$59.

00

FOCUS ON:
A compendium
of technical
articles from
Microwaves & RF LIBRARY

Sponsored by

Copyright © 2018 by Informa, Inc.

All rights reserved.
TM
 GPS disciplined 10 MHz reference ...
... and so much more !
 GPS/GNSS disciplined 10 MHz
 TCXO, OCXO or Rb timebase
 Time tagging to GPS and UTC
 Frequency counter with 12 digits/s
 Source out: sine, square, triangle & IRIG-B
 Built-in distribution amplifiers
 Ethernet and RS-232 interfaces
The FS740 GPS disciplined10 MHz reference
delivers cesium equivalent stability and phase
noise at a fraction of the cost.
It’s host of features includes a 12-digit/s
frequency counter, a DDS synthesized source
with adjustable frequency and amplitude,
built-in distribution amplifiers, and event
time-tagging with respect to UTC or GPS.
The optional OCXO or rubidium clock (PRS10)
provide better than –130 dBc/Hz phase noise.
FS740 ... $2495 (U.S. list)
Stanford Research Systems
Tel: (408) 744-9040 • www.thinkSRS.com
www.thinkSRS.com/products/FS740.htm
 VNA

High-performance VNAs for any application

In the Lab On the Manufacturing Floor In the Field

With a wide variety of vector network analyzers (VNAs) to suit your application and budget,
Anritsu has the perfect solution to your VNA needs.

From RF to THz and value to high-performance, Anritsu allows you to select the right VNA for
your requirements. Designers can choose the VectorStar® family for premium measurement
performance while manufacturers can utilize the ShockLine™ family for speed and cost-
effectiveness.

Our extensive range of VNAs now includes: 1-, 2-, or 4-port ShockLine VNAs in multiple form factors
providing performance and value in broadband and banded (E-band) models.

No matter what your application, Anritsu has your VNA needs covered. Learn More Today.
Go to our VNA Solutions page: www.goanritsu.com/vnasolutions

1-800-ANRITSU
www.anritsu.com
©2018 Anritsu Company
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY

VNAs
FOCUS ON:

This collection of articles

takes a look at the
vector network analyzer
(VNA), which is one
of the most important
test instruments used
in the RF/microwave
industry. The VNA is used in a wide range
of applications for both design validation
and production testing. These articles focus
on some of the latest developments with
regard to VNAs. The information here can
help anyone who is currently using a VNA
in some capacity, as well as those who may
need to in the future.

Chris DeMartino
Technology Editor

2 | Chapter 1: Copper Mountain Technologies Takes 1-Port

VNAs to the Next Level
4 | Chapter 2: Comparing VNA Performance and Price
7 | Chapter 3: VNAs Deliver S-Parameters Without Breaking
the Bank
10 | Chapter 4: VNA Test Fixtures Secure Accurate
Measurements
12 | Chapter 5: Network Analyzers Target Production Testing
16 | Chapter 6: Get Your Hands Dirty With These VNA Tools
20 | More Resources from Microwaves & RF

Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 1

MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
CHRIS DEMARTINO, Technology
Editor
CHAPTER 1:
COPPER MOUNTAIN TECHNOLOGIES
TAKES 1-PORT VNAs
TO THE NEXT LEVEL
Handheld vector network analyzers (VNAs) are a specialty of Copper Mountain Technologies. This
article takes a closer look at the R180, the company’s latest model.
W
hen thinking of RF/microwave test-and-
measurement equipment, bulky benchtop
instruments are what often come to mind.
However, some manufacturers are now
offering smaller, portable test instruments.
One company that is known for building
test instruments in small sizes is Copper Mountain Technologies
(www.coppermountaintech.com), which specializes in vector
network analyzers (VNAs). One of the company’s product lines
currently on the market is the Cobalt series of VNAs. Copper
Mountain also offers a product line of 1-port VNAs which, in
its own words, delivers “lab-grade performance in a handheld
device.”
1. The R180 can cover frequencies from 1 MHz to 18 GHz.
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 2
FOCUS ON: VNAs
The company was kind enough to loan me an R180 1-port
VNA, the newest addition to the 1-port VNA product line (Fig.
1). Introduced earlier this year, the R180 covers a frequency range
of 1 MHz to 18 GHz. It is well suited for both cable and antenna
measurements, among other use cases. Material testing is another
specific usage of note.
While the standard model is equipped with a type-N male
connector, customers can also choose to purchase the R180 with
a type-N female, 3.5-mm male, or 3.5-mm female connector.
Furthermore, the R180 has the significant advantage of being able
to connect directly to a device-under-test (DUT). Thus, a test
cable is not required to perform measurements.
18-GHz VNA in Your Hand
The obvious first impression of the R180 VNA is its size, as
it can essentially fit in the palm of your hand. One can easily
2. The software application allows users to easily select
various VNA functions.
Sponsored by
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 1: COPPER MOUNTAIN TECHNOLOGIES TAKES 1-PORT VNAs TO THE NEXT LEVEL
3. Cable loss can be performed with the R180.
carry the VNA from one location to another. Moreover, the R180
connects to a laptop or desktop computer via a USB cable. Once
the VNA is connected to a computer, Copper Mountain’s software
application enables the measurement values obtained by the VNA
to be displayed on the computer screen.
The software application is very simple to download. While
the company provided a USB drive that contained the software,
anyone can also simply download the software from Copper
Mountain’s website. Once the software is installed and the VNA is
connected, operation should be relatively easy for anyone who has
prior experience using a VNA.
Figure 2 shows the software application upon starting it with
the VNA connected. Typical VNA functions can be seen in the
figure, such as Scale, Trace, Calibration, Marker, and many others.
As an example, clicking on Scale subsequently displays a number
of options that users can choose, such as Scale, Auto Scale, Ref
Value, and Ref Position. All of these options are obviously familiar
to those who have previously used a VNA.
In addition, clicking the Trace button allows users to choose a
number of data display formats, including SWR, Return Loss, Cable
Loss, and Smith Chart. Distance-to-fault (DTF) measurements
are also made possible by selecting either the DTF SWR or DTF
Return Loss formats. In addition, Phase and Expanded Phase are
two additional data display formats. In summary—and reiterating
an earlier point—the software application is relatively easy to use.
The software application also allows users to save measurement
values as touchstone files. Creating a touchstone file is essentially
as simple as a few mouse clicks. Of course, this feature enables one
to incorporate the measured values obtained from the R180 in a
software simulation tool of choice.
Furthermore, anyone who has used a VNA knows how essential
calibration is. Copper Mountain offers a selection of automatic
calibration modules, as well as several mechanical calibration kits.
For the example shown later, calibration was carried out using a
3.5-mm mechanical calibration kit with female connectors.
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 3
4. The software application can display cable loss plots such
as the one shown.
One additional point that should be mentioned in regard to
the software application is the Demo Mode feature. Turning on
the Demo Mode displays a virtual VNA measurement without
an actual DUT connected to the VNA. This feature essentially
allows one to explore the software and its capabilities without
even needing an actual unit to test. No doubt, this feature could
certainly be helpful to some users.
Simple Cable Measurement
As stated, cable measurements represent one area of use for the
R180. Figure 3 shows the R180 being used to measure the loss of
an 18-in. SMA cable. Figure 4 illustrates a plot of the cable’s loss
from 1.5 to 2.0 GHz. It should be stated that the operating manual
for the R180 contains step-by-step instructions to measure the loss
of a cable such as the one shown. The example presented in the
manual is a 30-m coaxial cable.
The R180 is certainly a worthy product for anyone in need of a
handheld VNA to measure cables, antennas, and more. Not only
can the VNA fit in one hand, the software is easy to use and offers
the features needed for effective measurements. It is clear the
Copper Mountain has a winning product with the R180. n
to view this article online, ☞ click here
☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sponsored by
 FOCUS ON: VNAs
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY

