UBC 97 and ACI 318-02 Code Comparison

SEAOSC Slender Wall Task Group
UBC 97 and ACI 318-02 Code Comparison

Summary Report
Executive Summary
Introduction
Recognizing there have been questions on the differences between the alternate slender wall design procedures
in 1997 UBC and in ACI 318-02, the SEAOSC Board authorized a Task Group to provide a comprehensive
review of the two design procedures. The ACI procedure was adopted by IBC 2000 and subsequent code
editions. As quoted in ACI 318R-02 Commentary Section R14.8, Section 14.8 is based on the corresponding
requirements in the UBC and experimental research of the Test Report by SCCACI-SEAOSC.
This summary report includes review of source documents, code comparison, and background of the design
provisions under UBC and under ACI, respectively. A comprehensive review of the 1980 test data was made in
addition to analytical comparison of sample wall panel design under each of the two procedures. Pursuant to the
comparative design and validation of the original data, a list of findings is presented in the Report. Other design
considerations though not part of the code comparison are discussed in order to encourage further studies by
other groups. The report concludes with recommendations to SEAOSC Board and proposed changes to ACI.
Code Comparison
Under 97 UBC Section 1914.8, the cracked moment is based on fr = 5 √ f ć.; and in ACI 318-02 Section 14.8,
the cracked moment is based on fr = 7.5 √ f ć. This also means that the Mcr (UBC) = 2/3 Mcr (ACI) in the application
of the two design procedures. In the 97 UBC, a linear interpolation between Δcr and Δn is permitted in obtaining
Δs in order to simplify the slender wall panel design for Ms > 5 √ f ć Ig/yt. The ACI procedure employs effective
moment of inertia and a magnified moment for the combined moment due to lateral and eccentric vertical load,
also know as the P-Δ effect. Table 1 gives section by section comparison between the alternate slender wall
design procedures.
Review of 1980 Test Data

This Task Group was able to review and re-analyze the original test data. Verification of the 1980 data using
adjusted lateral force and deflection data was performed. The analytical result follows closely with the bilinear
load deflection characteristic. Lateral deflection increases rapidly when the moment exceeds two-third (2/3) of
Mcr (as defined by ACI). The calculated moments for each of the twelve test panel correlate closely with the
empirical test data. The load deflection curves and plots for the low axial loads versus moment interaction curve
further validate the UBC design procedure. ACI needs to improve its methodology in computing Mu and Ie so
that computed results would follow a bilinear load deflection characteristic.
Summary of Findings
Summary of comparative design examples is given on Table 5. Design based on ACI procedure is normally
controlled by strength with service load deflection less than Δcr. ACI procedure significantly under-estimates
service load deflection in comparison to the UBC procedure with increase lateral force and/ or axial load.
Where wall panel design based on ACI procedures meets strength and deflection limit, the corresponding wall
panel calculation based on UBC procedure may exceed the deflection limit.
Recommendations
To calculate service load deflection, use E/1.4 for earthquake forces.
Recommend to appropriate enforcement agencies that adoption of the 2003 IBC provisions on alternate
design of slender wall procedure should incorporate proposed changes to ACI 318-05 Section 14.8.4.
Modification to ACI 318-05 Section 14.8.4 - delete equations (14-8) and (14-9) and the last paragraph in
total, and replace with the following after the first paragraph:
“ Δ s = 0.67Δ cr + (Ms – 0.67Mcr )(Δ n – 0.67Δ cr)÷ (Mn- 0.67Mcr); for Ms > 0.67Mcr (14-8)
Δ s = 5 Ms lc2 ÷ (48Ec Ig) ; for Ms < 0.67Mcr (14-9)
Send a letter to ACI-318 addressing the concerns in using the ACI alternate design of slender wall
procedure and requesting ACI 318 to correct statements under Commentary R14.8.
SEAOSC Slender Wall Task Group Summary Report (January 2006) Page 1 of 47
UBC 97 and ACI 318-02 Code Comparison
Summary Report
Task Group Members: Chukwuma Ekwueme email: ekwueme@hart.wai.com

