Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons.)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

MAY 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEMS PAGES
==========================================================================
Course Overview 3
Guidelines for Laboratory Report 4
Basic Laboratory Safety Rules 12
Lab Experiments Manual 14

Experiment 1: Slider Crank Chain Experiment (Informal report) 13

Experiment 2: Slotted Link Mechanism Experiment (Short report) 19

Experiment 5: Crank and Slotted Lever QRM (Informal report) 26

Experiment 6: Hooke’s Coupling Experiment (Informal report) 34

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 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

COURSE OVERVIEW

Course Description
This course provides the practical and laboratory basis for of the design of
machines based on kinematics and dynamic requirement. Introduction to
basic concepts, mobility, synthesis and machine elements such as linkages
and cams is covered. Detailed analysis on finding the position, velocity and
acceleration of linkages is carried out. Introduction to dynamic analysis of
linkages is covered. Students will do a group work involving design and
analysis.

Course Objectives:
1. To introduce laboratory experiments on machine elements.

2. To expose to CAD /CAE software: CREO and SOLIDWORKS in the

design of machine components to students.

Transferrable Skills:
Ability to perform a practical laboratory and analyze the mechanism
related experiments. Students are also able to use commercially available
simulation software to analyze a structural behavior of a given part.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

GUIDELINE FOR LABORATORY REPORT

a. Short Report Format (Individual Submission)
No Items Description

1. Cover page 1. Author’s name SID no.

(10%) 2. Title of experiment
3. Day and date of experiment
4. Course and course code
5. Semester and Academic Year (e.g. Sem 1 2018/2019)
6. Section and group number

2. Data , Observations and The data and observations obtained in the experiments should be presented
calculation of results in an orderly form – in a data table if possible. Sample of calculation should
be shown to confirm the calculation used and understanding towards the
(40%)
theory and experiment.

3. Analysis and Discussions The data obtained will be analyzed with a view towards fulfilling the purpose
(40%) stated at the beginning of the report. If there is an accepted or expected
value for a quantity that is to be obtained by the experiment, the percentage
difference between the expected and experimental value should be
calculated. In many cases, complete with graph, which is often a very helpful
way of showing the relationship between two quantities. The graph must have
a title, each exist will show scale, units, and a label. All data points must have
a marking to show that it is an observed data point and all data points must
be connected showing the trend of the data.
Discussion should tie the results of the experiments to the purpose. Sources or
error, deviations and uncertainty should be discussed and how they might
affect the results. Any points that are specifically asked for in experiment
instructions should be discussed in this section

4. Overall report (10%) Neat, clear labels and titles. With references is given.
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

b.Informal Report Format (Group Submission)

General Instructions: prepared individually or in group and must be printed properly.

No Items Description

1. Cover page 1. Author’s name SID no.

(10% for all informal 2. Title of experiment
reports) 3. Day and date of experiment
4. Course and course code
5. Semester and Academic Year (e.g. Sem 1 2018/2018)
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018
2. Statement of Purpose /
Abstract / Objective
(10% for Hooke’s
Coupling & Slider Crank
Chain)
(20% for Crank and
Slotted Lever QRM)
3. Data ,Observations and
calculation of results
(30% for all informal
reports)
4. Analysis and Discussions
(30% for Hooke’s
Coupling & Slider Crank
Chain)
(20% for Crank and
Slotted Lever QRM)
5. Conclusions
(10% for all informal
reports)
Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
6. Section, group number and members
This should be a brief description of what the experiment is demonstrating. Be
specific. It should be consistent with the statement of the experiment
instructions.
The data and observations obtained in the experiments should be presented in
an orderly form – in a data table if possible. Sample of calculation should be
shown to confirm the calculation used and understanding towards the theory
and experiment.
The data obtained will be analyzed with a view towards fulfilling the purpose
stated at the beginning of the report. If there is an accepted or expected
value for a quantity that is to be obtained by the experiment, the percentage
difference between the expected and experimental value should be
calculated. In many cases, complete with graph, which is often a very helpful
way of showing the relationship between two quantities. The graph must have
a title, each exist will show scale, units, and a label. All data points must have
a marking to show that it is an observed data point and all data points must
be connected showing the trend of the data.
Discussion should tie the results of the experiments to the purpose. Sources or
error, deviations and uncertainty should be discussed and how they might
affect the results. Any points that are specifically asked for in experiment
instructions should be discussed in this section
This section summarizes the lab report. Any conclusions drawn from the results
should be given in this section. Express the implication of the results. Examine
the outcome in the light of the stated objectives.
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
6. References All references should be properly cited in the report. The list of all references

(2% for all informal cited in the report should be included in this section. Use the following format::
reports) 1. Book :
a. Author (s). Year. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Page number.