JACK BROWNE, Technical Contributor

VNA
CHAPTER 2:

COMPARING
PERFORMANCE
AND PRICE
For most RF/microwave engineers, no test bench is complete without a VNA. But just how much
performance is needed when, for some applications, a low-cost instrument might do the job?

V
ector network analyzers (VNAs) have long been torqued coaxial connectors attaching a device under test (DUT)
symbolic of the RF/microwave industry—the one to the VNA.
instrument that is only used in the high-frequency At one time, specifying a microwave VNA automatically meant
industry, and only by those with exceptionally a six-figure price tag, because of the extensive electrical and
high test-and-measurement budgets. But that mechanical engineering required to design and produce a reliable
has changed in recent years, with more and more instrument with repeatable performance. A VNA is a complete
engineers finding value in VNA measurements, and more users measurement system—with test signal sources, receivers, high-
finding VNAs that are affordable while also
providing the performance they need. The
ready availability of low-cost VNAs, many
operating in the microwave frequency
range, begs the question: Why bother with
a more expensive model?
As with any test instrument, having a
top-of-the-line VNA ensures the fewest
limits on performance and measurement
capability, along with the peace of mind
in knowing that no compromises were
made in developing the instrument. High-
performance benchtop VNAs from leading
instrument suppliers such as Anritsu
Co., Keysight Technologies, and Rohde
& Schwarz are available with frequency
coverage well into the millimeter-wave
range. All boast unparalleled accuracy 1. Three different PNA Series of benchtop VNAs, each with different frequency
when properly calibrated and set up—e.g., ranges, allows a specifier to tailor a benchtop VNA choice to price and performance
with phase-stable cables and properly requirements. (Courtesy of Keysight Technologies)
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 4
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
2. The C1209 two-port USB VNA features an impressive 145-
dB dynamic range from 100 kHz to 9 GHz. (Courtesy of Copper
Mountain Technologies)
speed switches and low-loss transmission lines—all under the
control of a high-end embedded computer. Signals are switched
between the ports of a DUT to measure direct and reflected power
levels in forward and reverse directions, the better to understand
the effects of a DUT’s impedance on the rest of a system.
Even when comparing different benchtop instruments, lower
cost need not mean a drastic drop in performance. The most
obvious sacrifice when seeking lower VNA cost is in frequency
range. Most benchtop VNA manufacturers offer their products
as a series of instruments, with a single low frequency limit and
an increasing number of upper-frequency limits as the price
increases.
For example, the N523xB PNA-L Series from Keysight is an
economy version of the company’s higher-performance N524xB
PNA-X and N522xB PNA VNA lines, which offer higher upper-
frequency limits (67 GHz vs. 50 GHz), although all three series
of instruments offer top frequencies that increase with price (Fig.
1). This allows a specifier to select a VNA based on frequency
requirements rather than just picking the widest-bandwidth
model (at the highest price in the series).
Within each instrument manufacturer’s series of benchtop
VNAs, the highest-priced VNAs bring the highest performance,
often with advanced features such as nonlinear and pulsed
measurements, and even spectrum analyzer measurement
capabilities. But the drop-off in performance for an economy
model is often not that significant. When comparing the top of
the line to economy models, some key parameters (e.g., accuracy
and measurement resolution) will certainly fade with falling price.
However, for many applications, the lower performance levels of
economy benchtop units may be good enough.
Typical VNA performance differences are in such parameters
as trace noise, source power, and dynamic range, where the lower
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 5
CHAPTER 2: COMPARING VNA PERFORMANCE AND PRICE
3. The VNA-0440 two-port VNA measures the four basic
S-parameters (S21, S12, S11, and S22) from 0.4 to 4.0 GHz.
(Photo courtesy of MegiQ)
levels of performance may be adequate for some measurements.
While the most demanding R&D applications may require the
best measurement performance possible, less bandwidth and
economy-grade performance may be adequate for production
testing, provided that measurement repeatability is sufficient.
In considering the needs of the application, a considerable cost
savings is possible even when searching only among benchtop
VNAs.
Modular Flexibility
By separating the computer and display screen from the RF/
microwave measurement hardware, a new generation of modular
VNAs has been created, allowing operators to control the VNA
and display results with software on an external computer. The
approach provides flexibility in upgrading test and operating-
system (OS) software at a fraction of the cost of a benchtop VNA.
But how does the large difference in cost relate to performance of
each type of VNA?
Currently available USB-based VNAs offer a wide range of price
and performance levels, so that specifiers can save on cost by
matching performance levels to application needs. The drop-off
in performance between benchtop and USB VNAs might be the
least when considering an instrument such as the C1209 two-port
VNA from Copper Mountain Technologies. For a frequency range
of 100 kHz to 9 GHz, it offers a dynamic range (145 dB) to match
the best benchtop VNAs, achieved in conjunction with a source
power range of −60 to +15 dBm.
The C1209 is physically larger than many of the company’s other
USB VNAs, in a half-rack configuration (Fig. 2) measuring 377 ×
210 × 95 mm, although a fraction of the size of a typical benchtop
VNA. It also provides a generous amount of measurement
points (500,001) for a USB VNA, and measurements speed of
15 μs to meet the needs of production testing. It performs all
four S-parameters and is controlled by a PC with the company’s
downloadable software.
Sponsored by
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 2: COMPARING VNA PERFORMANCE AND PRICE

