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2083
3. PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION 0.025
APPROXIMATIONS 0.02
σ x2
j
0.01
The MAI is characterized by a symbol by symbol recovery
method, where the MAI contribution of user j in the recovery 0.005
with τx 0. 0.15
pdf
0.1
MAIxi τ ∑
MAI jxi τ j (2)
0.05
j x
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9 40
MC−CDMA (Gold) MC−CDMA (Gold)
8 35
7
30
6
25
p(P )
p(σx )
e
20 DS−CDMA (Gold)
2
15
3
DS−CDMA (Gold)
10
2 MC−CDMA (WH) MC−CDMA (WH)
DS−CDMA (WH)
DS−CDMA (WH)
5
1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
2
P
e
σx
The results of the fittings for both systems are illustrated 0.14
in Fig. 2 for the use of WH sequences of N 64 and Gold
sequences of N 63. The solid curves represent the pdfs ob- 0.12
tained by the convolutions in 8 and the Nakagami-m pdfs of
the power 12 are represented by the dashed curves. The fit- 0.1
ting is very accurate for both sets of spreading sequences, and
is perfect for the MC-CDMA system using Gold sequences.
E[Pe]
0.08
1
Pe Q :9 γ - Q . (13) Figure 4: Mean BER as a Function of Spreading Factor
σx 0
The pdf of the BER can be obtained through the trans-
formation p Pe 32 dPe 2; p * σx2 +=< d σx2 < . This transformation
is represented in 14 , which becomes< < 15 after the substi- to those of the DS-CDMA system. The systems using Gold
tution of the expression in 12 . sequences exhibit lower standard deviations of BER values
in comparison to the systems using WH sequences for which
3> 2 the pdf is more dispersed about the mean.
2 < * σx2 + <
2 < < The mean BER values are easily calculated from the BER
p Pe p * σx + < < (14)
< Q? . 1 < pdfs. Figure 4 shows the mean BER values as a function of
< <
< 9 σx2 0 < spreading factor for WH and Gold sequences of N 8 32
< < 64 128 and N 7 31 63 127 respectively. After the initial
m σ 2 m@ 1
increase in the mean BER value, the curves show little per-
m mσx2 3> 2 formance dependence on the spreading factor. The curves
2$ ζ%
x
Γ m exp $A ζ %
< * σx2 + <
< < show a clear distinction between the BER performances of
p Pe < < (15)
< Q?. 1 < the MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA systems, for which the MC-
< 9 σx2 0 < CDMA systems offer a better performance. Moreover, there
< <
< < is a negligible difference between the mean BER perfor-
The BER pdfs of both systems for WH and Gold se- mances under the use of WH and Gold sequences for the
quences of N 64 and N 63 respectively can be seen MC-CDMA system considered. The results suggest a higher
in Fig. 3. As is evident from the figure, the pdfs of the resistance to MAI in the MC-CDMA technique considered
MC-CDMA system are distributed over the lower end of the in comparison to the DS-CDMA system for the considered
BER scale for both sets of spreading sequences, in contrast transmission scenario.
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2.5 12
MC−CDMA (WH)
10
2
MC−CDMA (WH)
8 DS−CDMA (WH)
1.5
DS−CDMA (WH)
p(P )
p(σ2)
e
x
0.5
2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
σ2x P
e
Figure 5: Pdf of Total MAI Power; K=64, N=64 (WH) Figure 6: Pdf of BER; K=64, N=64 (WH)
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