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AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

SUMMARY
Many countries in the region have experimented reforms during the 60s. In our case
there were fourth Peruvian reforms; these reforms have changed the distribution of
the Peruvian land property. We can also notice that the most common size of land
property in this new distribution is from 1 to 5 ha.
Is important to recognize the develop of the percent of rural population in different
cities of the country. By the years those rates have changed in contrast with the
urban growth which is notorious in our capital city.
Our country counts with three principals watersheds such as Pacifico, Amazonas,
and Titicaca. However, only Amazonas watershed counts with almost 98 percent of
the hydric availability and this is why the irrigation projects in the coast depend of
this river. Something the we have to be concern is about our irrigation systems which
is mainly inefficient (70%). This is due to that we haven’t improve irrigation systems
during the last decades.
Therefore we must to considerate the national average of each kind of crops that we
are going to cultivate procuring avoid low productivity.

Analyzing IV National Census.

1. - What are the main resources of the Peruvian Agricultural Sector?

Its main resource is the genetic one with 25,000 plants, including 4,400
species of native plants with use known as food, medicinal, ornamental,
spices, dyeing. On the other hand there are the gynecological, aromatic and
cosmetic properties since Peru is a very diverse country. Finally its wide
variety of climates allows to cultivate any type of crop even throughout the
year.

2. What are the limitations of that sector?

One of the main limitations of the agricultural sector is the low level of agrarian
and rural development that generated problems of dependence and food
insecurity, rural migration and poverty and social exclusion. All these
elements were a direct cause of a low quality of life. It was identified that the
central problem "Low level of agrarian and rural development" has as direct
causes:
a. Low level of competitiveness and agricultural profitability
b. Unsustainable use of natural resources
c. Limited access to basic and productive services
d. Weak institutional development of the agrarian sector

3. What is the economic importance of the no traditional exports?

Non-traditional products are products that tend to have a higher added value.
As of 1999, the non-traditional tended to predominate in an absolute way. The
decrease in the figure of Peru as a raw material exporting country occurred
with much greater force in the agricultural sector. Currently, in this sector,
Peru is a net exporter of products with high added value (non-traditional
products).

The importance of exports for economic growth is basically based on two


facts:

1. - The economic growth in an open economy endogenously implies the


sustained increase in the imports of goods and services, so if exports do not
increase at par, the consequent external deficit will sooner or later slow down
economic growth.

2. - Since exports correspond to sectors where a country shows greater


relative competitiveness, to the extent that economic growth is led by exports,
economic competitiveness in general will increase.

In addition, it is necessary that exports (traditional or non-traditional) are


growing so that a generally positive trade balance can be achieved.

4. Evaluate economic effects and analyze challenges, advantages and


disadvantages of the climate change in Peru?

Long-term climate change, in particular global warming, could affect


agriculture in various ways, and almost all of them are a risk to the food
security of the world's most vulnerable people:

1.-The climate in general would be less predictable, which would complicate


the planning of agricultural activities.

2. - It could increase climate variability, putting more pressure on fragile


farming systems.
3. - Climatic extremes - which are almost impossible to foresee - could
become more frequent.

4. - The sea level would increase, which would be a threat to the valuable
coastal agriculture, particularly in the small lowland islands.
5. - Biological diversity would be reduced in some of the most fragile
ecological zones, such as mangroves and tropical forests.

6. - Climatic and agro-ecological zones would be modified, forcing farmers to


adapt, and endangering vegetation and fauna.

7. - It would worsen the current imbalance in the production of food between


the temperate and cold regions and the tropical and subtropical ones.

8. - The distribution and quantities of fish and other seafood would be


dramatically modified, creating chaos in the countries' established fishing
activities.

9. - Advances plagues and diseases carried by vectors to areas where they


did not exist before.

Global warming could also have some positive effects for farmers. The
increase of carbon dioxide has fertilizing effects on many crops, this increases
the growth rates and the efficiency of water use. But experts say that the many
questions that remain about this possible outlook have more weight than its
possible benefits.

5. Comment about importance of Peruvian terraces.


The platforms are an excellent response to climate change because it reduces
erosion and formation of huaycos. The structures of the terraces, platforms
and retaining walls favor humidity and temperature in the soil and adapt to
climatic changes. The stone walls tend to absorb the heat and radiate it at
night, controlling the thermal amplitude and the formation of frost, typical of
the heights, increasing the possibility of planting at altitude.
It will also increase farmers' capacities to improve their crops and obtain food
for their quality food security and that surpluses are marketed in competitive
markets.

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