Smaller, less expensive, and less capable, but perhaps providing

performance sufficient for some applications, the VNA-0440 two-
port USB VNA from MegiQ also performs all four S-parameter
measurements from 0.4 to 4.0 GHz (Fig. 3). It provides less test
points (20,001) and dynamic range (95 dB) but offers wide test
port power range of −30 to +5 dBm with ±1 dB accuracy.
A number of manufacturers offer lower-cost USB-based
VNAs, including Anritsu (www.anritsu.com), Copper Mountain
Technologies (www.coppermountaintech.com), Pico Technology
(www.picotech.com, which is sold by Saelig), MegiQ (www.megiq.
com), and TAPR (www.tapr.org) with a low-frequency (200 kHz
to 100 MHz) unit. Long-time instrument maker Tektronix (www.
tek.com) recently joined the fray with its own line of 3- and 6-GHz
USB VNAs, at only $12,000 USD for the 6-GHz version (http://
www.mwrf.com/test-measurement/vnas-deliver-s-parameters-
without-breaking-bank). In addition, National Instruments (www.
ni.com) has developed a lower-cost, high-performance VNA in
PXI format (for use in a PXI chassis).
These are examples to demonstrate the differences in
performance between higher-costing benchtop instruments and
more economical USB-based VNAs. Instruments are available in
both configurations with two or four ports and various levels of
performance, although with typically higher accuracy and faster
measurement speeds provided by the larger desktop instruments.
When performance is essential, the choice will undoubtedly be
a benchtop VNA. But for general-purpose VNA measurements,
especially where cost is a concern, starting the selection process
from the growing choice of commercial USB VNAs can provide
significant savings without significant sacrifice in performance. n

to view this article online, ☞ click here

☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 6
 FOCUS ON: VNAs
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY

JACK BROWNE, Technical Contributor

CHAPTER 3:

VNAs DELIVER
S-PARAMETERS
WITHOUT BREAKING THE BANK
By leveraging the computing power of a PC, these easy-to-use VNAs make it possible to bring
S-parameter measurement capability to every engineering workstation—to 3 or 6 GHz.

V
ector network analyzers (VNAs) are test measurements in the form of S21, S12, S11, and S22 parameters.
instruments considered almost synonymous with Although unimpressive in appearance, especially compared
the RF/microwave industry. They are vital to to their full-sized, rack-mount (and much more expensive)
the 50-Ω impedance matching of components counterparts, they don’t skimp on performance with 0.008 dB
through their scattering-parameter (S-parameter) root-mean-square (RMS) or less trace noise to enable that huge
measurements, and are rarely used outside of dynamic range. At the other end of the dynamic range, the VNAs
companies and laboratories working with RF/microwave provide as much as +7 dBm clean test source power (harmonics
equipment. Nonetheless, they have traditionally been “high-end” are ‒30 dBc or better), with test source power that can be adjusted
instruments, in terms of both performance and cost. over a broad range from ‒50 to +7 dBm. They even have a built-in
Many high-frequency designers can probably volunteer a story bias tee for applying test signals and bias energy to active devices,
or two about waiting for their company’s VNA to be available for such as transistors and amplifiers.
testing. Well, the wait is over, with the introduction of the quite
affordable, yet precise, TTR500 two-port VNAs from Tektronix A Bird’s-Eye Vector-Vu
(www.tek.com). For a host of applications, two test ports provide sufficient
Priced at $12,000 USD for a 6-GHz VNA and $9,000 for a measurement capabilities for many high-frequency component
3-GHz instrument, these VNAs literally bring S-parameters to measurements, such as gain/loss, phase, group delay, and
the RF/microwave engineering masses—at least wherever there impedance matching. The analyzers are controlled by means
is a PC with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 port to run the test of a USB connection to a PC running Tektronix’s VectorVu-PC
software and control the TTR500. The measurement capability at software; the software is compatible with Microsoft Windows
these prices paves the way for affordable
wireless products, such as for Internet of
Things (IoT) and Fifth Generation (5G)
wireless communications networks.
The TTR500 USB VNAs (Fig. 1) are
available for two-port measurements
from 100 kHz to 3 GHz or 100 kHz to
6 GHz, in both cases with better than
122-dB dynamic range. The two ports 1. This unobtrusive little package houses a two-port, vector network analyzer capable of
provide for forward- and return-loss making S-parameter measurements from 100 kHz to 6 GHz.
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 7
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 3: VNAs DELIVER S-PARAMETERS WITHOUT BREAKING THE BANK

7 and newer operating system (OS)