John Lawson, email: john@kramerandlawson.com
Mehran Pourzanjani, email: Mehran@sbise.com
James S. Lai, Chair email: jslai@sbcglobal.net
Bob Lyon (ex-officio) email: rlyons@bjase.com
1. Background:
The original code development on alternate slender wall design was introduced into the 1987 UBC
Supplement through efforts of SEAOC Building Code Committee. The provision was based on findings of
Joint SCCACI- SEAOSC Task Committee on Slender Walls pursuant to full scale tests conducted in the
early 1980’s on twelve 4 feet wide by 24 feet high concrete wall panels of varying height to thickness ratios
ranging from 30 to 60. [Refer to “Test Report on Slender Walls”, aka “Green Book”]. The design
procedure is predicated on control of out-of-plane deflection for serviceability under code prescribed forces
in addition to required moment strength.
2. Issue:
In 1997 UBC Section 1914.8, the cracked moment is based on fr = 5 √ f ć.; and in ACI 318-02 Section
14.8, the cracked moment is based on fr = 7.5 √ f ć. In the 97UBC, a linear interpolation between Δcr and Δn
is permitted in obtaining Δs, the deflection at service load, in order to simplify the slender wall panel design
for Ms > 5 √ f ć Ig/yt. The conceptual moment-deflection curve shown in the figure below demonstrates the
intent of the UBC provision. At the ordinate of Ms > 2/3 Mcr, using the straight line linear interpolation
between Δcr and Δn, UBC procedure gives a higher Δs, deflection under service load, than the corresponding
value based on ACI 318 procedure. When the lower bound is raised from fr = 5 √ f ć to fr = 7.5 √ f ć, the
design of slender wall panels based on ACI procedure may significantly under-estimate service load
deflection.
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3. Mission Statement
Recognizing there have been questions on the differences between the two design approaches, the
SEAOSC Board authorized a Task Group to provide a comprehensive review of the two design procedures.
In June, 2005, the Committee set forth to accomplish the following missions:
Document review
Review background of UBC provisions
Review background of ACI provisions
Perform sample calculations on an array of lateral force and axial load combinations
Provide summary of findings
Other design considerations
Recommendations to SEAOSC Board
Proposal for possible code change, if necessary
4. Document Review
Documents reviewed are listed in the reference section. The Green Book, “Test Report on Slender Walls”
by SCCACI-SEAOSC Task Committee on Slender Walls, 1982 edition, was used as the primary data
resource. Records of the 1980 test and data file were retrieved from archive. An abbreviated summary of
the 1980 test panel properties and test data are given in Tables 6.1 to 6.8. Current draft of Design Guide for
Tilt-up Concrete Structures, ACI Committee 551 was used as the source information on the development of
the ACI design procedure.
5. Code Comparison
Table 1 gives section by section comparison between the alternate slender wall design procedure based on
97 UBC and that based on ACI 318-02. The ACI procedure was adopted by IBC 2000 and subsequent
code editions. As quoted in ACI 318R-02 Commentary Section R14.8, Section 14.8 is based on the
corresponding requirements in the UBC and experimental research of the Test Report by SCCACI
SEAOSC. The ACI Commentary further alleged that the procedure, as prescribed in UBC, has been
converted from working stress to factored load design. This could also imply that the ACI procedure as
written is a direct conversion of UBC procedure. In order to clarify and clearly understand the two
procedures, several examples were used within a range of wall panel thickness, reinforcement ratio, axial
load and lateral forces. Results of the analytical comparison are discussed in Section 9 of this Report.
6. Background of UBC Provisions on Alternate Slender Wall Procedure
Between late 1979 and 1982, a Joint Task Committee including members from the Southern California
Chapter ACI and the Structural Engineers Association of Southern California was organized to study the
design procedure of thin wall panels. Model building codes at that time limited the height to thickness ratio
(h/t) to 25 for bearing walls and 30 for non-bearing walls. However tilt-up wall panels designed with
variable moment of inertia accounting for the influence of axial loads and lateral instability such as PΔ
moment were exempt from the h/t limitation. Non-bearing wall panels were designed with height to
thickness ratio well in excess of 36.
While the 1980 Task Committee members agreed that elastic lateral instability (buckling) might be overly
stated in building codes, the Committee concluded that full scale tests were needed in order to explore the
inelastic behavior of tall slender wall. As a result of this non-profit research during the early 80’s., results
of the experimental work were presented in a “Test Report on Slender Walls.” The test results gave better
understanding in the performance of slender wall panels. There was no evidence of elastic and inelastic out-
of-plane instability for the loading range tested. Subsequently, members of the SEAOC Building Code
Committee authored and submitted proposed code change to ICBO offering an alternate design procedure
for slender wall panels. The methodology emphasized deflection control in addition to strength to assure a
wall of reasonable straightness after a service level loading. Required moment strength under UBC
procedure is based on strength design. The slender wall provision was adopted and first included in 1987
UBC Supplement. During the ICBO code development hearing, the deflection limit of lc/100, which was
recommended by the 1980 Task Committee, was changed to lc/150. While other minor changes were made
in subsequent code development cycles on distribution of concentrated load, the alternate design procedure
was not affected.
7. Review of 1980 Test Data
This current Task Group was able to review and re-analyze the original test data. All test panels were 24
feet in height and 4 feet in width reinforced with a single layer of 4 # 4 reinforcement bars. Analyses
include adjusting the load based on the air bag contact area, the measured panel thickness and location of
flexural reinforcement. Moment is calculated based on the following equation:
M (test) = wlc2 x 1.5 + P1e + (P1 + P2) Δ
Where
M (test) = equivalent moment based on test, in-kip
lc = panel height, feet
w = applied lateral force on panel, kip
P1 = applied axial load, kip
P2 = panel weight at mid height, kip
e = eccentricity of applied axial load, inch
Δ = deflection at mid-height, inch
Results are shown in Figures 1.1 to 1.12. The upper curve shows load-deflection of the test panel, while
the lower curve shows the moment-deflection relationship. On these plots, a φ –factor equal to one (1) was
used. The ordinates for 2/3 Mcr (cracked moment) and Mn (nominal moment strength) are shown. Lateral
deflection increases rapidly when the moment exceeds 2/3 Mcr. A straight line joining 2/3 Mcr (at 5√ f ć) and
Mn represents the permissible provision under UBC. The calculated moment-deflection for each test panel
correlates closely with the empirical test data. The deflection limit lc/150 is also shown on the plots.
An interaction envelop may be drawn for a range of axial load. The P-M values are calculated for a range
of tensile strain up to 0.0020 based on the measured depths to reinforcement bars in each panel. Plots for
the axial loads versus moment are shown in Figures 2.1 to 2.12. Nominal moment strength at an average
load factor 1.5 times the axial load is shown for reference only. Except for wall panels 22 and 27, the
calculated nominal moment strength is within the P-M envelop. These plots further validate the UBC
design procedure.
An overlay of calculated moment-deflection based on ACI design procedure was studied. The plots for test
panels 22 and 25 are shown in Figure 3.1; and for test panels 19 and 28 are shown in Figure 3.2. Below Mcr
(at 7.5√ f ć), a straight line is drawn from zero to Δcr for moment within the uncracked segment. The
ordinate for Mu and Δu are calculated based on ACI equations (14-5) and (14-6) for a range of lateral forces
up to 50 lbs. per square foot and load combination based on ACI Appendix Equation (C-2.) In order to
simulate an idealized bilinear relationship, a horizontal line is drawn from Δcr to intersect with the
calculated value of Δu. It is important to note that the test results did not support the ACI 7.5√ f ć for
modulus of rupture in any of the test panels. Also, the ACI procedure does not appear to correlate with the
1980 test results.
8. Background of ACI Provisions on Alternate Design of Slender Wall
Prior to the ACI 318-99, wall panels subject to combined axial and bending designed under ACI
requirements must resort to second-order analysis in order to account for slenderness effects and lateral
instability in accordance with Section 10.10. ACI Committee 318-D with input from Committee 551
introduced code change CD-121 in 1998. This code change was made in an effort to eliminate differences
between ACI and UBC and in time for the adoption in the IBC 2000. For computing service load deflection
the ACI procedure employs effective moment of inertia and a magnified moment for the combined moment
due to lateral force and eccentric vertical load, also know as the P-Δ effect. Because the effective moment
of inertia and magnified moment are dependent upon each other, some iteration is necessary.
The ACI procedure includes an additional restriction for walls based on the alternate design to be simply
supported with constant cross section over height of panel, and revision of the axial stress limits from
service load stress ≤ 0.04 f ć to factor load stress ≤ 0.06 f ć. The latter is the same as applying a load
factor of 1.5 to service load. Within the normal range of load combinations for walls controlled by flexural
tension as currently required by ACI 318-05, the axial load stress will never approach this stress limit.
In developing the equation for the bending stiffness Δmax = Mmax/ Kb where Kb= 9.6 EcIe/lc2, Committee 551
drew on the similarity of the Euler critical buckling load of Pcr = π2 EcIe/lc2 = 9.87 EcIe/lc2. ACI adopted the
same equation as UBC for calculation of Icr based on a rectangular stress block. However, the Branson
equation for Ie is used for the calculation of service load deflection.
As an alternative to the second order analysis procedure, ACI Commentary R10.10 and R10.11 explain that
the provisions under sections 10.11 and 10.12 present an approximate design method to account for the
slenderness effect of slender columns based on a moment magnifier. One item lingers on is the 0.75
stiffness reduction factor in the denominators in ACI Equations (14 -5) and (14 -6) and its appropriateness
for slender wall panels. The key question appears the lack of correlation to empirical data. In order to
satisfy an idealized load deflection curve, an equation to express the portion of curve between Δcr and Δu
under the ACI procedure would be prudent.
9. Analytical Comparison
Upon reviewing example A from draft document of ACI Committee 551, [Tilt-up Design Guide Examples
– Draft No. 4], this Task Group formulated wall panels of similar geometry for comparative analyses using
the UBC and ACI design procedures. Wall thicknesses of 6.25 and 7.25 inches were used for 29.5 feet high
panels; and thicknesses of 5.75 and 6.25 were used for 24 feet high panels. Basic axial loads of 480 lbs. per
foot dead load plus 500 lbs. per foot live load were applied with 3 inches eccentricity. The axial loads were
increased to two times and three times the basic loads in order to explore high axial load parameters.
Lateral forces of 20, 25, 30 and 35 lbs. per square foot were used in combination with each axial load
condition. The reinforcement ratios generally varied between 0.0126 and 0.0162 which were within the
maximum steel ratio of 0.0171 at 0.6ρb. Loading increment for both lateral force and axial loadings were
used in order to obtain the data points for moment-deflection curves.
In order to compare the two procedures similar load factors were used from the UBC and from ACI 318
Appendix C. Results of the comparative study are given on Tables 4.1 to 4.4 for single curtain
reinforcement. Graphic representation of moment-deflection based on the range of calculations for seven
wall panels are shown in Figures 4.1 to 4.4. A summary of the analytical comparative design is given on
Table 5.
ACI 318 defines Mcr at a modulus of rupture of 7.5√f ć. For the purpose of this Report, the cracked