(Note: Books and (example: L.H. van Vlack. 1989. Elements of Materials Science and

Journals are highly Engineering. 6th Ed. Reading :Addison-

recommended) Wesely Publ. pp100-105.)
b. Title. Year. Book Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Page number.
(Example: Materials Science Handbook. 1986. 20th Ed. Ohio: C.R.C. Press.

pp. 1986)
2. Journals : Author (s), Year, Article Title; Journal Title, Volume, Page number.
(Example: Brandt, A. 1977. Multtilevel adaptive solution to boundary value
problems. Math of Computation. 31: 333-390)
3. Internet : Title. Year. URL. (Example: Selected encyclopedias and major
reference works in polymer science and technology at Stanford University.

1998. http://wwwsul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.html

7 Appendices
(2% for all informal
reports)

8 Overall report Neat, clear labels and titles. With references is given.
(6% for all informal
reports)

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b. Formal Report Structure (Group Submission)

General Instructions:
* Formal Lab Report has to be prepared individually or in group and must be printed
properly.
No Items Description

1. Title page (10 %) This page must include:

1. Title of experiment
2. Course and course code
3. Semester and Academic Year (e.g. Sem 1 2018/2019)
4. Day and date experiment was performed and due date
5. (a)* Individual reports: Author’s name and matrix no; and Names and matrix
no(s) of group member
(b)* Group Reports: Names and matrix no(s) of group member
*Either (a) or (b)
6. Section and group number
7. Name of the lab instructor

2. Table of content This should be placed following the title page (for reports more than 10 pages). It
should list up each section of the report and corresponding page number.
(2%)
 Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
3. Statement of This should encapsulate the major portion of the report and provides a concise
overview of the work. The length should be no more than 200-300 words or 2-3
Purpose or
paragraphs. It should highlight the objectives, results and conclusions of the
Objectives - experiment.
Summary / Abstract

/Objectives (10%)
4. Theory (3%) Any theory related to the experiment should be included. The theory must be clearly
explained and complete with diagrams where necessary. The relevant equations
should be introduced. Each figure should be labelled and numbered.

5. Equipment / A list of equipment and specimen used should be included. This may be the same as
Description of the list on the experiment instructions. Sketch of the equipment should also be included
Experimental where necessary.
Apparatus and
procedures
(5%) Procedures are a step-by-step explanation of what was done in the lab and why
each step was performed. The procedure listed in the experiment instructions may be
used as a guide. The description does not have to be very lengthy, but should
enough detail so that a reader knowledgeable in the field would understand what
was done. Sufficient information should be provided to allow the reader to repeat the
experiment in an identical manner.

6. Data, Observations The data and observations obtained in the experiments should be presented in an
and calculation of orderly form – in a data table if possible. A spreadsheet would be ideal, especially if
results (30%) there are many repetitive calculations in the analysis of the data. Each table, figure
and graph should be labelled and numbered. Sample of calculation should be shown
to confirm the calculation used and understanding towards the theory and
experiment.

7. Analysis and The data obtained will be analysed with a view towards fulfilling the purpose stated
discussion (20%) at the beginning of the report. When possible, part of the analysis may be combined
with the data table in a spreadsheet. If there is an accepted or expected value for a
quantity that is to be obtained by the experiment, the percentage difference
between the expected and experimental value should be calculated. In many
cases, another part of the analysis will be the construction of the graph, which is

Often a very helpful way of showing the relationship between two quantities. The
graph must have a title, each exist will show scale, units, and a label. All data
points must have a marking to show that it is an observed data point and all data
points must be connected showing the trend of the data. If the student is using a
computer software package to generate graphs, then this package must
convey the same information as would a hand generated graph.
Discussion section should tie the results of the experiments to the purpose. Sources
or error, deviations and uncertainty should be discussed and how they might affect
the results. Any points that are specifically asked for in experiment instructions
should be discussed in this section.
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
8. Conclusions (10%) This section summarizes the lab report. Any conclusions drawn from the results should
be given in this section. Express the implication of the results. Examine the outcome
in the light of the stated objectives.

