos ávamo

vos díc-eis dic- dicém- dicer- dicér- dicéu- dicer-ávais díc-eis

éstes ais éis iais jais

ils díc-en dic- dícem-an dicer- dicér- dicéu-jan dicer-ávan

éren án ian

élas díc- dic- dícem- dicer- dicér- dicéu- dicer-

ene érene ane áne iane jane ávane
Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: díc-er
 Present participle: díc-essant
 Gerundive: en díc-essánt
 Verbal adjective: díc-essnt(e)(a)(es)
 Past participle: dic-ú

Auxiliary verb: avér

Third group

[edit] Verbs with seven principal parts

Most irregular Enruslándic verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few
if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same
stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for
regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss-
variants as different principal parts.

"Inherited" (regular) value of

Principal part
infinitive
First singular present
indicative
First plural present indicative
Third plural present indicative
(First singular) future
(Masculine singular) past
participle
(First singular) simple past
How to get the stem
stem
Remove ending -er, -ir, -
—
oir, -re
Remove ending -s, -e Infinitive stem
Remove ending -ons Infinitive stem
Remove ending -ent First plural present stem
Remove ending -ai Full infinitive stem (minus any -e)
Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if
Full word
ends -re)
Remove ending -s, -ai Past participle (minus any -s or -t)

The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its
principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the
singular) differently.

Paradig
m for
most
irregular
verbs (7
principal
 parts)

Conditiona Imperativ
Indicative Subjunctive
l e
Presen Simple Imperfec Presen
Future Imperfect Present Present
t past t t
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai 3P+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
(same as
pres.
indic. 3rd.
sg. if ends
tu 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+as 3P+es PAST+sses FUT+ais
with
vowel,
else 2nd.
sg.)
il 1S+t1 PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a 3P+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
(same as
PAST+ˆme FUT+on 1P+ion PAST+ssion pres.
nous 1P+ons 1P+ions FUT+ions
s s s s indic. 1st
pl.)
(same as
pres.
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes 1P+iez FUT+ez 1P+iez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez
indic. 2nd
pl.)
FUT+on
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient 3P+ent PAST+ssent FUT+aient
t

1The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il
vendt).

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)

 Present participle: 1P-ant
 Gerundive: en 1P-ant
 Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
 Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number
of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some
additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all
irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in
the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of irregular Enruslándic verbs (7 principal parts)