moment as used in UBC procedure at 5√f ć will be labeled as 2/3 Mcr. The load deflection characteristic for
the UBC procedure is represented by a straight line from zero to 2/3 Mcr for the uncracked stage and
another straight line from 2/3 Mcr to Mn for the cracked stage. For any given wall panel with reinforcement
approaching the upper limit and with increase lateral force and/ or axial load, ACI procedure significantly
under-estimates the service load deflection in comparison to the UBC procedure. In fact, in most cases, the
service load deflection is less than Δcr.
For two curtains of reinforcement, the Task Group used a 29.5 feet high by 20 feet wide wall panel with a
10 feet wide by 15 feet off center opening. Effective pier width of 4 feet and 6 feet, with thickness of 6.25
inches and 7.25 inches and steel ratios ranging from 0.001 to 0.017, were used in the analytical comparison.
This is similar to Example B under work in progress by Committee 551. Lateral forces of 17, 25 and 35 lbs.
per square foot were used to provide a range of moments and deflections in this study. Results of the
comparative study for double curtain reinforcement are given on Table 4.5. Contrary to the single curtain
described above, the results for service load deflections are much closer between the UBC and ACI
procedures. Nonetheless, the ACI procedure predicts service load deflection lower than UBC procedure.
A summary of all comparative design examples is given on Table 5. The table includes footnotes for
Mu/φ <Mn; Mu/φ > Mn; Δs ≤ Δcr ; Δcr ≤ Δs ≤ lc/150 and Δs ≥ lc/150. Of 28 comparative examples for single
curtain reinforcement and 12 comparative examples for double curtain reinforcement, the ACI procedure
shows 20 cases Δs ≤ Δcr and only one case Δs ≥ lc/150. Similarly, the UBC procedure shows 2 cases Δs ≤ Δcr
and 19 cases Δs ≥ lc/150. The significance of this comparative study demonstrates that ACI procedure tends
to under-predict serviceability.
10. Findings
Based on an array of analytical studies and comparison of code provisions, our findings are as follows:
1. Verification of the Green Book (1980 Slender Wall Task Committee Report) data using adjusted
lateral force and deflection data was performed. The analytical result follows closely with the bilinear
load deflection characteristic. Lateral deflection increases rapidly when the moment exceeds 2/3 of Mcr
(as defined by ACI).
2. ACI needs to improve its methodology so that computed results would follow a bilinear load deflection
characteristic observed during full scale testing. There are concerns from other sources researching
appropriateness of Ie in the traditional Branson Equation for wall panel out-of-plane deflection
calculation.
3. Both design procedures are applicable to walls controlled by flexural tension. The ACI code now
defines tension control based on tensile strain, εt ≥ 0.0050.
4. For wall panels with low percentage of reinforcement, panel design based on ACI procedure is
normally controlled by strength with deflection less than Δcr. UBC procedure is more sensitive to out-
of-plane deflection with increase in lateral force and/ or axial load.
5. For wall panels with reinforcement ratio approaching the upper limit, panel design based on ACI
procedure significantly under-estimates service load deflection in comparison to the UBC procedure
and empirical results with increase lateral force and/ or axial load.
6. Where wall panel design is based on ACI procedure meeting strength and deflection limits, the
corresponding wall panel calculation based on UBC procedure may exceed lc/150 deflection limit.
7. Designs using two curtains of reinforcement show closer correlation between the two procedures.
8. Control of maximum steel ratio based on tensile strain under ACI 318-05 procedure is appropriate.
9. The requirement for minimum reinforcement of Mn ≥ Mcr / φ is appropriate.
10. φ – factor of 0.90 based on ACI 318-05 Section R9.3.2.2 is appropriate.
11. Load factors and load combinations should be based on generally accepted load factors from model
code (ASCE 7-05.)
12. Change of Pa/Ag < 0.04f ć to Pu/Ag < 0.06f ć for maximum stress at mid-height does not impact design
by either procedure since the normal range of axial load for slender wall does not approach the limit. In
order to comply with tension controlled requirement, the normal range of axial loading will be
substantially below the prescribed maximum stress level.
13. Approach for cracked moment of inertia (Icr) is the same for both Codes.
14. Serviceability requirement of Δs < lc/150 (or 0.007 lc) based on service load is the same for both Codes.
The limit was apparently set by Building Officials. However, it does not appear the ACI procedure
would exceed Δcr within the range of most loading and load combinations.
15. Seismic force prescribed on the strength basis will need to be divided by a load factor of 1.4 for
equivalent service load calculations. Further code development for strength design force level should
review the appropriate load factor for conversion to service load in serviceability check in addition to
the appropriate inclusion of dead, floor and roof live loads.
16. In the ACI equations (14-5) and (14-6) for Δu and Mu, the 0.75 stiffness reduction factor tends to
increase the required moment strength rapidly. The alternate slender wall design procedure includes
the P-Δ effect; and it would appear further softening of the cracked moment of inertia is unnecessary.
17. In order to be consistent with ACI traditional modulus of rupture of fr = 7.5 √ f ‘c and Mcr = fr S, the
corresponding cracked moment in 97UBC should be limited to 2/3 Mcr. For service load deflection, the
UBC procedure should be revised to: Δs = 0.67Δcr + (Ms – 0.67Mcr) (Δn – 0.67Δcr)÷ (Mn- 0.67Mcr)
18. The following statements in ACI commentary R14.8 are found questionable and should be corrected:
“Section 14.8 is based on the corresponding requirements in the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and
experimental research” and
“The procedure, as prescribed in the UBC, has been converted from working stress to factored load
design.”
11. Other Design Considerations
All engineering design includes considerable judgment in applying practical research and past experience.
Building code provisions may not fully cover all design parameters. Some of those other design
considerations that were discussed within this Task Group include the following:
Effective Area of Steel –Traditionally, Ase = As + P/fy. A unique problem in a double curtain wall
is that the axial load modeled at the center of the wall is being used to increase the steel near the
face of the wall, where its benefit is much greater than in reality. This tends to increase Icr and thus
help to reduce the calculated deflection and increase the nominal moment capacity. Further
clarification is needed for double curtain wall reinforcement.
Service level deflection – the model codes in other countries and practice in some parts of the
United States are using deflection limitation of lc/100 as was recommended in the “Green book.”
While the original research showed no lateral instability for thin wall panels under combined light
axial load and large lateral forces, the enforcement agencies felt more comfortable with the more
restrictive deflection limit of lc/150 particularly in consideration of other brittle building materials.
This Report does not address the validity or usefulness of service level deflection limit, except as
an index in comparison of the design procedures. Parallel research is needed in service load
deflection in order to justify different deflection limits.
Location of rebar and tolerance – location of reinforcement sometimes is predicated on availability
of commercial rebar chairs and the correct location of bars in orthogonal directions. ACI-318
permits 3/8 inch tolerance for d ≤ 8 inches. Engineers should review if such tolerance would
satisfy the design on thin panels. Construction observation should include the verification of
reinforcement bar location.
End condition versus simply support – ACI 318 puts emphasis under design limitations the
importance of design based on simply supported wall panels regardless of end fixity. While some
fixity may be realized either due to continuity of wall panels at the floor lines or fixity at a dock
height wall panels, the inclusion of such end fixity to reduce service load deflection may be an
academic exercise and should be based on further research.
Effectiveness of Branson equation – there has been questions on the suitability of using the
Branson equation, ACI Equation (9-8) for the computation of effective moment of inertia. One
academia from Canada pointed out that the equation may not work well for concrete members
with an Ig/Icr ratio greater than about 4. Using Branson’s method (Ie) to calculate service load
deflections in slender walls, particularly with single layer of reinforcement may significantly
underestimate service level deflection. An improve methodology to replace the Branson’s equation
for slender wall deflection calculations is currently understudy and is not available at this time.
Roof live load – under service load combination, model codes allows exclusion of roof live less
than 30 lbs. per sq. ft. when combination with wind or seismic forces. ACI 318 does not address
whether such exclusion is permitted under load combination.
12. Recommendations to SEAOSC Board
To calculate service load deflection, use E/1.4 for earthquake forces.
Recommend to appropriate enforcement agencies that adoption of the 2003 IBC provisions on
alternate design of slender wall procedure should incorporate proposed changes to ACI 318-05
Section 14.8.4 listed under Section 13 below.
• Send a letter to ACI-318 addressing the concerns in using the ACI alternate design of slender wall
procedure for service load deflection and requesting ACI 318 to correct the statements in
Commentary R14.8.
13. Proposed Changes to ACI
The following are proposed revision to ACI 318-05
14.8.4 – Delete equations (14-8) and (14-9) and the last paragraph in total, and replace with the following
after the first paragraph:
“ Δ s = 0.67Δ cr + (Ms – 0.67Mcr )(Δ n – 0.67Δ cr)÷ (Mn- 0.67Mcr); for Ms > 0.67Mcr (14-8)
Δ s = 5 Ms lc ÷ (48Ec Ig) ; for Ms < 0.67Mcr
2
(14-9)
Where
Δcr = 5(Mcr) l c2 ÷ (48 EcIg)
Δn = 5(Mn) l c2 ÷ (48 EcIcr)”
14. Acknowledgement
In preparing this report, the 2005 Slender Wall Task Group attempted to do a thorough search of available
reference sources. Each Task Group member has performed and contributed to this analytical research and
the summary report. The Task Group wishes to acknowledge several individuals who assisted in furnishing
material for our analytical research efforts. Luis Garcia who is current chairperson of ACI-318 D was
gracious to forward the original ACI code change CD121 and the analysis by Committee 551. Gerry Weiler
who was chairperson of ACI 551 when ACI 318 was converting the 97 UBC slender wall section to ACI
format furnished material showing the comparison of the earlier analysis as well as portions of the current
Tilt-up Design Guide. Professor Peter Bischoff of the University of New Brunswick, Canada, shared some
of his recent findings on the ACI deflection equations. Other individuals including Messer Neil Hawkins,
Robert Mast, Basile Rabbat and Charles Salmon have also kept this Task Group informed.
The Task Group is indebted to the vigorous efforts of members of the 1980 Joint Task Committee and
those volunteer workers who devoted two years of their professional lives on the test program and report
assignments. We hope this Report serves as a closure to the earlier research efforts that continue to serve
the design profession and construction industry in future years. To the memories of those Joint Task
Committee members who have since deceased including Ralph Mclean, William Simpson and Ulrich Foth,
we dedicate this summary report.
15. References
1. ACI Committee 551, “Tilt-Up Construction Guide- ACI 551.1R-05,” American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2005.
2. ACI Committee 551, “Tilt-Up Design Guide Examples – Draft No. 4,” American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, April, 2005.
3. ACI Committee 318-02, “Building Code Requirements for Structural concrete and Commentary,”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington, MI, 2002.
4. ACI Committee 318-05, “Building Code Requirements for Structural concrete and Commentary,”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington, MI, 2005.
5. SCCACI-SEAOSC Task Committee on Slender Walls, “Test Report on Slender Walls,” Los Angeles,
CA, 1982
6. Uniform Building Code, Volume 2, “Structural Engineering Provisions,” International Conference of