software.
Such reliance on a PC translates into
the humble appearance of the TTR500
VNAs—they lack the display and wealth
of control knobs of a traditional VNA—
2. The rear panel of each TTR500 two-port USB VNA includes connectors for access but it also accounts for their stunningly
to the internal 10-MHz reference oscillator and an input port to connect an external low price tags. The TTR500 VNAs
10-MHz reference oscillator. Connecting to the latter will deliver better stability/ actually have more control knobs and
phase-noise performance—when needed—than is possible with the internal reference interconnections on their rear panels (Fig.
oscillator. 2), including access to the internal 10-MHz
reference oscillator and a port for feeding
an external 10-MHz reference oscillator
to the TTR500, as well as bias connection
points for the built-in bias tees.
The “guts” of the TTR500 measurement
system are contained in the unobtrusive
housings and its internal test board,
which contains a specially designed
application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) with multiple receivers. The
ASIC (Fig. 3) contains two channels of
incident, reflected, and RF reference
functions to provide the high-frequency
signal processing to transmit and receive
test signals through forward and reverse
signal paths of a device under test (DUT).
The “smarts” can be found in
the controlling computer and the
VectorVu-PC software, which provides a
3. This ASIC is one of the keys to achieving full two-port S-parameter measurements straightforward graphical user interface
in a package as small as the TTR500. (GUI) for intuitive control of two-port
VNA measurements. The firm also
provides a number of instructional videos
on its website, to help users get started
with measurements such as broadband
gain as a function of frequency.
The VectorVu-PC software provides
all of the analysis capabilities of a full-
sized VNA, including Smith chart
displays of S-parameter amplitude and
phase as a function of impedance (Fig. 4).
For circuit designers, the VectorVu-PC
software can generate .sNp Touchstone-
compatible files for use in a commercial
computer-aided-engineering (CAE)
simulation program. The software should
run on a fairly robust PC, with a Core
4. The TTR500 USB VNAs are controlled by a USB-equipped PC running VectorVu-PC i7 microprocessor from Intel with 8-GB
measurement software. The combination is capable of a 122-dB dynamic range to 6 memory—the recommended computing
GHz with performance comparable to full-sized, rack-mount VNA systems. engine—and minimum of a Core i3
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 8
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 3: VNAs DELIVER S-PARAMETERS WITHOUT BREAKING THE BANK

microprocessor with at least 8-GB memory.

These USB VNAs and the VectorVu-PC software make
S-parameters affordable and, in so doing, should make
measurements like gain, phase, and VSWR with frequency
accessible for a growing number of RF/microwave engineers
and their applications. The VNAs enable students and industry
professionals to perform two-port S-parameter measurements
without waiting for access to the single VNA system at a particular
location.
The TTR500 VNAs are backed by a complement of accessories,
including calibration kits, coaxial adapters, phase-stable
measurement cables, rack-mount kits—even a carrying case to
make it easier to transport the VNA. Each of the TTR500 VNAs
measures just 8.125 × 11.25 × 1.75 in. (206.4 × 285.8 × 44.5 mm)
and weighs only 3.5 lbs. (1.59 kg). They are small enough to fit
almost anywhere, yet still possess the performance needed for
troubleshooting, design support, and even classroom instruction.
The minuscule price tags all but ensure that those working on
the growing number of “commodity” wireless applications, such
as impedance matching of antennas for IoT wireless sensors, will
find a two-port VNA in their price range. nSW Karl Braun Drive
Tektronix Inc., P. O. Box 500, 14150 SW Karl Braun Dr.,
Beaverton, OR 97077; (503)
(800) 833-9200, www.tek.com.

to view this article online, ☞ click here

☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 9

MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
CHAPTER 4:
VNA TESTSECURE ACCURATE
FIXTURESMEASUREMENTS
M
icrowave test instruments can be quite
elegant in their design and construction.
Such is the case for vector network analyzers
(VNAs), with their capabilities to measure
the scattering parameters (S-parameters) of
high-frequency circuits, components, and
devices now well into the millimeter-wave frequency range.
For all their electronic precision and wide dynamic ranges,
modern commercial VNAs often rely on solid mechanical
engineering, in the form of RF/microwave test fixtures. These
perform accurate measurements on different types of chip and
packaged high-frequency devices and components not equipped
with coaxial connectors that provide an easier interface to the
VNA. A VNA test fixture can have a great deal to do with the
accuracy of VNA measurements on miniature components and
devices, such as those supplied in surface-mount-technology
(SMT) packages, and the choice of VNA test fixture should never
be taken lightly.
The current trend in designing smaller and more densely
packaged RF/microwave circuits is supported by smaller passive
components, semiconductor devices, and even microelectrical-
mechanical-systems (MEMS) components like switches, which
are being supplied in die form or in extremely small SMT
packages. In many cases, component or device suppliers may
integrate a sample of a device under test (DUT) onto a high-
frequency printed-circuit board (PCB) with coaxial launchers for
connection to a VNA.
This is a tremendous convenience in terms of characterizing
the product to obtain S-parameters for circuit design purposes,
assuming that the sample circuit is well designed and incorporates
coaxial connectors that are compatible with an owner’s VNA.
Many of these same manufacturers of miniature components and
devices back their products with technical support departments,
providing technical support to customers in the form of their
own test fixtures for characterizing their products on an RF/
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 10
FOCUS ON: VNAs
microwave VNA. Such test fixtures may be constructed for use
with a particular package type, with interconnections to the
PCB circuitry and launching connectors that match the lead
configuration for a particular product.
If such a test fixture is used for other devices or components
from the same manufacturer and in the same package, steps
should first be taken to make sure the lead configurations of the
packaged part are compatible before testing. In addition, even
when testing a considerable number of the same product in the
same package, repeatability will depend on proper handling of the
manufacturer-supplied test fixture and its launching connectors.
Many manufacturers of test equipment (especially VNA
suppliers) and measurement accessories offer a type of VNA test
fixture known as a “universal test fixture.” This implies that is
can be used for testing any number of different components and
devices—such as those in pin-mounted packages and those in
SMA housings—and that it includes bias lines along with signal
input/output (I/O) interconnections for testing active devices
and integrated circuits (ICs). Such general-purpose test fixtures
typically provide provisions for working with different types of
transmission-line circuits on PCB circuit materials with different
thicknesses, using mechanical approaches (such as spring-loaded
force) to secure a DUT in place.
Some manufacturers of specialized VNA test fixtures, as well as
Sponsored by
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 4: VNA TEST FIXTURES SECURE ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS

test-equipment manufacturers, even provide “do-it-yourself ” test

fixtures that allow a user to assemble a configuration that may
provide an optimum fit for a particular package. That being said,
such test fixtures are typically geared for lower-volume testing and
may lack the repeatability required for higher-volume production
testing.
VNA test fixtures come in many forms and for many purposes.
Some, for example, are designed specifically for high-power
testing of large-signal transistors and some for characterizing
high-power pulsed components for radar systems. In all cases, a
VNA test fixture that is best doing its job is electrically “invisible”
within the test system and serves only to interconnect the DUT
in the most effective way possible to the VNA’s test ports. Careful
consideration should be given to the role of the test fixture in the
test system, especially where higher accuracy and repeatability are
required.
As noted in a previous blog, high-frequency connectors become
more minute with increasing frequencies and more subject
to damage, and thus must be treated with care to maintain
acceptable and repeatable levels of electrical performance. This is
true in general for all VNA test fixtures—especially those being
connected and reconnected to a VNA’s test ports, as in production
testing. n
to view this article online, ☞ click here

☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 11
 FOCUS ON: VNAs
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY

CHRIS DEMARTINO, Technical Editor

CHAPTER 5:

NETWORK ANALYZERS TARGET

PRODUCTION
TESTING
Network analyzers are reaching new performance levels, enabling greater throughput for high-
volume manufacturing. Options are also available to equip network analyzers with increased test
capability.

