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2-04
ATOMIC ORBITAL
n 1 2 3 4
Orbital
size
Energy Increase
Orbital size:
3s > 2s > 1s
3.2-10
ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
Also called azimuthal / subsidiary / orbital
quantum number
ℓ = An integer from 0 to (n – 1)
Indicates shape and type of orbital
n determine ℓ
n ℓ Subshell
1 0 1s Note :
2 0 2s ℓ orbital z
1 2p 0 s x
sphere
y
3 0 3s z
p
x
3p 1 y dumbbell
1 z
2 3d 2 d y cloverleaf
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m)
m = an integer from –ℓ through 0 to +ℓ
1 possible orbitals
EXAMPLE: ( s subshell) 3 possible orbitals
( p subshell)
ℓ=0 m=0
5 possible orbitals
ℓ=1 m = –1, 0 , +1
( d subshell)
ℓ=2 m = –2, –1, 0 , +1 , +2
3.2-31
ELECTRON–SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (s)
determines the direction of spinning motions
of an electron
value of s: +½ and –½
3.2-18
Each allowed combination of n, ℓ and m values
specifies one atomic orbital
size (energy), shape and spatial orientation
1 0 0 1s 1 2
0 0 2s 1 2
2
1 -1, 0, +1 2p 3 6
0 0 3s 1 2
3 1 -1, 0, +1 3p 3 6
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 3d 5 10
3.2-13
POINT TO REMEMBER
Hierarchical relationship:
limits limits
n ℓ m
EXAMPLE:
n=2 possible ℓ values = 0 , 1
s orbital
The s orbital is represented by l = 0
It has spherical shape with the nucleus at the
centre.
2s
SHAPE OF ATOMIC ORBITAL
p orbital
The p orbitals are represented by l = 1
Each p orbitals has dumbbell shaped and
separated by a node at the nucleus
The l =1 , there are three possible values of
m = -1,0,+1, which refer to three p orbitals,
( px , py , pz )
Px Py Pz
SHAPE OF ATOMIC ORBITAL
d orbital
d xy , d yz , d xz , d x2 -y2 , d z2
SHAPE OF d ORBITAL
SHAPE OF d ORBITAL
EXAMPLE 1
When, n = 4
ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3
ℓ m
0 0
1 -1,0,+1
2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2
3 –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3
EXAMPLE 2
a) ℓ = 2
b) n = 1
c) n = 4 , ℓ = 3
EXAMPLE 2
a) When ℓ = 2,
Possible values of m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
b) When n = 1 ℓ=0
ℓ = 0 Possible values of m = 0
c) When n = 4 ℓ=3
ℓ=3
Possible values of m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
EXAMPLE 3
Give the name, magnetic quantum numbers, and
number of orbitals for each subshell with the
following quantum numbers:
a) n=3, ℓ=2
b) n=2, ℓ=0
c) n=5, ℓ=1
d) n=4, ℓ=3
EXAMPLE 3
b) 2 0 2s 0 1
c) 5 1 5p –1, 0, +1 3
a) n = 1; ℓ = 0; m = –1
b) n = 4; ℓ = 3; m = –1
c) n = 3; ℓ = 1; m= 0
d) n = 5; ℓ = 2; m = +3
EXAMPLE 4
a) n = 1; ℓ = 0; m = –1
When n = 1; ℓ = 0
ℓ = 0; m = 0 m ≠ –1
So, the combination is not allowed.
Correction:
n = 1; ℓ = 0; m = 0
or
n = 2; ℓ = 1; m = –1
EXAMPLE 4
b) n = 4; ℓ = 3; m = –1
When n = 4; ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3
c) n = 3; ℓ = 1; m = 0
When n = 3; ℓ = 0, 1, 2
ℓ = 1; m = –1, 0, +1
So, the combination is allowed.
EXAMPLE 4
d) n = 5; ℓ = 2; m = +3
When n = 5; ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Correction:
n = 5; ℓ = 2; m = +2
or
n = 5; ℓ = 3; m = +3
a) 3p
b) 6s
c) 5d
d) 4f
EXAMPLE 5
a) 3p
n = 3, ℓ = 1 , m = –1, 0 , +1 (3 orbitals)
b) 6s
n = 6, ℓ = 0 , m = 0 (1 orbital)
c) 5d
n = 5, ℓ = 2 , m = –2, –1 , 0 , +1, +2 (5 orbitals)
d) 4f
n = 4, ℓ = 3 , m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (7 orbitals)
EXAMPLE 6
All the three orbital are identical in size, shape and energy.
EXAMPLE 8
Sketch any two orbitals of an electron
characterised by the principal quantum number
of 3 and the azimuthal quantum number of 2.
n = 3, ℓ = 2 3d
a) 2
b) Any number more than 2
c) -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
d) n = 1, m = 0
EXERCISE 2
3p orbital
n=3 ℓ=1
EXERCISE 2
n, ℓ, m, s n, ℓ, m, s
( 3, 1, -1, +½ ) OR ( 3, 1, -1, -½ )
n, ℓ, m, s n, ℓ, m, s
OR ( 3, 1, 0, -½ )
( 3, 1, 0, +½ )
n, ℓ, m, s n, ℓ, m, s
OR
( 3, 1, +1, +½ ) ( 3, 1, +1, -½ )