Building Officials, Whittier, CA 1997.
16. Appendix –
Page
Table 1 - Comparison of Slender Wall Design Procedures UBC vs. ACI 11

Figure 1.1 - Load-Deflection and Moment Deflection Plots for Test Panel No. 19 12
Figure 2.1 - Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 19 24
Figure 3.1 - Comparison ACI and UBC Procedure for Test Panel Nos. 22 and 25 28
Figure 3.2 - Comparison ACI and UBC Procedure for Test Panel Nos. 19 and 28 29
Figure 4.1 - Comparative Design Procedure Plot for Task 4 -03.0 and Task 4 – 03.1 30
Figure 4.4 - Comparative Design Procedure Plot for Task 4 -03.6 33
Table 4.1 - Comparative Example Tasks 4 - 03.0 and 4 - 03.1 34
Table 4.4 - Comparative Example Tasks 4 - 03.6 37
Table 4.5 - Comparative Example Tasks 4 - 04.0 and 4 - 04.1 with Double Curtain Reinforcement 38
Table 5 - Summary of Comparative Examples 39
Table 6.1 - Summary of 1980 Test Panel Properties 40
Table 6.2 - Summary of 1980 Test Panel – Test Results 41
Table 6.3 - Summary of 1980 Test Panel Data (Panel Nos. 19, 22) 42
Table 6.4 - Summary of 1980 Test Panel Data (Panel Nos. Panels 20, 23) 43
Table 6.5 - Summary of 1980 Test Panel Data (Panels Nos. 21, 24) 44
SEAOSC
Slender Wall Task Group
Appendix
Table 1 – Comparison of Slender Wall Design Procedures UBC vs. ACI