H
igh-volume manufacturing requirements are measurement of forward and reverse S-parameters in a single
driving the latest generation of vector network sweep. Due to this unique simultaneous sweeping feature, the
analyzers (VNAs). Mobile devices, network MS46522B is capable of making a full two-port measurement
equipment, and data centers are being designed for in half the time it would take to make the same measurement
commercial trends such as higher-speed mobile with a traditional single-source sweep, while the MS46524B can
data. These devices need to be produced in very make a full four-port measurement in one-quarter the time of
high volumes at low costs. Therefore, production throughput is an a conventional VNA. With shorter test times, the MS46500B
extremely important parameter for these applications. Recognizing Series significantly improves throughput in manufacturing
today’s production requirements, VNA suppliers are making environments.
an effort to deliver RF/microwave VNAs capable of increased
throughput in high-volume manufacturing environments. Improvements in Dynamic Range and
Anritsu’s new Performance ShockLine MS46500B Series of Measurement Speed
VNAs lowers the cost of test and speeds time to market in numerous Filters used in base transceiver stations (BTSs) in today’s high-
testing applications to 8.5 GHz. These applications include speed mobile networks have extremely steep skirts, rejecting
mobile network equipment design and
manufacturing, mobile devices, automotive
cables, high-speed data interconnects, and
system integration components.
The MS46500B Series is made up of
the two-port MS46522B and the four-
port MS46524B models, expanding the
ShockLine family to a broader range of test
applications (Fig. 1). This series utilizes a
modern architecture: the MS46522B has
two independent sources and four receivers,
while the MS46524B has four independent 1. The MS46522B and MS46524B VNAs feature multiple simultaneous test-signal
sources and eight receivers. All sources sources to speed swept measurements to 8.5 GHz. [Photo courtesy of Anritsu
can sweep at the same time, allowing the (www.anritsu.com).]
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 12
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 5: NETWORK ANALYZERS TARGET PRODUCTION TESTING

