St.

Peter's Square (Italian: Piazza San Pietro [ˈpjattsa sam ˈpjɛːtro], Latin: Forum
Sancti Petri) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the
Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighbourhood or
rione of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an
apostle of Jesus and the first Catholic Pope.
At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site
in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including
the massive Tuscan colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the
maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675
matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

St. Peter's Square is located in Vatican City St. Peter's Square

St. Peter's Square within Vatican City
Contents
History
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo
Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an
appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the
Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a
window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich 1975 p 175). Bernini had been working on
the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his
renowned colonnades, using the Tuscan form of Doric, the simplest order in the
classical vocabulary, not to compete with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno,
but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke
a sense of awe.
There were many constraints from existing structures (illustration, right). The massed
accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's
façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments.
The obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno[1] stood to one
side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo[2]
embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675,
just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates
a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as
a masterstroke of Baroque theater (illustration, below right), is largely a product of
site constraints.
According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the
authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican
state. An interesting place vacationeer can visit in St. Peter's Square is the Royal
Staircase. It links St. Peter's square to the Vatican Palaces. It was built between
1662 and 1666. The size of the Royal staircase is about 60 metres. Perspective
devices, such as the progressive narrowing of the width and a reduced distance
between the columns towards the top, make it look much longer.[3]
St. Peter's Square and Basilica, 1909
St. Peter's Square and Basilica, 1909
Colonnades
St. Peter's Square colonnades
The colossal Tuscan colonnades, four columns deep,[4] frame the trapezoidal
entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area[5] which precedes it. The
ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the
sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental
approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza,
which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal
arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades
define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of
umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican
structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.[6]
Obelisk
At the center of the ovato tondo stands an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red
granite, 25.5 m (84 ft) tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi
arms in bronze, in all 41 m (135 ft) to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally
erected at Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.
St. Peter's Square obelisk
The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria,
where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the
obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center
of the Circus of Nero, where it would preside over Nero's countless brutal games
and Christian executions.[citation needed]
It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana
under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast
weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The Vatican Obelisk is the only
obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since ancient Roman times. During the Middle
Ages, the gilt ball on top of the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius
Caesar.[7] Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Rome museum,
that stood atop the obelisk and found only dust. Christopher Hibbert (page 178)
writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the
erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza,
and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.
Paving
The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise
be a sea of cobblestones. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the
obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making
the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon. Below is a view of St. Peter's Square from
the cupola (the top of the dome) which was taken in June, 2007.
View of Rome from the Dome of St. Peter's Basilica, June 2007
View of Rome from the Dome of St. Peter's Basilica, June 2007

Spina
St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand
approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The
spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo vecchio and
Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was
demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936 and was
completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely
visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of
the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most
important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition
of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained
only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was
completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.
Spina (Arena Wall) has two straightaways by the Spina that are each about 1,500
feet long. There are four statues on the top of the Spina. Each of the statues is
approximately 30 feet in length. Further, nine chariots race around the Spina from
time to time. [8][9]
St. Peter's Square (facing St. Peter's Basilica), and the obelisk from the Circus of
Nero
Sydney (Australia) – The Sydney Opera House

Ópera de Sídney
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Casa de la Ópera de Sídney

Sydney Opera House

Información general

Uso(s) Complejo artístico

Estilo Expresionista

Catalogación Patrimonio de la Humanidad, listed on the

Australian National Heritage List, Heritage Act -
State Heritage Register, Local Environmental Plan,
National Trust of Australia register, Royal
Australian Institute of Architects register y listed on
the Register of the National Estate

Localización Sídney, NSW, Australia

33°51′25″S 151°12′54″ECoordenadas:
Coordenadas
33°51′25″S 151°12′54″E (mapa)
 Inicio 1959

Finalización 1973

Inauguración 20 de octubre de 1973

Propietario NSW Government

Detalles técnicos

Sistema Hormigón
estructural

Diseño y construcción

Arquitecto(s) Jørn Utzon

Constructor Lendlease Group

Ingeniero Ove Arup & Partners

estructural

[editar datos en Wikidata]