9. References (2%) All references should be properly cited in the report. The list of all references
cited in the report should be included in this section. Use the following format:

Book :
1. Author (s). Year. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Page number. (example: L.H.
van Vlack. 1989. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering. 6th Ed.

Reading :Addison-Wesely Publ. pp100-105.)

2. Title. Year. Book Title. Edition. Place: Publisher. Page number. (Example:
Materials Science Handbook. 1986. 20th Ed. Ohio: C.R.C. Press. pp. 1986)

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Journals: Author (s), Year, Article Title; Journal Title, Volume, Page number. (Example:

Brandt, A.
1977. Multtilevel adaptive solution to boundary value problems. Math of

Computation. 31: 333390)

Internet: Title. Year. URL. (Example: Selected encyclopedias and major reference
works in polymer science and technology at Stanford University. 1998.

http://wwwsul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.html
Note: Books and Journals are highly recommended

10. Appendices (2%)

11. Overall report (6%) Neat, clear labels and titles. With references is given.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
Each and every students taking MEMB331 (Machine Design and CAD Lab) are
expected to follow these requirements in order to ensure the safety throughout the
semester:

GENERAL GUIDELINES
1. Do not enter laboratory until you are instructed to do so.
2. Conduct yourself and your experiment in a responsible manner at all times in
the laboratory.
3. When first entering laboratory do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other
materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
4. All personal belonging, which you do not need during the experiments, must
be placed in the cupboard.
5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your instructor. Unauthorized
experiments are not allowed.
6. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.
7. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the laboratory
without the presence of the instructor or technician.
8. Do not eat sweets, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory.
9. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly
before entering the laboratory – remember you have to answer pre lab
questions before performing the experiments!
10. Never fool around in the laboratory.
11. Clean up all areas of the laboratory where you (and your group) worked.
12. Experiments must be monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory
experiments of others.
13. Dress properly and decently during a laboratory activity. Shoes must
completely cover the foot. No sandals and open toed shoes are allowed on
lab days.

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ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES

14. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the
instructor or technician immediately.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MEMB331
MACHINE DESIGN AND CAD LAB
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

LAB EXPERIMENT MANUAL

Prepared by
Eng Kian Hin, Ahmad Kamal Kadir

2018 Version Edited by Iszmir

Nazmi Bin Ismail
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
EXPERIMENT 1: SLIDER CRANK CHAIN EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are to obtain a graph of piston velocity against
crank angle using the method of instantaneous centers, assuming that the crank
rotates at a constant angular velocity, to obtain the crank angles which correspond
to the maximum piston velocity, and to show that for a slider crank chain the piston
motion tends to approach simple harmonic motion with increasing values of
connecting rod/crank ratio.

THEORY
The Slider Crank Chain is one of the two basic mechanisms which form the basic for
many more complicated motions. (The other one is the Four Bar Chain or Chebyshev
linkage of which over 800 forms are known.)

To find the velocities the method of Instantaneous Centers

Consider a rigid body moving relative to axes OX and OY, as in the figure below.

Suppose that the velocities Va and Vb of points A and B relative to OXY are known.

As far as A is concerned the body appears to be rotating about a point anywhere

on the line through A perpendicular to Va. Similarly the velocity Vb can only result
Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
from rotation about a point somewhere on a line through B perpendicular to Vb. If

these two lines meet at a point I, it is the point about which the body is rotating at

the instant considered. I is called the Instantaneous Centre.

If the two lines are co-linear the instantaneous centre may be anywhere on them.
The two velocities will be parallel but not necessarily equal. If the lines are parallel
and not co- linear, I is at infinity and the two velocities are parallel and equal. The
body is therefore moving translationally and every point has the same velocity.

An instantaneous centre is not the same thing as a fixed pivot; unless the body is
constrained so that its motion is always a rotation about the same point. Then the
point of rotation and the instantaneous centre are co-incident. Thus an
instantaneous centre is at different points at different instants. So whilst
accelerations can be expressed relative to the instantaneous centre, to do so is
not usually helpful as the centre itself can have acceleration.