Section Topic 1997 UBC ACI 318-02
Reference
1914.8 Title Alternate Design Slender Walls Alternative design of slender walls
ACI 14.8
1914.8.1 Applicable in lieu of Walls controlled by flexural tension Walls controlled by flexural tension
1910.10 consideration for
ACI 14.8.1 slenderness effects as a
ACI 10.10 compression member
1914.8.2 Limitations Design as simply supported axial loaded
ACI 14.8.1 member subjected to uniformed lateral force;
ACI 14.8.2 Constant cross section over height of panel
1914.8.2 Maximum axial stress at
ACI14.8.2.6 mid-height Vertical service load stress < 0.04 f ‘c Vertical stress Pu / Ag < 0.06 f ‘c
1914.8.2 Maximum ρ < 0.06 ρb ACI 318-02
ACI14.8.2.3 Reinforcement ratio ρ < 0.06 ρb ε t > 0.0050 ACI 318-05
1914.8.2 Minimum reinforcement
ACI14.8.2.4 φMn > Mcr φMn > Mcr
1914.8.2 Concentrated load Bearing width plus width at slope of 2 V to 1 H Bearing width plus width on each side at slope
ACI of 2 V to 1 H;
14.8.2.5 Not to exceed spacing of conc. Load
1909.2.2 Basic load combinations 1.4D + 1.7L 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S) + (0.8W)
1612.2.1 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S)
ACI 9.2.1 0.9D + 1.3W 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
Or ACI 1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L + f2S) 0.9D + (1.0E or 1.6W)
Appendix 0.9D + 1.0E Note: without Directional Effect use 1.3W in
C.2 place of 1.6W
1909.3.2.2 φ - factor 0.90 – 2.0Pu / f ‘c Ag > 0.70 OR 0.90 when ε t > 0.005
ACI 0.70 + (1-Pu/0.10f ‘cAg) (0.90 -0.70) 0.65 + (ε t -0.002)(250/3) when ε t < 0.005
R9.3.2.2 ACI318-05
1014.8.3 Design moment strength Mu < φ Mn φ Mn > Mu
ACI 14.8.3
1914.8.3 Required factored Mu = wu lc2x1.5+Pu1 e/2 + (Pu1 + Pu2) Δn Mu = Mua + Pu Δu OR
ACI 14.8.3 moment Mu = Mua ÷[1– 5Pulc2 ÷(0.75)48EcIcr]
1914.0 Cracking moment for
ACI 9.5.2.3 normal weight concrete Mcr = 5 √f ‘c Ig / yt Mcr = 7.5√f ‘c Ig / yt
1914.8.4 Service Load moment Msa = wlc2x1.5+P1 e/2
14.0 Ms = wlc2x1.5+P1 e/2 + (P1 + P2) Δs M = Msa + (P1 + P2) Δs
ACI 14.8.4 = Msa ÷ [1-5Ps lc2 /48 EcIe]
1914.8.4 Effective tension
14.8.3 reinforcement Ase = (Pu + As fy) ÷ fy Ase = (Pu + As fy) ÷ fy
1914.8.4 Moment of inertia of Icr = n Ase (d – c)2 + lw c3 / 3
ACI 14.8.3 cracked transformed Icr = n Ase (d – c)2 + bc3 / 3 Icr = (Es/Ec)(As+Pu/fy) (d–c)2 +lw c3/ 3
section ACI 318-05
14.8.4 Effective moment of
ACI 9.5.2.3 inertia ΝΑ Ie = (Mcr/M)3 Ig + [1- (Mcr/M)3] Icr
1914.8.4 Deflection at Mcr
ACI 14.8.3 Δcr = 5 Mcr lc2 ÷ 48EcIg NA
Deflection due to
ACI 14.8.3 factored load NA Δu = 5 Mu lc2 ÷ [(0.75)48 EcIcr]
1914.8.4 Max. potential
deflection Δn = 5 Mn lc2 ÷ 48EcIcr NA
1914.8.4 Deflection due to
cracking moment Δcr = 5 Mcr lc2 ÷ 48EcIg ΝΑ
1914.8.4 Deflection at Service
ACI 14.8.4 Load Δs = Δcr + (Ms–Mcr)(Δn–Δcr) ÷(Mn– Mcr) Δs = (5M) lc2 ÷ 48EcIe
1914.8.4 Permissible service load
ACI 14.8.4 deflection Δs = lc / 150 Δs = lc / 150
Note: Editorial changes in ACI 318-05 are highlight.
Appendix
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Appendix
SEAOOC- P/f'A P M M &,
S'leJ!llierWaJ! Tm.Gro:ap O. 0 238 19.9 0.0336
De>o'<! Dp irnItern.ction C1J!['\'e 0.0005- 1 2 2 2Q. 0.0330
\VaHlNo. 19 P 0.001 2 246· 2'0.5 0.0324
67..5 ksi lap 0.0054 10 2 8 21.2 0.0'l II
f'o := .0 ksi 0.0109 20 319 26.6 0.0236
E, .= 28,6110 ksi 0.0271 50 438 36.5 (W159
Etl := 15 ksi 0.05 92 59 49.5 OJ)l04
."l,,'= 0.196 sqiu.. 5iP' .]0 185 935 n9 0.0052
11 .= 9. ~ 0.. 03 1 952 793 1)-,00510
1..- .= .0 ~ 0.]5 2T7 120 10Q 0.0029
P .= 36 kip ciDO 0.1&2 336 1350 ]]2.5 1)-,001:0
P/J\= 0.016 ksi M kip·ill ktp·furl ~-ft
~eo,~ 1:76 ll;ip·furl So
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Figure 2.1 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 19
• • •),
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SE.'!.OOC- 50 Pff'A P
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De~.Dp irnItern.ctioll curve O. 005- 1
\Va No. 10 P 0.001 2
6..5 ksi lap .0055 10
f'a ~= .0 ksi 25 .0lll 2.0
E,= 28,6llO ksi 0.<:f176 50 452
35 ksi 12
A,= 0.1!l' sqiu. .0 181 933
11 .= 9, in 0.106 192 0 80..8 1),,00510
1..-= 48.0 iin 0.15 271 1204 0.3 .0030
P= 36 kip 400 ciOO 0.1&6 336 136£ ]4.0 00.002:0
P/J\ = 0.016 ksi M kip-ill ktp-iu kip-ft
1>l'.("'''~ 276 ~tp·furl So
SEAOOC-
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P/f'A !' M M &,

