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SURVEY
Power quality is one of the most concerned areas in electric power system. The power
quality has serious implication for consumers, utilities and manufacturers. The technological
advancement led to complete change in the nature of electric load. The impact of power quality
problem is increasingly sensed by industrial, commercial and residential consumers. Some power
quality and voltage quality problems such as voltage sag, voltage swell; transients, harmonics etc.
have been presented. The solution to the problems can be done either from customer side or from
utility side by using custom power devices. On the other hand, recent developments in power
electronics and semiconductor technology have led improvements in power electronic systems.
Hence, different circuit configurations namely multilevel inverters have become popular and
considerable interest by researcher are given on them. A static semiconductor inverter circuit
performs electrical energy inverting transformation.
As we know that inverters are finding their extensive uses now a days. Previously they
were only used in some main applications, which would be large scale and expensive. But now a
days, inverters are like a small compulsory electronic device, on which many of our other main
electronic equipment depend. They are extensively used, not only because of their universal
function of converting DC power to AC power, but also because of their high efficiency, reduced
power costs and versatile applications.
These days, they are being used extensively in applications where there is a frequent power
cut off, because in case of power failures, inverters are a very good and efficient power remedies.
For every classification, we form some basis first, depending upon which we can further categorize
our results for easier understanding and a better approach. This is done in order to promote better
understanding and a more extensive classification of different things.
In the same way, we primarily classify inverters on the basis of their output characteristics.
So there are three different types of outputs we get from inverters, and hence we classify inverters
into three primary classes, which are:
1. The Square Wave inverter.
2. The Modified Sine wave inverter or quasi sine wave inverter.
3. A Pure sine wave inverter
4. PWM Inverter.
5. Voltage Source Inverter.
6. Current Source Inverter.
7. Three Phase Inverter.
A square wave inverter is one of the simplest inverter types, which convert a straight DC
signal to a phase shifting AC signal. But the output is not pure AC, i.e. in the form of a pure sine
wave, but it is a square wave. At the same time they are cheaper as well. The simplest construction
of a square wave inverter can be achieved by using an on-off switch, before a typical voltage
amplifying circuitry like that of a transformer. The output of this type of a circuit is a square wave.
2.1.2 Waveform
Fig 2.2 Waveform
2.2.2 Waveform
2.3.2 Waveform
Fig 2.8 The generation of gating signals of single pulse width modulation
The variation of modulation index (M) from 0 to 1 varies the pulse from 0 to ᴨ/p and the output
voltage from 0 to Vm.
Their main circuits cannot be interchangeable. In other words, neither the voltage source
converter main circuit can be used for the current source converter, or vice versa.
They are vulnerable to EMI noise in terms of reliability.
For a VSI, the upper and lower switches cannot be on simultaneously which may cause a
short circuit. On the other hand, for a CSI one of the upper switches and one of the lower
switches have to be on to provide a path for the continuous input current. The VSI (CSI)
requires dead time (overlap time) to provide safe commutation which causes waveform
distortion.
In a CSI, switch implementation requires diodes in series with the switches. This prevents
the use of low cost switches which come with anti-parallel diodes implementation, as is
usually manufactured.
2.7 Three Phase Inverter
A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its three arms
are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a three-phase AC supply. The inverter
switches each has a ratio of 50% and switching occurs after every T/6 of the time T (60° angle
interval). The switches S1 and S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches S3 and S6 complement
each other.
The figure below shows a circuit for a three phase inverter. It is nothing but three single
phase inverters put across the same DC source. The pole voltages in a three phase inverter are
equal to the pole voltages in single phase half bridge inverter.
The two types of inverters above have two modes of conduction − 180° mode of
conduction and 120° mode of conduction.
180° mode of conduction
In this mode of conduction, every device is in conduction state for 180° where they are
switched ON at 60° intervals. The terminals A, B and C are the output terminals of the bridge that
are connected to the three-phase delta or star connection of the load.
The operation of a balanced star connected load is explained in the diagram below. For the period
0° − 60° the points S1, S5 and S6 are in conduction mode. The terminals A and C of the load are
connected to the source at its positive point. The terminal B is connected to the source at its
negative point. In addition, resistances R/2 is between the neutral and the positive end while
resistance R is between the neutral and the negative terminal.
The load voltages are gives as follows; The line voltages are given as follows;
VAB = V
VBC = −V/2
VCA = −V/2
Waveforms for 120° mode of conduction