 Present Indicative
1S: 1st
INF: PP: Past PAST:
FUT: Sing 1P: 1st Similar
Infinitiv Meaning Plur 3P: 3rd Participl Simple Notes
Future (2nd verbs
e Sing, (2nd Plur e Past
3rd Plur)
Sing)
How a
regular -ir
verb
(chois- "to choisir- choisi- choisiss choisiss choisi- would be About 300
choisi
ir choose" ai s -ons -ent s) represent verbs in -ir
ed by its
principal
parts
attendre
"wait",
défendre
"defend",
descendre
"go down",
entendre
"hear",
étendre
"extend",
So-called fondre
vend-
"regular - "melt",
s,
vendr- vend- vend- re" verbs; pendre
vend-re "to sell" vend- vendu vendi-s
ai ons ent all end in - "hang",
s,
dre, but perdre
vend1
not -indre "lose",
prétendre
"pretend",
rendre
"return,
give back",
répandre
"spill",
répondre
"respond",
etc.
All verbs in
-aindre, -
craind- craindr- craign- craign- craign-
"to fear" crain-s craint eindre, -
re ai ons ent is
oindre, e.g.
contraindr
 e
"compel",
plaindre
"complain"
; atteindre
"reach",
ceindre
"gird",
empreindr
e "stamp",
éteindre
"turn off",
étreindre
"hug",
feindre
"pretend",
geindre
"whine",
peindre
"paint",
restreindre
"restrict",
teindre
"dye";
joindre
"join",
oindre
"anoint",
poindre
"dawn",
rejoindre
"rejoin"
Sing. pres.
indic.
stem dormir
drops last "sleep",
consonant mentir "lie
of basic (tell lies)",
"to partir- part- part- stem: je sentir
part-ir par-s parti parti-s
leave" ai ons ent pars, dors, "feel",
mens, servir
sors, sens, "serve",
sers /ʒ(ə) sortir "go
paʁ, dɔʁ, out"
mɑ̃ , sɔʁ,
sɑ̃ , sɛʁ/
ouvr-ir "to ouvrir- ouvr- ouvr- ouvr- ouvert ouvri-s Sing. pres. couvrir
 open" ai e, ons ent indic. uses "cover",
ouvr- endings -e offrir
es, -es -e, as "offer",
ouvr-e with -er souffrir
verbs "suffer"
All verbs in
-uire
(except
nuire), e.g.
construire
"build",
cuire
condui- conduir condui conduis conduis conduis "cook",
"to lead" conduit
re -ai -s -ons -ent i-s détruire
"destroy",
instruire
"instruct",
produire
"produce",
traduire
"translate"
Other
verbs in -
cevoir, e.g.
apercevoir
recev- "to recevr- recev- reçoiv- "perceive",
reçoi-s reçu reçu-s
oir receive" ai ons ent concevoir
"conceive",
décevoir
"disappoin
t"
envoy- "to enverr- envoi- envoy- envoi- envoy-
envoyé
er send" ai e2 ons2 ent2 ai
voir "to see" verr-ai voi-s voy-ons voi-ent2 vu vi-s
Very
similar to
recevoir,
but adds a
circumflex
"to owe, doiv- to du to
dev-oir devr-ai doi-s dev-ons dû du-s
must" ent distinguis
h it from
the
partitive
article du -
due, dus
 and dues
remain
unchange
d
Impersona
pleuv- pleuvr- (stem (stem l (3rd-
"to rain" pleu-t plu plu-t
oir a pleuv-) pleuv-) singular
only)
assied
-s,
Note
assiér- assied assey- assey-
double
ai; -s, ons; ent;
asseoir "to sit" assis assi-s forms,
assoir- assied assoy- assoi-
irregular
ai ;1 ons ent
infinitive
assoi-
s
Like ouvrir
except the
cueill-
future;
e,
sing. pres.
cueill-ir "to cueiller cueill- cueill- cueill-
cueilli cueilli-s indic. uses
/kœjiʁ/ gather" -ai es, ons ent
endings -e
cueill-
-es -e, as
e
with -er
verbs
Note
simple
past plural
"to viendr- vienn- vînmes, tenir
ven-ir vien-s ven-ons venu vin-s
come" ai ent vîntes, "hold"
vinrent
/vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t,
vɛ̃ʁ/
mourr- meur- mour- meur- mouru-
mour-ir "to die" mort
ai s ons ent s
courr- cour- cour-
cour-ir "to run" cour-s couru couru-s
ai ons ent
Note the
"to say, dis-ons,
di-re dir-ai di-s dis-ent dit di-s 2nd pl.
tell" dites
dites
li-re "to read" lir-ai li-s lis-ons lis-ent lu lu-s
décrire
"to écriv- écriv- "describe",
écri-re écrir-ai écri-s écrit écrivi-s
write" ons ent inscrire
"inscribe"
 "to sourire
ri-re rir-ai ri-s ri-ons ri-ent ri ri-s
laugh" "smile"
confire
"pickle",
"to suffis- suffis- circoncire
suffi-re suffir-ai suffi-s suffit suffi-s
suffice" ons ent "circumcis
e", frire
"fry"
"to boiv-
boi-re boir-ai boi-s buv-ons bu bu-s
drink" ent
"to croy- croi-
croi-re croir-ai croi-s cru cru-s
believe" ons2 ent2
"to Other
conclu- conclur conclu conclu- conclu- conclu-
conclude conclu verbs in -
re -ai -s ons ent s
" clure
plai-s, Note the
"to plais- plais-
plai-re plair-ai plai-s, plu plu-s 3rd sg.
please" ons ent
plaît plaît
Also
missing
clo-s, the
"to (missin
clo-re clor-ai clo-s, clos-ons clos-ent clos imperfect;
close" g)
clôt note the
3rd sg.
clôt
prend-
s,
prend- prendr- pren- prenn-
"to take" prend- pris pri-s
re ai ons ent
s,
prend1
viv-re "to live" vivr-ai vi-s viv-ons viv-ent vécu vécu-s
"to
suiv-re suivr-ai sui-s suiv-ons suiv-ent suivi suivi-s
follow"
nai-s, Note the
"to be naiss- naiss-
naît-re naîtr-ai nai-s, né naqui-s 3rd sg.
born" ons ent
naît naît
connai
-s,
"to Note the
connaît connaît connai connais connais
recogniz connu connu-s 3rd sg.
-re r-ai -s, s-ons s-ent
e" connaît
connaî
t
mettr- met-s, mett- mett-
mett-re "to put" mis mi-s
ai met-s, ons ent
 met1
bat-s,
batt- batt- Close to
batt-re "to beat" battr-ai bat-s, battu batti-s
ons ent vendre
bat1
romp- "to rompr- romp- romp- romp- Very close
rompu rompi-s
re break" ai s ons ent to vendre
Essentially
vainc-
same as
"to s,
vainc- vaincr- vainqu- vainqu- vainqui vendre,
conquer vainc- vaincu
re ai ons ent -s except for
" s,
c/qu
vainc
variation
coud-
s,
coudr- cous- cous-
coud-re "to sew" coud- cousu cousu-s
ai ons ent
s,
coud1
moud-
"to s,
moud- moudr- moul- moul- moulu-
grind, moud- moulu
re ai ons ent s
mill" s,
moud1
absoud "to absoud absou absolv- absolv- (missin
absous
-re absolve" r-ai -s ons ent g)

