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1 R 1
I= ⇒ VL = RI = = v g↑
R + j1 R + j1 1 + jg 1
1 vcrit
v = VL =
1+ g 2
p = gv 2
p
pmax
vcrit
1
Uses a local viewpoint
0.96 Bad for System Stability !
0 6 12 18 24 hours
0.95
Tap Changer
Control
0.9
0 100
ABB Corporate Research
Mats Larsson / 07.10.2001 / 11
200 300 400
2001 ABB Corporate Research Ltd, Baden, Switzerland ABB
Typical Instability Scenario
Time (seconds)
Load shedding
Tap locking
Capacitor switching
Generator voltage setpoints
ABB Corporate Research
Mats Larsson / 07.10.2001 / 13
2001 ABB Corporate Research Ltd, Baden, Switzerland ABB
Countermeasures (ctd.)
WAN
Transmission Network
PMU
PMU
PMU PMU
Small-scale example
Hybrid Behaviour
Generator overload
protection
Transformer Relay
Control
0.95
Tap Changer
Control
0.9
0 100
ABB Corporate Research
Mats Larsson / 07.10.2001 / 17
200 300 400
2001 ABB Corporate Research Ltd, Baden, Switzerland ABB
What Do We Need from CC ?
Observability Analysis
Select a minimum but sufficient number of measurement points
Controllability
Select a minimum but sufficient number of control points
Reachability Analysis
Which are the safe operating regions ?
When is the last time to stabilize the system, given some set of
available controls ?
Present Status
Now available in Modelica language, SIMULINK SimStruc
T. Geyer at ETH currently works on a PWA model