out-of-band signals by as much as 110 dB. To accurately measure In addition, the likelihood of errors during manual filter tuning
these components, a VNA with a wide dynamic range is needed. is reduced by the improved VNA performance. When comparing
When using previous-generation VNAs, test times can be quite measurement speeds at the same dynamic range, the E5080A
long when measuring devices with a wide dynamic range. is about 10 times faster than the E5071C, enabling greater
Recognizing the need for VNAs to provide wide dynamic range throughput to be achieved during production testing. The E5080A
at faster measurement speeds, suppliers have released VNAs with is available with frequency ranges of 9 kHz to 4.5 GHz, 9 kHz to
improved performance intended for these applications. 6.5 GHz, and 9 kHz to 9 GHz.
Keysight’s new E5080A VNA provides improved performance Copper Mountain Technologies recently released its Cobalt
compared to previous-generation models (Fig. 2). In comparison Series of VNAs, featuring models C1209 and C1220 (Fig. 3). The
with the previous-generation E5071C VNA, the E5080A has 10 C1209 model is capable of analyzing a frequency range from 100
dB more dynamic range, with increased measurement accuracy. kHz to 9 GHz, while the C1220 model has a frequency range from
100 kHz to 20 GHz. This new series
achieves fast measurement speeds
by incorporating a hybrid dual-core
DSP/FPGA signal processing engine
along with new frequency synthesizer
technologies. Dynamic range of more
than 145 dB at a 1-Hz intermediate-
frequency-bandwidth (IFBW) is
achieved, allowing the Cobalt VNAs
to maintain a wide measurement
range at fast measurement speeds.
This combination of wide dynamic
range and fast measurement speed
makesthe Cobalt Series VNAs ideal for
testing and tuning high-performance
filters. When using 801 measurement
points along with a 30-kHz IFBW, a
complete S-parameter measurement
of a BTS filter requires only 0.08
seconds, while maintaining more
than 100 dB of measurement dynamic
2. The model E5080A VNA offers a wide dynamic range and high accuracy in combination range.
with fast measurement speed, to increase production testing throughput. [Photo courtesy In an effort to achieve high
of Keysight Technologies (www.keysight.com).] throughput at an attractive price,
Rohde & Schwarz recently introduced
a new VNA to its product line.
The ZND model, which is a two-
port VNA, enables users to easily
measure S-parameters of components
such as filters, connectors, and
antennas. This VNA is intended for
production environments, providing
the required functionality at a low
cost. The ZND offers a specified
dynamic range to 120  dB, making it
ideal to measure high-performance
passive components. The ZND
3. The Cobalt series of VNAs rely on advanced signal processing to achieve wide dynamic base model provides unidirectional
range as fast measurement speeds to 20 GHz. [Photo courtesy of Copper Mountain measurements, with the option to
Technologies (www. com).] upgrade to bidirectional measurement
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 13
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
capability. The base model operates from 100 kHz to 4.5 GHz. The
option to extend the frequency range to 8.5 GHz is also available.
The previously mentioned MS46500B Series from Anritsu also
offers excellent dynamic range, low trace noise, and a fast sweep
speed. This series addresses the S-parameter requirements of a
complete range of passive components, including BTS filters,
duplexers, and antennas.
Four-Port VNA
Anritsu also recently introduced its module-based VectorStar
ME7838A4 four-port broadband VNA, which features differential
broadband sweep from 70 kHz to 110/125 GHz. This VNA is capable
of performing extremely stable and fast measurements when
characterizing differential devices, providing new performance
levels to on-wafer and signal-integrity engineers when conducting
differential measurements. Utilizing an exclusive Anritsu design
that incorporates nonlinear-transmission-line technology (NLTL),
the compact modules lend themselves to easy mounting on wafer
probe station platens where space is limited. Modules are available
that can extend the ME7838A4 to a four-port 145 GHz system.
PC-Based VNAs
VNAs controlled by an external PC transfer all processing
functions from the VNA’s measurement module to an external PC,
separating the measurement module from the processing module.
The measurement results are brought to the external PC using
software. These PC-driven VNAs offer several distinct advantages
compared to VNAs with integral computers, making them ideal
for many RF and microwave applications. By providing their own
external PC, users can take advantage of the latest processors,
better display capabilities, and the more reliable performance of
an external PC, while simplifying maintenance of the VNA. In
addition, the external PC can be replaced or upgraded at the user’s
discretion. Conventional VNAs, in contrast, already have a built-in
computer, which can quickly become outdated. Thus, PC-driven
VNAs offer greater flexibility by allowing users to have control of
the processing module by supplying their own PC.
PC-driven VNAs also cost less than half the price of a conventional
VNA, while still delivering equal or better performance. In
addition, there are far fewer potential points of failure. The typical
point of failure on a conventional VNA is the built-in processing
module and its peripheral devices, such as the display, control
knobs, and buttons. This problem is completely eliminated when
using an external PC, which can be easily and inexpensively
replaced by users according to their needs. Another advantage
of a PC-driven VNA is external data storage. Since data is stored
on the external PC rather than inside the VNA itself, the analyzer
can easily be moved to different locations. A PC-driven VNA
is also well suited for classified applications because test data is
processed and stored on an external PC, which means there is no
need for hard-drive purging in order to move the PC-driven VNA
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 14
CHAPTER 5: NETWORK ANALYZERS TARGET PRODUCTION TESTING
from a secure area. Maintenance time is reduced, and security
improvements in classified or controlled installations are achieved.
Copper Mountain Technologies’ PC-driven VNAs enable
engineers to downsize their equipment, while capitalizing on
the performance of PCs. A wide range of VNAs is offered, with
varying features for different applications. These VNAs have the
same performance as traditional VNAs, while offering flexibility
as they can be easily adapted to multiple users. This series is well
suited for lab, production, field, and secure testing environments.
Anritsu’s ShockLine VNA family also consists of the MS46121A
and MS46122A USB Series. These series of VNAs eliminate
the need to buy expensive instruments for simple S-parameter
measurements. Multiple architectures are employed that reduce
manufacturing costs, enhance calibration stability, and minimize
measurement uncertainty. The one-port MS46121A is a series of
two VNAs packaged in a compact housing, while the two-port
MS46122A is a series of three VNAs packaged in a compact 1U
chassis. An external PC controls these VNAs via USB connection,
which runs the same graphical user interface (GUI) software as the
rest of the ShockLine family of VNAs. The combination of small
size and good performance makes the MS46121A and MS46122A
VNAs ideal for passive device test applications where performance
and small form factor are desired.
PXI Form Factor
VNAs can be delivered in the modular PXI form factor,
reducing the size of test setups by delivering VNA functionality
to the flexible PXI platform. PXI VNAs are capable of performing
fast, accurate measurements, while reducing the cost of test.
The Keysight M937XA PXI VNA Series is a full two-port VNA
that fits into just one slot. This VNA is ideal for those who simply
wish to make basic S-parameter measurements. Each module
is a completely independent two-port network analyzer, and as
many as 16 modules can be added to a chassis, enabling multiport
measurements as well as simultaneous measurements of different
devices.
New Enhancements
Suppliers are expanding the measurement capabilities offered by
VNAs by introducing new options to their existing VNA products.
These options serve as enhancements, enabling measurements to
be performed beyond the VNA’s traditional test capabilities.
Keysight recently announced a new capability, which adds
high-performance spectrum analysis to its PNA and PNA-X
Series VNAs. This option adds a fast spurious-signal search
capability to these VNA series, replacing a standalone spectrum
or signal analyzer. By replacing a standalone spectrum or signal
analyzer, the size of test systems can be reduced. This spectrum
analyzer option is implemented through firmware, which means
no additional RF hardware is required to add spectrum analysis
capability to the VNA. The incorporation of this functionality into
Sponsored by
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
a VNA simplifies system connections and saves time, improving
test throughput by a factor ranging to 500 in comparison with
existing approaches. Measurement results are comparable to those
obtained with today’s most sophisticated standalone spectrum or
signal analyzers. This option also enables the VNA to perform
simultaneous spectrum measurements on all test ports, providing
unparalleledinsight into the performance of a device with just a
single set of connections.
Anritsu recently introduced intermodulation distortion
(IMD) measurement options for its VectorStar platform, which
expand the measurement capability to meet the need to conduct
highly accurate and efficient IMD measurements. These options
consist of a dual source, an internal RF combiner/switch, and
the IMDView software.The dual source and the internal RF
combiner/switch enable the VNA to automatically switch from an
S-parameter measurement to an IMD measurement, providing the
capability to perform both S-parameter measurements andIMD
measurements in one connection. The IMDView software
option provides graphical interface and guidance for configuring
IMD measurements, simplifying the setup of traces for IMD
parameters. IMDView also offers the unique capability to modify
tone parameters while viewing the results in real-time, enabling
engineers to quickly determine optimum performance capabilities.
User Interface Advancements
Suppliers are increasing efforts to provide more intuitive user
interfaces. Touchscreen features, such as touch-driven trace
displays and windows as well asdrag-and-drop functionality,
provide a simplified user experience.
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 15
CHAPTER 5: NETWORK ANALYZERS TARGET PRODUCTION TESTING
Keysight designed the E8050A’s intuitive and flexible user
interface to streamline flow. A variety of dialog menus assists
users to easily setup measurements, while essential features can
be directly accessed through the toolbar. The layout of traces and
windows can be flexibly allocated with intuitive drag-and-drop
operations, enabling users to overlay traces with different channel
settings on the same window.
Rohde & Schwarz’s ZND user interface is based on the interface of
the ZNC and ZNB models. Designed to make VNA measurements
easy to perform for users of all levels, the interface enables users to
access all functions of the VNA in a maximum of three operating
steps. In addition, the large touchscreen is fully integrated with the
VNA’s software. Drag-and-drop operation is incorporated, which
allows users to quickly configure the VNA. Traces and channels
can be arrangedin any desired combination, enabling results to be
displayed in a clear and straightforward manner.
Anritsu’s ShockLine software provides a powerful GUI for test
and engineering use. When attached to a touchscreen monitor
supplied by the user, the GUI provides a full set of comprehensive
capabilities. These capabilities include network extraction,
embedding/de-embedding networks, and time-domain with
time-gating. The GUI is a common feature among the entire
ShockLine family of VNAs.n
to view this article online, ☞ click here
☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sponsored by
 FOCUS ON: VNAs
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY

CHRIS DEMARTINO, Technical Editor

CHAPTER 6:

GET YOUR
HANDS DIRTY
WITH THESE VNA TOOLS
By offering affordable VNAs and a unique set of tools, this company is one that people should know
about—especially those in search of a VNA solution.