1The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells",
not *il vendt).

2 Alternation of -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, -oy- before other vowels is automatic
in all verbs.

The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".

Recevoi
r "to
receive"

Conditiona Imperativ
Indicative Subjunctive
l e
Simple Imperfec Imperfec
Present Future Present Present Present
Past t t
recevr-ai
reçoi-s reçu-s recev-ais reçoiv-e reçu-sse recevr-ais
je /ʁəsəvʁe
/ʁəswa/ /ʁəsy/ /ʁəsəvɛ/ /ʁəswav/ /ʁəsys/ /ʁəsəvʁɛ/
/
tu reçoi-s reçu-s recev-ais recevr-as reçoiv-es reçu-sses recevr-ais reçoi-s
 /ʁəswa/ /ʁəsy/ /ʁəsəvɛ/ /ʁəsəvʁa /ʁəswav/ /ʁəsys/ /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ /ʁəswa/
/
recevr-a
reçoi-t reçu-t recev-ait reçoiv-e reçû-t recevr-ait
il /ʁəsəvʁa
/ʁəswa/ /ʁəsy/ /ʁəsəvɛ/ /ʁəswav/ /ʁəsys/ /ʁəsəvʁɛ/
/
reçû-
recev- recev- recevr- recev- reçu-
mes recevr-ions recev-ons
nous ons ions ons ions ssions
/ʁəsym /ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/ /ʁəsəvɔ̃/
/ʁəsəvɔ̃/ /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ /ʁəsysjɔ̃/
/
recevr-ez recev-iez
recev-ez reçû-tes recev-iez reçu-ssiez recevr-iez recev-ez
vous /ʁəsəvʁe /ʁəsəvje
/ʁəsəve/ /ʁəsyt/ /ʁəsəvje/ /ʁəsysje/ /ʁəsəvʁije/ /ʁəsəve/
/ /
reçoiv-
reçu- recev- recevr- reçoiv- reçu- recevr-
ent
ils rent aient ont ent ssent aient
/ʁəswav
/ʁəsyʁ/ /ʁəsəvɛ/ /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ /ʁəswav/ /ʁəsys/ /ʁəsəvʁɛ/
/

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: recevoir
 Present participle: recevant
 Gerundive: en recevant
 Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
 Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Verbs with eleven principal parts

Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third
plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts,
because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural
present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from
verb to verb.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is
constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular
verbs in Enruslándic, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the
singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and
simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.