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"":In '0. n p o. 1 2 2 '2'0. 0.0322
6..5 ksi J.cip 0.0055 10 2 9 23.3 0.0'2 6
f'o := .0 ksi 25 0.0109 2.0 321 26.8 0.0234
E,= 28,6110 ksi 0.0274 50 17.0 .0157
E,,= 35 ksi .OS 91 - .3 .0104
•"l,,= 0.196 sqiu.. .5P .10 183 921 76. 0.0052
11= 9.50 iin 0.03 188 93 78. Il)iJ){)50
1... = 48.0 in 0.15- 274 1186 98.8 .0029

p= 5,97 kip 400 600 O. lro 32.9 1321 10..1 1),,001:0
P/J\ =
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Appendix
SE.~OSC- 50 P M M :5;1
SleltderW Ta.3l.Grolllp 0 209- 7. 0.0292

!}eT;'~op imteracti.all cm:v!! 1 211 7.6 0.02;B:S
\\1 [No. 12 P 1 21 7.8 0.02:&4
Icip 10 246 205 0.0241
ksi 25 2 283 n.6 0.02
fila := ksi 50 39 J;;.5 0.013
E,= 211, ksi ' 1 462 Ja5 0.0108
35 ksi UP 14 6ll -7.0 0.0057
A" = 0.196 sqill. 159 733 61, 0,00I5(I
!J.= .40 iwl 0 2115 1035 8-6.3 0.0021
lw= 48.0 iwl 0 m 1050 87.5 0,0020
p= 5..9'7 kip kip-ill kEp·imJ kip-ft
PI1\ = 0.017 ksi S.
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Wa No. B P 0. 1 1 1 ]4. 0.0'2.2.2
67.5 ksi J.tip 0.0071 10 195 ° 16.3 .oure
£'1:1 := ..0 ksi 2.5 0.0142 20 22 la. 0.0158
E,= 211,600 ksi 0.0354 50 306 - 5 .0103
E,,= 35 ksi .05 1 360 30.0 0.0081
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h= 34 iim UP 0.10 141 52 41.6 0.0041
lw= 48.0 iim 0 0.60 2.2.6 6110 56. 0',0019
p= 5.97 kip 0 400 0.20 282 760 6H 0.0011
PI 1\ = 0.017 ksi kip-in kEp·ira kip-ft
M;.(&,~ 235 kEp·imJ u..- S.
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W [No. 1 P 0.001 1 19.8 0.0317
6,5 ksi Icip 0.0070 10 22, 0.0270
fila = .0 ksi 25 0.0141 26.- 0.02:29
E,= 211,.600 ksi ~ 0.0352 36.. 0.0153
E,,= 35 ksi 0.05 4~,8 0.0122
.,!;,,= O.L sqiu. 0.10 63.9 O.
!J.= .38 iwl 0.. 2:& 45 0.00."0
lw= 48 m. 0.200 9a. 0.002
P= 1l.12 kip, 400 600 023 106.. 0.0020
P/~= 0.023 ksi M kip-in kip-ft
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Appendix
SEAOOC- .50 P/f'A p M ~,
Sl.el!Ilil!r Wall 'Fm Goomp 0.0 0 HIS 0.0261

])e1;.·e op iJirtemctio:!l cmn 0.0005 1 190 0.0258
WalNo. 25 P O. 1 1 19'2 0.025.5
67.3- ksi klip 0.002 2 19'5 0.0249
f'o := .0 ksi 2.5 0.008.5 10 221 0.0215
B, ,= 2S,6OO ksi .1'.'1,. 0.0170 2'5 0,0181
Ee ,= 15 ksi 0.0424 50 39 0.0120
.•"t,,= 0.196 sqiu. 1.5P CUO 113 .5 3 0.0060
h= (5'.13 in 0.. 18 1.39 .59S 0,0050
!w ,= ..0 in 0 20 236 81 0.0023
P ,= .32 kip 40O 0215 254 114 OA)(I1.o
Pf1\= 0.025 ksi ° M kip-ill kfp·in
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fila := ..0 ksi 2.5 10 21(5, ]8.0 0.02.08
B, ,= 2S,600 ksi 2 20. 0.0176
E" ,= 35 ksi .5 3 1 28. 0.0116
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226
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WalNo. 27 P 1 1 2 ]4.. 0.021:8
6...5 ksi J.:Jip 2 1 6 ]4.6 0.02.2:2
f'a := .0 ksi 2.5 10 199 ]15.6 0.0191
E,= 2S,,600 ksi 22S ]9.0 0.01 1
1.5 ksi .50 312 26.0 0.010.5
."t,= 0.196 sqiu.. 11.5 4 ],9.- 0.00.53
(5'.00 ilil UP 1 1 490 40.8 0,00.'10
~
!w= 48.0 ilil 0 225 69 ~S 0.002.0

P= 5.08 kip, 0 '1 'm3 5&.6 0,0019
PfA~ = 0.018 ksi kip-in kfp·ilil k~-ft
k[p·ilil
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Appendix
SE,A08C- 50 1.1 SI
II
SlP-I!:der W Task Gro~ 0 12 0.0172
!}el;~Dp Umteract:Wll CliIVe 0 128 0_0170
Wa INo. 28 p 1 129 0.0168
6,..5 k!ii !lip 2 132 0.0165
.0 ksi 25 / 10 1 9 0.01
E,= k!ii 1 1 0.0117
--Y
E,,= ksi 5 232 0. 74
./\,,= sqiu.. 81 288 O,OOSO
!J.= iI!l UP 3 309' 25,. 0. 3
L..= °.0 iI!l 0 .175 162 411 34. O.OO:W
P= .33 !dp 0 200 '1l0 ":00 186 438 36.5 0. 15
'P/~'= 0.019 ksi M kip-iJI kip-fu!; kip-ft
M~""i!-"J= .3. Elip·iI!l So
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SEA08C- 50 Plf'A 'P M M SI