Consider the mechanism, in the position shown below:-

The instantaneous centre of the connecting rod AB is at IAB. The linear velocity of A is:-

v a = OA . ω
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Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018

Assuming that the angular velocity is unity

va = OA
Since the connecting rod is instantaneously rotating about point I AB

v a = v b

I AB A I AB B

So the piston velocity is given by:-

v a

v b = .I ABB

I AB A

Triangles IAB and OAX are similar, thus:-

I AB B
= OX

I AB A OA

OX

So v b = OA = OX
OA
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

APPARATUS
Slider Crank Chain with a variable connecting rod length.

PROCEDURES
1) Set the crank to zero on the circular scale.
2) Slacken both knurled nuts and adjust the position of the piston pivot so that
the connecting rod is 115mm long. Make sure that the spacer washer is
between the piston and the connecting rod. In normal use, the knurled nuts
will be just slack. However, the motion of the slider crank can be locked at
any position by tightening both knurled nuts.
3) For every 10º of crank rotation, record the piston displacement and the
cross-scale readings in the given tables. (Note: With the crank angle set to
zero, note the initial reading of the cross-scale. This will need subtracting
from all subsequent readings in order to obtain true reading.)
4) Repeat steps 1 to 3 for connecting rod lengths of 130, 140, 155 and 175mm.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

RESULTS
1) Plot a graph of piston velocity versus crank angle for the five different
connecting rod length.
2) Plot a graph of the piston displacement against crank angle for the five
different connecting rod lengths.
3) Plot a graph of piston acceleration versus crank angle for the five different
connecting rod length.

DISCUSSION
1) Comment on the form of the graph.
2) Define Simple Harmonic Motion.
3) At what angles the maximum piston velocities occur? Are these 90º and
270º? If not, why not?
4) What is the effect of increasing ratio on the form of the graph?
5) From the graph of piston velocity versus crank angle or from the experimental
velocity data, at what crank angles does the maximum acceleration occur
for the five different connecting rod lengths?
6) What is the value of maximum acceleration for the five different connecting
rod lengths?
7) Do the maximum acceleration and velocity occur at the same angle? Is
there a relationship between the crank angles at which they occur, assuming
that they do not occur at the same angle? If yes, what is the relationship?

RESULT SHEET
Connecting rod length: mm
Crank Radius: mm Ratio: .

Crank Angle (o) Piston Displacement (mm) Piston Velocity (mm/s)

0
10
20
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

EXPERIMENT 2: SLOTTED LINK MECHANISM EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the motion of a slotted link and to
see if the piston rod moves with Simple Harmonics Motion

THEORY
Simple Harmonic Motion is defined as when a mass or point moves in such a way
that its accelerations is proportional to its displacement from a fixed point in its path
and is directed to that point, the motion is said to be simple harmonic.

The Simple Harmonic Circle enables us to establish a relationship between

displacement and accelerations. Consider the diagram below:

Q is a point which rotates at constant at constant velocity ω in a circle of a radius r.

AB is a diameter and O the center of the circle of rotation. Point P is the projection
of Q upon the diameter AB at any instant. The displacement of P from O is x. Clearly
point P oscillates between A and B as q moves around the circle. So P can only
have velocities along AB at any instant in time, similarly for accelerations. Now if

we resolve the centripetal accelerations into two components parallel and

perpendicular to AB, then the parallel components will represents the
accelerations of P.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

Acceleration parallel to AB given by this equation:

AB = ω 2 r. cos ω.t

Now displacement x is

x = r.cos ω.t

So the accelerations of P is P
=a

P = ω 2x

Thus the accelerations of P is proportional to its displacement, x, from O and is clearly

towards O. Therefore the motion is Simple Harmonic Motions.