Paradig
m for
the
highly
irregular
verbs
(11
principal
parts)

Condition Imperativ
Indicative Subjunctive
al e
Presen Simple Imperfec
Future Present Imperfect Present Present
t past t
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai SUBJ+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
(same as
pres.
indic. 2nd.
sg.; but
tu 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+as SUBJ+es PAST+sses FUT+ais use 3rd.
sg. if ends
with
vowel) or
SUBJ+e
il 1S+t PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a SUBJ+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
(same as
SUBJ+ion pres.
PAST+ˆme FUT+on PAST+ssion
nous 1P+ons s or 1Pions FUT+ions indic. 1st
s s s
1P+ions pl.) or
SUBJ+ons
(same as
pres.
SUBJ+iez
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes FUT+ez 1Piez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez indic. 2nd
or 1P+iez
pl.) or
SUBJ+ez
FUT+on SUBJ+en
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient PAST+ssent FUT+aient
t t

Non-finite forms:

 Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)

 Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
 Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
 Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
 Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are
irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of the highly irregular Enruslándic verbs (11 principal parts)
INF: Meani FUT Present Present Impera Prese PP: PAS Simil
Notes
Infini ng : Indicative Subjunctiv tive nt Past T: ar
 tive Fut e Partic Partic Sim verbs
ure 1S: 1st iple iple ple
1P: Past
Sing 3P:
1st SUBJ:
(2nd 3rd 1st
Plur 1st
Sing, Plu Plur
(2nd Sing
3rd r
Plur)
Sing)
alterna
te 1st
sing.
puis
require
d in
questio
ns, use
elsewh
ere is
follo manne
peux/ follow
peu ws follows pu-s red;
pouv- "to be pou puis, pouv- puiss s 1P
v- subj. indic. (pouv- pu (reg. note
oir able" rr-ai peux, ons -e
ent (puiss ant)
) that
peut -ions) old
pres.
part.
puiss-
ant is
atteste
d as an
adjecti
ve
"power
ful"
follo follows
sav follow
sav- "to saur sav- sach- ws subj. s subj.
sai-s - subj. (sache, (sach- su su-s
oir know" -ai ons e
ent (sach sachons, ant)
-ions) sachez)
follo follows
vou veux, veu ws subj. follow
voul- "to voul- veuill indic (veuille, s 1P voulu voul
dr- veux, l-
oir want" ons -e . veuillons (voul- u-s
ai veut ent , ant)
(voul-
ions) veuillez)
follo follows follow
vau vaux,
val- "to be val- val- vaill- ws indic. s 1P valu valu
dr- vaux,
oir worth" ons ent e indic (vaux, (val- -s
ai vaut valons, ant)
.
 (val- valez)
ions)
Impers
"to be onal
fall- fau (stem faill- fallu
necess fau-t – – – – fall-u (3rd-
oir dr-a fall-) e -t
ary" singula
r only)
2nd pl.
défair
follo pres.
follow e,
fais- indic.
fer- fon fass- ws follows s 1P refair
fai-re "to do" fai-s ons, subj. indic. (fais- fait fi-s faites
ai t e e,
faites (fass- ant)
(also in
ions)
satisf
impera
aire
tive)
ai-e,
ay- follows follow
ai-es,
"to aur- ai, as, av- ons, subj. s subj.
av-oir ont ai-t; eu /y/ eu-s
have" ai a ons ay- (aie, (ay-
ai- ayons,
ez ayez) ant)
ent
som soi-s,
soy- follows
mes, soi-s, follow
ser- suis, son ons, subj.
êt-re "to be" êtes; soi-t; s 1P été fu-s
ai es, est t soy- (sois,
stem soi- soyons, (ét-ant)
ez soyez)
ét- ent
2nd.
sg.
follo
follow impera
ws
vais, all- von follows s 1P all- t. va,
all-er "to go" ir-ai aill-e indic allé
vas, va ons t indic. (all- ai but
. (all- ant) vas-y
ions)
"go
there"