R
ecently, I have had the opportunity to get my hands
on a couple of the latest vector network analyzers
(VNAs) on the market today. In a sense, these
new instruments are redefining the VNA, which
has traditionally been built in the form of a large
box that combines both measurement and display
capabilities. While such traditional VNAs are not likely to
disappear anytime soon, some of today’s VNAs are being built in
smaller portable sizes. This smaller size is made possible due to
the display functionality being offloaded from the VNA itself to
an external PC.
Another company recently provided me with its own
PC-controlled VNA as part of a demo kit. That company, MegiQ
(www.megiq.com), is one that may be unfamiliar to some. 1. This is the VNA included in the demo kit. It covers a
However, MegiQ is a company that certainly deserves to be recog- frequency range of 400 MHz to 6 GHz.
nized among today’s VNA suppliers. This article presents a closer
look at the company’s VNA capabilities based on my experience adaptors. Of course, the relevant documentation was also includ-
with the demo kit. ed.

VNA Demo Kit Explaining the VNA Sandbox

The demo kit included the VNA-0460e, which is a full 2.5-port
VNA that covers a frequency range of 400 MHz to 6 GHz (Fig. 1).
Since the specifications of the MegiQ VNAs were already reported
in a recent article, those won’t be discussed in detail here. Readers
are encouraged to check out that article, as well as visit MegiQ’s
website, for more information concerning VNA specifications.
Getting back to the demo kit, it also included the VNA Sandbox
along with a number of additional accessories. These accessories
included UFL cables, SMA-to-UFL adaptors, and SMA-to-SMA
The VNA Sandbox is actually something very unique that
MegiQ offers (Fig. 2). It is essentially a board that contains a
number of simple RF circuits. Each of these circuits can be mea-
sured with a MegiQ VNA—or any VNA for that matter—via UFL
connectors. In addition, every circuit is numbered on the board
(more on this later).
Among the circuits included on the VNA Sandbox are several
resonant circuits, as well as a few different filters. It also contains
antennas, an attenuator, an amplifier, and a varactor-based volt-
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 16
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 6: GET YOUR HANDS DIRTY WITH THESE VNA TOOLS

3. Shown is the VNA

Sandbox being used to
perform a calibration.
UFL cables are used to
connect the VNA to the VNA
Sandbox.

tions as a calibration kit.

Figure 3 shows a calibration
being performed. In Fig. 3,
the VNA is connected to
the Open ports of the VNA
Sandbox.
One aspect of the VNA
2. (left) This is a photo of the VNA Sandbox, which Sandbox that should be noted
contains a variety of RF circuits. is that it actually contains two
Open, Short, and Load ports
age-controlled lowpass filter. For each circuit, with the exception each. This enables users to perform calibrations more quickly by
of the two antennas, the board shows a simple illustration of the simultaneously connecting both Port 1 and Port 2 of the VNA
response that it produces. MegiQ’s website also contains docu- to the respective ports for the Open, Short, and Load calibration
mentation that provides more information concerning the VNA steps, as seen in Fig. 3.
Sandbox circuits.
So what is the purpose of the VNA Sandbox? Essentially, it is Putting the Sandbox to Work
intended to help users become better acquainted with performing Of course, once calibration was performed, the next step was
VNA measurements. Those who are new to using a VNA can to actually measure some of the circuits on the VNA Sandbox.
learn much by taking advantage of the VNA Sandbox. Proving Performing measurements required using MegiQ’s VNA software,
this point is the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), as the which can be downloaded from the company’s website.
university is utilizing MegiQ’s VNAs and VNA Sandbox to teach One nice thing about the software is that it allows users to load
students how to perform VNA measurements. built-in measurement files for the circuits on the VNA Sandbox.
Additionally, the VNA Sandbox includes Open, Short, Load, Loading one of these measurement files basically configures the
and Thru ports to enable users to perform one- or two-port settings of the VNA software for that specific circuit measure-
calibrations. Thus, besides containing various RF circuits for ment. Of course, users can also manually configure their own
measurement purposes, the VNA Sandbox also essentially func- settings.
As an example, let’s say that one wants
to measure the lowpass filter on the VNA
Sandbox, which is designated as circuit
25. That user could load the measurement
file titled “VSB 25: CLC LPF.” Loading this
file subsequently displays four S-parameter
graphs. It also displays two Smith charts for
the input and output impedances, respec-
tively. Figure 4 shows the actual measured
data of the lowpass filter. Shown are plots
for insertion loss and return loss along with
two Smith chart displays.
One feature that is included with the
VNA-0440e and VNA-0460e models is a
built-in bias generator, which was men-
tioned in the article referenced earlier. To
4. The measured data of the lowpass filter on the VNA Sandbox is shown here. demonstrate this capability, let’s take a look
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 17
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY CHAPTER 6: GET YOUR HANDS DIRTY WITH THESE VNA TOOLS