SlP-I!:derW Tac;:};.Gro1llp 0.0 0 139 U.5 O.Olall
!}el;'e op UmteractiQll CIilC\'e 0.0005 0 140 ]],6 0.01116
WaUl No. 29 P 0.001 1 1 1 U. 0.OU15
6.5 k!ii !lip 0. - 2 1 3 ] .9 o.oun
fila := .0 ksi 25 .0109 10 163 ] .6 0.0154
E,= 28,.600 k!ii 0.021 186 ]5.5 0.0129
E" ,= 35 k!ii 0.54 5 253 0.00&2
./\,,= 0.196 sqiu.. 1).]00 338 '2:8. OJ)QSO
!J. .= .78 fu!; LSP (U5 1:33 418 34.9 0.0031
L..= .0 iI!l 0 (U95 179 480 40.0 0,0020
P= .31 kip, 0 200 4110 0..200 184 486 40.5 0.0019
'P/~= .019 k!ii M lap-in kip·fuJ. kip-ft
~""~ 39 Elip·iI!l I,., So
h~-1. Bu
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Appendix
Table 4.1 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.0 and Task 4 – 03.1
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Appendix
Table 4.2– Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.2 and Task 4 – 03.3
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Sl<wl<r waU T.!ok GrQ"P
00019 'l".lU"1\\. -'>\1"'15
Co&. Co_rison OOUlOdmO:) >'P":)
fo- t 'l".l - " '0 """0]0'1':) JO ,(,..m"",S
Summ.aly ofCakut.,j"" D... _ T.!ok ~ _Ol
;:".:Jp.0"l
Lo.d C.,. 1 u-
-n tio. n +18C1 ' 0'0 -1
I.O~D'USL+LJW
.. np . ... ' d ;:0-11 1£ DY u o P''"S

B.,.d om AClllB_01 Pro«do ..
,.,
M
"' " no-v ~_Ol.l
<:fOot
~_Ol.2
(fO-t
~~l.2
"' " "' •• "
.J-Ol.2 .J-Oll
<:fOot [fOot <:fOot
~_Oll
[fOot
~~l.l
nO-t
~~H
n O-t
~_Oll
no- t
~~l.l
"
" " " " ••" •
,, .', " " " " "
'>.>011""'" S·O I H
Lat...1 FOfC~ 10,8 lS
,~i"H l>1'''d
w
" " " " " ,, " '" " " " " '" " t,
Pon<l H"Sbt
" " " " " " " " " "
_._., , ,
'''<q>''Ill>1'''d
P....I Tbid:n...
.n m
m <;n
~.7~
<;n
5.7~
<;n
H~ H~
" " " " .n
5.7~
"
><:9
6.n
><:9
6.n
><:9
6.n
.<:9
6.1~
.[9
6.1~
"
~1 1>1'''d
P....l L~ngtb
'" '" "T '" ,• '" '" '" '" '" '"
Ai"",,,,,,]
E<co"lri<i'y • m
m " " " " " " " " " "
'.00 '00 '.00 '.00 '00 '00 '00 '00 '00 '00
.~
,.~
o"~I»1S
SIMIRotlo
,
,
,, .
m S8"[
1.8&
9 F 61 9 ~ 61
2.S&
61
2.&&
<:9100 <:9100 ,9100
*
~
1.&&
9
2.&&
(l[
*
l.U
(l[
*
l.ll
(l[
l.13
*
~
19/16 19/16 19 6 19 6 19 6 16 6 16 6 16 6 16 ;, 6 16 ;; 6
SH SH [l[
91 9
l.U
*
#
[l[
l.U
9
8H
*
9 1 9 ~ 6 1 9 ~ 61
9 a 91
8H
91:10-0 9<: 10-0 9<:10-0 9<:10-0 9<10-0 <:9100 <:9100
0.0162 0.0162 0.0162 0.0162 0.0162 0.0116 0.0116 0.0126 0.0126 0.0116
91 # 9 91 ~ 9
o""'lIl"'S ""'mlnl'l ][100 ][100 moo lL10-0 lL l 0-0 H IO-O Hl0-0 lL10-0 lL1 00 E100
Maximum 5,...1ROllO 0.6..-
'<l9 -0
'. 0.0ll! 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171
I'""11"'''Y p>.JOl""l
Foe",,-od .-u..l Load
l<l~Y >i~_, Y
AHI"g< Axi.1 Sir...
,,""S '.
"
'Yt'd
'.
b,
,
""
<;6t
~9~ ~9.5
<; -6V
8tO-0 sl1ro
" 0-'J~8
~9.~
<; -6V
~9.~
HL
~9.~
8tO-0
HI
HL
7l.l
811)"0
HL
73.1
l"f L
.90-0
73.1
0-'>4& O.O~& 0.W8 O.OM 0.06~ 0.0l\~ 0.06~ 0.065
l"fL
73.1
.90-0
'6t
.900
'6t
.900 <;900
'''''»lI]
Eff«tiH
I»1S
SIMI~.
<~Y
PJA, I<>i
"Y
A.
,m
m "" ,r6
9.11
n-6
9.11
;:r-6
9.11
"6
9.11
8, S
81&
8< S
8.28
U S
8.2S
B<:8
&.28
Bt8
8.1S
,0=01'1 ~(jo...,s
'<
'1~ o,-~
k_l" "
"."" ""~" ~"
ot[ 1 ot( l Ot (1
U~O
1.[]
Inl
lH l
U51
lHl
lJ~1
lHl
lJ~1
lHl
B~I
Mo""""t S...."gtb
06·0 - .
+- 0.90 W+ "'" "'" "'" "'" t , OI ltZ I 6ltl
."'" .W
on 11m
t 181 UO<
,,.
.fJ~ k-,,,
oq <;1;<;1
~10
"~ INl I05~ 1419
"" 11%
'" '" '" '"~" '" 1814
m '" St6
,,. ,,. ,,. ,,. ,,.
~,i"""S p;"m~ k_m
89t L111 9S l1 .9S 1
'<
'1~ o,-~ 66[] [f9 1
Roqw,-od SIr""gtb 1117 1186 U~ lJ99 16Jl 1865
Cnchd MCfI1<11'
"J~
'C k_m
o,-~ ""
OL t
'"
"" ""
"" 470
OLt OLt
470
OLt '" '"' '" en
""
,,,,,mol~ p.~,..,:)
"' _~ P'''1 '~I'I '1'1 k_m

o, - ~ m , Sf o.t H. m
s.r,'ico Load Memon' M,
'" m'" l&2 450 ~n
'" '" '"' '"
~,
" m
n 19-6 ([(] [Ofl ' St BI OI cUI SC9 1
~ 9.61 llJl B.Ol U~ 1O.l8 1112 14.1~ 16.1&
" 0.'"
<;(t(
m
~,
"" m
t o (lI'O ot-O ot-O otO 9[0 9[0 9[0 9[0 9f O
0.l6 0.l6 0.l6 0.l6 0.l6
'"
m 0.'"
""">OII>(J P'''1 "' _~
s.r,'ico Load o.noetl""
"""1 uO">01/'O
~
,
m O>ln
m
m "'0.1 0.26
lO
61
9[-0
,6"1
0'"
([-0
O.H
,6"(
8[-0
038
<:6"1
0'"
8.0
0.5&
<:61
11 0
O.ll
<:6 1
flO
OB
<:6 1
ao
017
,61
[f 0
Oll
,61
9[0
0.l6
,61
D.noetlOn Limit VIIO 111 1.92 1.91 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.92
ump.>,o'd L6 :)1I!l u o P"'S

