2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 1-1 – 1-3

MANDATORY APPENDIX 1
SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN FORMULAS

1-1 THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL AND pressure exceeds one‐half of the inside radius, or when P
exceeds 1.25SE, the following equations shall apply:
SPHERICAL SHELLS
When P is known and t is desired,
(a) The following equations, in terms of the outside ra-
dius, are equivalent to and may be used instead of those
given in UG-27(c) and UG-27(d): ð3Þ
(1) For cylindrical shells (circumferential stress),

ð1Þ
where Parentheses should be
around entire fraction,
Z = not just numerator.
where
Ro = outside radius of the shell course under
When t is known and P is desired,
consideration
(2) For spherical shells, ð4Þ

ð2Þ
where

Z =
Other symbols are as defined in UG-27.

Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.

1-2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

(a) See below.
(1) Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints). When
the thickness of the cylindrical shell under internal design
pressure exceeds one‐half of the inside radius, or when P
exceeds 0.385SE, the following equations shall apply. The
following equations may be used in lieu of those given in
UG-27(c):
When P is known and t is desired,
1-3 SPHERICAL SHELLS
When the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical
vessel or of a hemispherical head under internal design
pressure exceeds 0.356R, or when P exceeds 0.665SE,
the following equations shall apply. The following equa-
tions may be used in lieu of those given in UG-27(d).
When P is known and t is desired,

ð1Þ ð1Þ

Where t is known and P is desired, When t is known and P is desired,

ð2Þ
ð2Þ

(2) Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints). When

the thickness of the cylindrical shell under internal design Symbols are as defined in UG-27 and 1-1.

351
 2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 1-10

For nozzles subjected to internal pressure, the allow-

Figure 1-10-5
able stress is:
Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell
ð37Þ

Step 11. Determine the maximum allowable working

pressure of the nozzle:
Rn
Di
ð38Þ

where

ð39Þ

Step 7. Determine the effective thickness for nozzles in ð40Þ

cylindrical or conical shells as follows:
ð41Þ
ð31Þ

t
(2) Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle
If te ≥ 0.5t and W ≥ 8 (t + te) then the effective thickness
From the Longitudinal Axis. The maximum local primary
is modified as follows:
membrane stress and the nozzle maximum allowable
working pressure shall be determined following Steps
ð32Þ
(1)1 through (1)10, but substituting the following (see
Figure 1-10-4):
Step 8. Determine the average local primary membrane
ð42Þ
stress and the general primary membrane stress in the
vessel:

(3) Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell. The maximum lo-

ð33Þ cal primary membrane stress and the nozzle maximum al-
lowable working pressure shall be determined following
Steps (1)1 through (1)10, but substituting the following
(see Figure 1-10-5):
ð34Þ
ð43Þ

Step 9. Determine the maximum local primary mem-

brane stress at the nozzle intersection: ð44Þ

ð35Þ

ð45Þ
Step 10. The calculated maximum local primary mem-
brane stress should satisfy the following:

ð36Þ ð46Þ

371
2-13 2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1

Figure 2-13.2
Loose Ring Type Reverse Flange

W
HG

t hG B
hD hT

HT
G
C
Shell AB

HD

L r = factor (c) For Integral Type Reverse Flanges

(1) Stresses at the Outside Diameter
=

M o = total moment acting on the flange, for the operating

conditions or gasket seating as may apply
= algebraic sum of MD, MT, and MG. Values of load HT
and moment arm hD are negative; value of moment
arm hT may be positive as in Figure 2-13.1, or nega-
tive. If Mo is negative, use its absolute value in cal-
(2) Stress at Inside Diameter B′
culating stresses to obtain positive stresses for
comparison with allowable stresses.
Tr =
U r = αr U
V = factor (use hor for ho in Figure 2-7.3)
(d) For Loose Ring Type Reverse Flanges
Y r = αr Y

αr =

394