at the amplifier on the VNA Sandbox. The

amplifier is designated as circuit 41.
One way to measure the gain and return
loss of this amplifier is to load the measure-
ment file titled “VSB 41: Amplifier w bias.”
With this configuration, measurements
are performed over a frequency range of
400 MHz to 4 GHz. Figure 5 shows the
measurement results of the amplifier. Four
S-parameter plots are shown: gain (S21),
reverse isolation (S12), input return loss
(S11), and output return loss (S22).
Furthermore, these measurements were
performed by utilizing the VNA’s aforemen-
tioned internal bias generator to power the
amplifier. Thus, no external power supply 5. The amplifier was measured by utilizing the VNA’s internal bias generator. Shown
was needed in order to make these measure- is the measured data.
ments. The bias was provided from Port 2 of
the VNA and applied to the amplifier’s RF
output pin. The bias conditions were set at
5 V and 55 mA (note that this was changed
from the measurement file’s default condi-
tions of 10 V and 70 mA).
Furthermore, while the amplifier mea-
surements just described were carried out
using fixed bias conditions, users also have
the option to apply swept-bias conditions.
For example, let’s take a look at the varac-
tor-based voltage-controlled lowpass filter,
which is circuit 35 on the VNA Sandbox.
Since this circuit is designed using varactor
diodes, its frequency response is dependent
on the applied voltage.
By loading the measurement file titled 6. Shown is the insertion loss of the varactor-based filter at four different applied
“VSB 35: Varicap LPF Bias-Freq,” the bias voltages thanks to
voltage can be swept from 0 to 3 V in incre-
ments of 1 V. Measurements are performed
at each bias condition. Figure 6 shows the insertion loss of the
varactor-based lowpass filter at all four bias conditions.
One last point that should be mentioned is that swept-power
measurements can also be performed. This capability allows users
to measure an amplifier’s 1-dB compression (P1dB). In fact, the
P1dB of the amplifier on the VNA Sandbox can be measured
by loading the measurement file titled “VSB 41: Amplifier 1dB

7. Shown is the SMA-

connectorized bandpass
filter used as the DUT.

8. This photo shows the SMA calibration kit that was included
with the demo kit.
Sponsored by

☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 18
MICROWAVES & RF LIBRARY
9. This photo shows the filter connected to the VNA.
Comp.” With this configuration, the power is swept from −15 to
+5 dBm.
Beyond the VNA Sandbox: Measuring SMA-
Connectorized Components
The measurements described solely involved the VNA Sandbox,
which only contains UFL connectors. To gain a deeper under-
standing of MegiQ’s VNAs, a measurement example of an SMA-
connectorized bandpass filter will now be presented. The device-
under-test (DUT) in this measurement example is Mini-Circuits’
VBFZ-1400-S+ bandpass filter (Fig. 7). This filter has a passband
from 1,350 to 1,450 MHz.
Of course, calibration was required prior to performing any
measurements. To measure an SMA-connectorized component,
10. Shown are the measured insertion loss and return loss of the filter.
☞ REGISTER: mwrf.com | 19
CHAPTER 6: GET YOUR HANDS DIRTY WITH THESE VNA TOOLS
the proper calibration kit file was imported from a USB stick.
Once this step was completed, calibration was performed with the
SMA calibration kit over a frequency range of 400 MHz to 3,400
MHz (Fig. 8).
Figure 9 shows the VNA connected to the DUT. Figure 10
displays plots of measured data. As can be seen, the plots look
nice and smooth. In essence, the data agrees with the results one
would obtain when performing the same measurements with any
currently available VNA. These results therefore demonstrate that
MegiQ’s VNAs can deliver performance that is comparable to
other VNAs on the market today.
Conclusion
In summary, MegiQ has proven that it offers quality VNA
solutions at an affordable price. The company’s VNAs include
some features—most notably the built-in bias generator—that are
typically only found in more expensive high-end VNAs. In addi-
tion, the VNA Sandbox is a good educational tool for anyone who
wants to learn more about VNAs. While MegiQ may not be the
first name that comes to mind when thinking of VNA suppliers,
the company is surely a legitimate one that is worthy of recogni-
tion. If you’re in the market for a VNA, don’t overlook MegiQ. n
to view this article online, ☞ click here
☞ BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sponsored by
CHECK OUT THESE RESOURCES FROM
MICROWAVES & RF AND OUR SISTER BRANDS
WEBSITES

MAGAZINES RESOURCES
You’ll find a goldmine of resources on the mwrf.
You can also apply for a Inside Track with Smart Homes
THE SMART HOME BUTLER
The Real Smart IoT

A collection
of services

Boosting Public

com site including: Webcasts, white papers,

Automated Automated Open/close doors
temperature control grocery service and windows

Klaus Werner, RF Delivering Safety via

Turn on/ Smart medical Control home
off lights service appliances

Detect leaks and Turn on/off

turn off water entertainment system

Energy Alliance|24 Sustainability|33 Communications|45

subscription to one of our

impedance tuners

eBooks, RF Classics, What’s the Difference Between

traditional magazines available
march 2017 trusted eNgiNeeriNg resource for oVer 50 years www.mwrf.com

Impedance Tuners series and more. Check it out now at mwrf.com

in both print and digital formats. in control 100 p|

MICROWAVES & RF –
complimentary internationally- Corner Ad.pdf 1 4/19/2016 1:37:18 PM

☞ Subscribe Now C

NEWSLETTERS
Non-qualified: you will be prompted to
M

Y
march 2017 • Vol. 56 •, No. 3

FAST
CM

Stay current with

MY

pay based on your location.

CY

CMY

$10.00 Powered by Periodicals Postage Paid • USPS 100 Approved Poly

newsletters created by
ELECTRONIC DESIGN –
engineers and editors with
Electronic Design

complimentary in US and Canada -

☞ Subscribe Now the authority on
emerging technologies
for design solutions
inside connections! You’ll
Non-qualified or Outside the US and find a coverage on a wide
APRIL 2017 electronicdesign.com

Canada: you will be prompted to pay build, buy, range of technologies for
or both?
consumer electronics

based on your location.

RF engineers including Test
•
$10 computing Price Point
•
trends in Poe

& Measurement, Defense

Consider these factors
when designing an
embedded system. p12

and more. ☞ Click Here

to check out what thousands of engineers are
reading now.
APRIL 2017 • Vol. 62, no. 11

$10.00 Periodicals Postage Paid • USPS 100 Approved Poly

161107_5Mill_ELECDES_US_Snipe.indd 1 11/7/16 11:33 AM

ABOUT US
A trusted industry resource for more than 50 years, the Penton Electronics Group is the electronic
design engineer’s source for design ideas and solutions, new technology information and engineering Powered by
essentials. Individual brands in the group include Microwaves & RF, Electronic Design, and Power
Electronics. Also included in the group is a data product for engineers, SourceToday.com.
Informa

☞ LEARN MORE @ mwrf.com | 20