Alternatively we may consider the following method:

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

But:

The minus sign indicates that the accelerations is to the left and thus the center of
rotations O.
What do you note about the displacement, velocity and accelerations? They vary
sinusoidally

Periodic Time
This is the time taken for a complete oscillation from B to A and back again. The
time taken is also that for a complete revolution of particle Q which is an angular
distance is

2π radians, so:

τ =

However from previous analysis we know that:

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

Slotted Link Mechanism or Scotch Yoke

The apparatus is diagrammatically below:

It is clear that the driving pin which is fixed to the crank is similar to the point Q on
the SHM circle. The piston rod with a slotted link is constrained to move is a straight
line. The limits of the motions are either end of a diameter of the circle of the drive
pin rotations. So the motions of the slotted link and piston rod are identical to point
P in the foregone analysis. Thus the link and anything attached there to will move
with SHM.
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

APPARATUS
Slotted Link mechanism

PROCEDURES
1) Set the crank at zero degrees. Record the piston displacement.
2) Move the crank by 10° and record the displacement.
3) Repeat steps 1 and 2 for one complete revolution of the crank.
4) Tabulate your results in the table given.
5) Calculate the theoretical piston rod displacement in the table.

RESULTS
1) Plot a graph of the experimental piston rod displacement versus crack angle.
2) Plot on the same graph the theoretical piston rod displacement against crank
angle
3) From the experimental piston rod displacement data plot a graph of experimental
velocity and accelerations versus crank angle.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
4) From the theoretical Simple Harmonic Motion equations, plot a graphs of
theoretical velocity and accelerations versus crank angle.
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DISCUSSION
1) Prove the theoretical displacement x = r (1 − cosθ )

2) Compare the experimental and theoretical piston rod displacement, velocity and
accelerations. How well do your experimental results agree with theory?
3) What is the motion produced by the Slotted Link mechanism? Explain your answer.
4) Where do maximum displacement, velocity and acceleration on the slide occur?
Explain your answer
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

RESULT SHEET
Slotted Link Mechanism Experiment
Crank Radius = 35 mm
Crank Angles, θ Experimental Piston Rod Theoretical, x = r(1 − cosθ ) (mm)
displacement, x, (mm)
0 0 0
10 0 0.5
20 1.5 2.1
30 4 4.6
40 7.5 8.1
50 11.5 12.5
60 16 17.5
70 22.5 23.0
80 28 28.9
90 34.5 35
100 41 41.0
110 46.5 46.9
120 51.5 52.5
130 57 57.4
140 61.5 61.8
150 64.5 65.3
160 68 67.8
170 69 69.4
180 69.5 70.0
190 69.5 69.4
200 68.5 67.8
210 66 65.3
220 62 61.8
230 57.5 57.4
240 52.5 52.5
250 47 46.9
260 41 41.0
270 34.5 35.0
280 28 28.9
290 22 23.0
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

300 16.5 17.500

310 12 12.502
320 8 8.188
330 4.5 4.689
340 2 2.110
350 0 0.531
360 0 0

EXPERIMENT 5: CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER QUICK RETURN MOTION

EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the kinematics motion of a Crank
and Slotted Lever Quick Return mechanism. The investigation is to show that it is
indeed a quick return mechanism and to evaluate the increase in efficiency that
this would offer if applied to a machine tool.
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
THEORY
Definition of a Mechanism
A mechanism is a simplified model, usually in the form of a line diagram, which is
used to reproduce the motion occurring in a machine. The purpose of this
reproduction is to enable the nature of the machine. The purpose of this
reproduction is to enable the nature of the motion to be investigated without the
encumbrance of the various solid bodies which form the machine elements

The various parts of the mechanism are called links or elements. Where two links are
in contact and a relative motion is possible, then they are known as a pair. An
arbitrary set of a links which form a closed chain that is capable of relative motion,
and that can be made into a rigid structure by the addition of a single link, is known
as a kinematics chain. To form a mechanism from a kinematics chain one of the
links must be fixed. However as any of the links can be fixed, it follows that there are
as many mechanism as there are links in the chain. The technique obtaining
different mechanism by fixing the various links in turn is known as inversion.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

Kinematics Pairs
The relative motion between two links of a pair can take different form. Three types of a pairs
are known as lower pairs and these are the frequently occurring ones:
Sliding : such as occurs between a piston and a cylinder
Turning : such as occurs with a wheel on an axle
Screw motion : such as occurs between a nut and a bolt
All other cases are considered to be combinations of sliding and rolling are called higher pairs.
Strictly screw motion is a higher pair as it combines turning and sliding.