The Sydney Opera House or Sydney Opera House, located in the city of Sydney,
New South Wales, Australia, is one of the most famous and distinctive buildings of
the twentieth century. Declared a World Heritage Site in 2007, it was designed by
the Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1957 and inaugurated on October 20, 1973, with
the presence of Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of Australia.
Theater, ballet, opera or musical productions are performed in the building. It is home
to the Opera Australia company, the Sydney Theater Company and the Sydney
Symphony Orchestra. It is managed by the Opera House Trust, a public body under
the supervision of the New South Wales Ministry of Art.
Sydney Opera.
The Sydney Opera House is an expressionist construction with a radically innovative
design, consisting of a series of large prefabricated shells, each taken from the same
hemisphere, which form the roofs of the structure. The Opera House covers 1.8
hectare (4.5 acres of land). It is 185 meters (605 feet) long and about 120 meters
(388 feet) wide. It is supported by 580 pillars sunk to a depth of 25 meters below sea
level. Its power source has a capacity equivalent to the electricity consumption of a
city of 25,000 people. The energy is distributed by 645 kilometers of cable.1
Although the roof structures of the Sydney Opera House are commonly referred to
as shells (as in this article), they are in fact not in the architectural sense of the word,
since they are formed by prefabricated concrete panels. that rest on prefabricated
ribs of the same material.
The shells are covered with 1,056,006 tiles in bright white and creamy matte, forming
a faint inverted "V" pattern (chevron); although seen from a distance they look
uniformly white. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB
and although they are designed to be cleaned on their own, a regular cleaning
maintenance is carried out. To maintain the uniformity of the color of the shell and to
avoid patching, the same tiles that have been detached over the years are reused
and repaired. During 2015, only 40 tiles fell, so the average repair is very low.2
The two largest groups of vaults that make up the ceiling of the theater belong each
to the Concert Hall (Concert Hall) and the Opera Theater (Opera Theater). The other
rooms have as roof the smallest groupings of vaults. The scale of the shells was
chosen to reflect the needs of height in the interior, with low spaces in the entrance
that rise above the seating areas until reaching the high scene towers.
A much smaller group of the shell system is located next to the entrances and the
monumental staircase and the Bennelong restaurant. was founded in 1972
The interior of the building is constructed of pink granite extracted from the Tarana
region, wood and plywood from New South Wales.3
The nearest access station is Circular Quay Station. Other accesses are the ferry
terminal and the bus terminal. Within the city is located in the district of Central
Business District (CBD).
Edinburgh (Scotland) – Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of
Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have
established human occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century
AD), although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal
castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site
continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century the castle's
residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military
barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national
heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and
various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a
half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland,
Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish
Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite rising of 1745. Research
undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim
to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most
attacked in the world".[2]
Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the
medieval defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most
notable exceptions are St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is
regarded as the oldest building in Edinburgh,[3] the Royal Palace and the early-16th-
century Great Hall, although the interiors have been much altered from the mid-
Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish regalia, known as the
Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the
National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some
parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and
administrative. Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which
contribute to its presentation as a tourist attraction.
The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist
attraction, with over 2 million visitors in 2017[4] and over 70% of leisure visitors to
Edinburgh visiting the castle.[5] As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo
during the annual Edinburgh Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol
of Edinburgh and of Scotland.

Dubai (United Arab Emirates) – The Burj Khalifa

Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five years
later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened
in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is designed to be
the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to construct
the building is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an
oil-based economy, and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was
originally named Burj Dubai but was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi
and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan;[3] Abu
Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts. The building
broke numerous height records, including its designation as the tallest building in the
world.

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose
firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center. Hyder Consulting was
chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International
Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project. The design is derived
from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra.
The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel
space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the
building. Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III, the Burj Khalifa’s
central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs
within each of the wings.[10] The structure also features a cladding system which is
designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57
elevators and 8 escalators.
Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has
received many awards. There were complaints concerning migrant workers from
South Asia who were the primary building labor force. These centered on low wages
and the practice of confiscating passports until duties are completed.[11] Several
instances of suicides have been reported.[12]