[edit] Aller

The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation
in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It
belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own.
The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past
all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional
and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as
in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but
the inflections are irregular as well:

Aller "to
go"
 Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Simple
Present Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
past
allai allais irai aille allasse
je vais /vɛ/ irais /iʁɛ/
/ale/ /alɛ/ /iʁe/ /aj/ /alas/
tu vas /va/ allas allais iras ailles allasses irais va
il/elle va /va/ alla allait ira aille allât irait
allons
nous allâmes allions irons allions allassions irions allons
/alɔ̃/
allez
vous allâtes alliez irez alliez allassiez iriez allez
/ale/
vont
ils/elles allèrent allaient iront aillent allassent iraient
/vɔ̃/

The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:

 Infinitive: aller
 Present participle: allant
 Gerundive: en allant
 Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
 Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

[edit] Inflectional endings of the three verb groups

1st group 2nd group 3rd group 1st group 2nd group 3rd group
Indicatif (Présent) Subjonctif (Présent)
je e 1 is s (x3) e5 e isse e
tu es is s (x3) es5 es isses es
il e it t (d,c4) e5 e isse e
nous ons issons ons ons ions issions ions
vous ez issez ez ez iez issiez iez
ils ent issent 2
ent (nt ) ent ent issent ent

Indicatif (Imparfait) Subjonctif (Imparfait)

je ais issais ais asse isse6 isse6 usse6
tu ais issais ais asses isses isses usses
il ait issait ait ât ît ît ût
nous ions issions ions assions issions issions ussions
vous iez issiez iez assiez issiez issiez ussiez
ils aient issaient aient assent issent issent ussent

Indicatif (Passé simple) Impératif (Présent)

je ai is is6 us6
tu as is is us e is s e5
il a it it ut
nous âmes îmes îmes ûmes ons issons ons ons
vous âtes îtes îtes ûtes ez issez ez ez
ils èrent irent irent urent

Indicatif (Futur simple) Conditionnel (Présent)

je erai irai rai erais irais rais
tu eras iras ras erais irais rais
il era ira ra erait irait rait
nous erons irons rons erions irions rions
vous erez irez rez eriez iriez riez
ils eront iront ront eraient iraient raient

1. In an interrogative sentence, the final e is written é, and is pronounced as an open è [ɛ].

Additionally, the e in je becomes silent. For example: je marche [ʒe maʁʃ] (I walk), marché-
je? [maʁʃɛːʒ] (do I walk?)

2. The following verbs have the ending -ont: ils sont (they are), ils ont (they have), ils font
(they do), ils vont (they go).

3. only in je/tu peux (I/you can), je/tu veux (I/you want), and je/tu vaux (I am/you are
'worth').

4. Verbs in -dre have a final d for the 3rd singular person, except for those ending in -indre
and -soudre which take a final t. The verbs vaincre (defeat) and convaincre (convince) are
conjugated as vainc and convainc, respectively, in 3rd singular person.

5. The only verbs having this ending are: assaillir (assail), couvrir (cover), cueillir (pluck),
défaillir (default), offrir (offer), ouvrir (open), souffrir (suffer), tressaillir (shiver), and in the
imperative only, avoir (have), savoir (know), and vouloir (want).

6. Except for je vins (I came), je tins (I held), etc..., que je vinsse (that I come), que je tinsse
(that I hold), etc...