Slider – Crank Mechanism

The slider- crank mechanism is well known as the basis of a reciprocating engine. As shown in the
diagram below it consists of three turning pairs and one sliding pair

In the above diagram, the

link 1 is fixed. If we now fix
link 2, that is consider an
inversion of the
mechanism, we obtain the
mechanism shown below.
This is known as Whitworth’s Quick Return Mechanism.

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 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
Expansion of a Revolute Pairs
Consider the four bar linkage shown below:-

The revolute pair R3 can be expanded so that it becomes a block, 3. When the crank 2 form
a complete revolution the block, 3, only transverses a small are from E1 to E2.

The motion of 3 is still

described by means
of an angle referred
to B. The curved slider
is thus still a revolute
form and 3 are
described by an
angle and not by
linear distance. The
curved slider remains
a revolute pair as long as its radius of curvature is finite. If the radius of a curvature of a
revolute pair becomes infinite, i.e. its center of rotation is at infinity. Then the revolute
pair becomes prismatic pair variable change from an angular measurement to a linear
distance measurement.

For Bar Chains:-

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

Thus a prismatic pair may be considered as a revolute pair whose center is at infinity in
the direction perpendicular to the generatrix.

Here we can see that a four bar mechanism when taken to the limit can be shown
to become slider-crank mechanism. This is very useful in the synthesis of a planar
mechanism as the properties of a four bar mechanism become the properties of
the slider- crank mechanism.

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 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
Now consider the crank and slotted lever quick return motion.
It is evident that we
have a four bar chain
with a prismatic pair as
a limiting case of a
revolute pair.
Superimposed upon
this is an inversion of the
slider-crank chain.

The crank radius, OB is 40 mm. The slotted lever length, AC, is 240 mm. It is a matter
of a trigonometry to develop an expression for x in terms of the crank angle, θ, and
the length of the links. On the apparatus x is 70 mm when θ is 0° and 180°.

APPARATUS
Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return mechanism
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PROCEDURES
1) Set the crank so that the pointer is at zero on the scale. Note the crosshead position, x.
2) Rotate the crank by 10° increments and for every increment, note the corresponding
crosshead position, x.

RESULTS
1) Find an expression for theoretical distance (x) in term of θ.
2) Plot a graph of experimental crosshead position, x, versus crank angle.
3) Plot on the same graph, a graph of theoretical crosshead position versus crank angle. 4) On
both graphs, show the return and cutting stroke.

5) Plot a graph of crosshead velocity versus crank angle. On the graph, show the return and
cutting stroke.

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 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
DISCUSSION
1) How well does the experimental result agree with the predictions from the theory?
2) What rotation angle is required for the cutting and return strokes?
3) Discuss the motion of the slider and verify that it is indeed a quick return mechanism.
4) What is the increase in efficiency (in term of the time required for each stroke in one revolution
of crank) obtainable in the mechanism?
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory

RESULT SHEET
Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return Motion Experiment
Crank Angles, θ Experimental Slider position, x, Theoretical Slider position, x,
(degrees) (mm) (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD

EXPERIMENT 6: HOOKE’S COUPLING EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the variation in displacement for a
single joint at various angles and to show that when two joints are used together
with the same intermediate angle, the variation in displacement is cancelled out.

THEORY
A flexible coupling or universal joint is frequently used to link two shafts and transmit
circular motion from the other. Indeed continuous circular motion is perhaps the
single largest thing that mankind produces in the world with the available energy. A
universal joint is simply a combination of machine elements which transmit rotation
from one axis to another. A universal join can accommodate larger angles between
the shafts. An arbitrary and accepted lower limit is 3o. In general if the angularity
between two shafts is less than 3o a flexible coupling is used. A universal joint is used
where the angularity between the shafts is intentional. Kinematically universal joints
may be divided into two types the Hooke’s Cardan coupling ant the constant
velocity joint. These name although frequently used do not clarify the difference
between them. A Hooke’s coupling is a fixed arm coupling and a constant velocity
joint is a variable arm coupling. We are concerned here with a fixed arm coupling
only.

The following analysis will show that the angle as the angle between the
shafts increases there is a periodic speed and hence torque fluctuation. Such
fluctuation cannot be tolerated in machinery so it is usual to have two coupling with
small intermediate shaft. The second coupling introduces equal and opposite
fluctuations, thus the overall effect is of smooth and uniform transmission. However
both the input and the output shaft must make the same angle with the
intermediate shaft for this to work.
 Laboratory

A Hooke’s coupling consists of a cruciform spider which pivots in two fork

ends formed in the end of the shafts. For practical manufacturing reasons the fork
ends are made as separate pieces to which the shafts are attached. Thus standard
coupling can be simply fixed to any length of shaft.

A Hooke’s coupling is shown schematically below

The driven shaft OB is inclined at an angle to the driving shaft in plan view. The axes
of the shafts are on the same horizontal plane. In the figure below the spider arm
CD moves through an angle θ to C1D1.

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design and CAD Laboratory
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory

P P’ is the plan view of the plane of rotation of CD and Q Q’ is the plan view of the
plan view of the plane rotation of EF. If we now draw RO at right- angles to C1D1
and project R to R1 in the plan view we can take radius O R1 and draw an arc to
cut Q Q’ at R2. We may now project this point to meet RS at T1. Then angle TOS
equals, the angle moved through by the arm EF in the plane of rotation where P
P’ is the plan view

Consider;
so;

The above equation gives the displacement. The velocity equation may be
obtained by differentiating equation (2)

Velocity;

The graph below shows the relationship between input and output angles from 0
to 90o for displacement where the joint angle is 10o to 50o
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory

The graph below gives the velocity variation for a single coupling for shaft angle from
10o to 50o.
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory
APPARATUS
Hooke’s Coupling apparatus

PROCEDURE
Part 1

1) Set the left hand Bracket over so that the angle α1 between the shaft is 45º
2) Set the other joint to be straight, α2 = 0º
3) Start the scale on the input shaft at zero. Rotate the shaft by 10º at each turn.
Note the reading on the input and output scales.
4) Repeat for 360º that is one complete rotation for the shaft input.

5) Tabulate results in the data sheet

6) Repeat procedures 1 through 5 for α1 = 15º and 30º

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory
Part 2

1) Set both α1 and α2 equal at 30º, both bend at the same side.
2) For one revolution of the input shaft (at 10º intervals), take readings of the scale
of the output shaft
3) Tabulate results on the data sheet.
4) Repeat the experiment with the input and output shaft parallel but still keep at
the same value of 30º.
5) Tabulate results in the table given.

GRAPH AND RESULT

From the result in part 1:
1) Plot the output shaft angle versus the input shaft angle for α1 = 15º, 30º and 45o
(all in one plot).
2) Plot tan (input shaft angle) versus tan (output shaft angle)1.

3) Plot the output shaft velocity (experimental and theoretical) versus input shaft
angle for α1 = 15º, 30º and 45o.

From the result in part 2:

1) Plot the output shaft angle versus the input shaft angle for both readings, parallel
and same side readings in the same graph.

DISCUSSION
1) Comment on the output shaft angle versus input shaft angle plot that you have
obtained23.

2) What is the significance of the tan (input shaft angle) versus tan (output shaft
angle) plot?4 In other words, what information can you obtain from the plot?
Does the plot show the validity of the analysis that was shown in the laboratory?4

1 Only plot from 100o to 260o for both x and y-axis as Tan 90o,270o = infinity.
2 Minimum 3 comments, hint(1): what happen at 0 o& 90o& 180o&

3 o& 360o

4 Refer equation 2, recap order of the equation

4 Please recap the boundary of cos(θ).

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory

3) Comment on the output shaft velocity versus input shaft angle plot that you
have obtained. How well do the velocity variations you found compare with
those predicted in theory.
4) What is the purpose of the second part of the experiment? Does the result justify
the purpose?

5) What is the effect if α1 is not the same as α2

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory
RESULT SHEET

Hooke’s Coupling Experiment Part 1

For alpha1, α1 = degrees
Input, θ Output, φ Tan θ Tan φ, Output Velocity

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory
300

310

320

330

340

350

360
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 2018 Mechanical Design And CAD Laboratory

Input, θ Output, φ
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70
80

90

100

110

120
130

140

150
160

170

180

190
200

210

220

230

240

250
260

270

280

290

300

310
320

330
340
350

360