" " " "' " "'
B.,.d om UBC 97 PTo,rogn
La1<....1 FOfC~
'>.>011 ""'"
w
_"
''Ii'><J"1''''' '" P,,011<uy
Axial Lo.d Ol mid-bo,gj>'
.'b,
Jod
" " '" "
O-tv
~~.O ~O
H
Ott Ot t
~O
"~
~O " " '" "
f"t9 ,W ["1'9
Of Sf
(-1'9
"
•d dlll
M' M.' M' M.'
....." I''''' >i~_, Y 'Yl'd ,.~ ,tIrO <: 11YO [<;00 [<;00 L.OO
,
<:to-O <:to-O HO-O
.-h-~~g< nal 'b ... PIA, lai 0.W2 0.042 0.042 O.Wl 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.0~7
<>.IY I»1S '''''>011]
Eff«ti,.. SIMI .......
"Y ,m "-6 "6 8< S u s Bt8 Bt8
A. m
,["6
9.11
n-6
9.11 9.11 9.11 818 818 8.28 &.1S
~(jo...,S "'''''01'1 'I~ k_m
o, - ~ ot[ l ot[ l ot( l Ot (1 lH l lHl lHl lHl
Mo"",,'" S,,-...,gtb U~O U~O 1151 1l~1 lJ~1 B~I
+-
06-0 - .
~,i"""S f'l'm~
0.90
M.
.ll ~
~li+ k_m
o,-~ 1101
1011 "'"
UM "'"
90 11 OO l l
1100
t6l1
119~
<;(ll
In~
'00' O<:[]
lJ20
'"
'1t!
I~I~
01<;]
1510
un
9'.l8 696 1.0 1 tfll all 0 1fl
'<
'1~ o, -~
k_ln
>t (]
Req";,-od Sb""g,b
"~ ~ 1051 llH W61 ll41 BIO
C,,<kc-d Mom..." o,-~ "J~
fJ<: tI[ t![ tlf tI(
m
E(
m m H[
m
H[
1/l M" k_m
'" '" '"
M' '"
,,,,,mol~ p, ~ ,..,:)
m m 'M
"' _~ '~I'I
no
P'''1 .19 WL
M, k_m
'1'1 o,-~ 91[ Set It. t.9 E( ,~
."
s.r,'ico Load Memon'
'"
~,
" m
SI01 8101 8101 8 1 01 . ss .8S .88 .88
~ m 10.1& 10.1& 10.1& 1O.l8 &.&~ &.&1 8.8~ 8.81
m DV f ll
YJ ll.~ 111
9[-0
0.16
9[-0
0.26
9l-0
0.26
910
0.26
no
0.2~
KO
0.2~
KO
0.14
KO
0.14
no 00 '
'00
""">OII>(J P'''1 "' _~ 8["0 Ln 'Wl <;<;[ Bf [ 69>
~'ic. Lo.d o.noeh"" 0.2& 1.37 J.5~ O.H 138 l.69
~ m
'"
, m
"""1 uO">01/'O
o.noeben Limit
moon
VI j(} In
,6"1
1.92
,6"(
1.91
<:6"1
1.91
<:61
1.91
<:6 1
1.92
,61
1.92
,61
1.91
,61
1.92
SEAOSC Slender Wall Task Group Summary Report (January 2006) Page 35 of47
Appendix
Table 4.3 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.4 and Task 4 – 03.5
SEAOSC
Sl<n<l<J WoU
SI<n.s..- W.U To!ok
r.!ok Groop
Group
Co&. Comparison
co&. Cnmporuon
SummM)' of
Summary ofCakut.l;OO D ... _T
Colculo"on Do.. o!ok 4~_1)]
_ r.!ok -1l1 Lood
Lo. d C.,,:
C.,. ! u-
u- 1.0~Dj-1.l8L+UW
1 . 0~D 'L28L + UW
B.,.d OR AClllB_O!
Bo,«I Pro«d". ....
ACI ]18_0~ Pr<>",dn,,,,
M 4_0H 4_034 4_034
4_01.4 ~-1)H ';"'034
~ _ 0 34 ';"'034 4_0D 4-OU
~ _ O H 4_0n 4-OD 4-03.1
~ -1)U 4_0D ~-OD 4-01.1
~ -1)D
La,. ..1 Fo",

Lot.ral FOf~
Pan.1 H<igbl
P....1Hoig!>'
w
,, ,
~, lU
Il.l
29.5
19.~ 19.~ "
N'
25
29.5
19.~ 29 " '" "
.~
19.~ 19 .~
19.~
IU
3404
29 .~
19.~ '" " '" "
29 _~
19.~ 29 _~
19.1 29 _ ~
19.1 29 _~
19.1
Pan.1 Tbiclrn . ..
P....1Thidn...
P .... IL<ngtb
P....1L<ngIb ,, ••, 6_15
6.1~ 6_15
6.1~
" '.00
" '00
6_25
6.1~
" ''.00
6_n
6.n 6.n
6.n 7.n
72~ 7.n
7n 7.n
7.11 72~
7.11 72~
711
Ecc«ltrieity
Ecc""lri<ny • • '00
;00 '.00 '.00 .00" '00 " '00
'00 "
'00 "
1.00 '00" '.00" '00"
'00 '00 '00
~.
~.,
S"",IRatio
S... IRono
,
,• .. 3_B
1.B
00.016~
21>1
21 ~d 6 11
11
.0165 0.016~
21 M6 11
3_B
1.B
0 . 016~ 0.016~
2 1 M6 ;W
21 M6
,; 6 11
11
lJl
1.11
0 . 016~ 0
lJl
lJJ
. 016~ 0
0.016~
l .ll
III 163
Hl
N>l6 N~6
14 iffi N,;1\
163
Hl
0_0162 0.0161
. 016~ 0.0162
0.016~
Hl
0_016 2 0.0161
N~6
N/i6 24~6
1.63 3.63
1.61
0_0 162 0.0161
24~6
14#6
3.63
161
0_0 162 0.0161
0_0 162
S1...1 RobO
Maximum S,...l Raho 06,..
061'> o.om
0 .0171 0 .0171
0.0\71 0 .017 1 0.0\71
0.0\71 0 .017 1 0.0171
0 .017 1 0.0171
0_0171 0.0171
0_0171 0.01l1
0_0 171 0.0171
0_0 171 0.0171
0_0171
Fac1<nd .0."'01
Foct<"",d
10.10""""
A ... I Load
Y<flIg< A.ial
A ''<IlIg<'
Hl'«ti,,,,
E~1iY" S...I.o.,..
S". ...
Axiol Stt...
S"",I AI''''
MODlOtIf Slr<tIgtb
Slr<ngtb
0_90
• - 0.90
'.
P, kip
PJ A, bi
'JA,
A...
"-
;" ,.
M,
~V.
1:_m
in'
l<-ln
~lJ. bo
.....
37.1
0 .0330 O.Oll
O.OHO
9.9
1~67
n67
61 8
37
0_033
.~
.1
37.1
9_89
1 ~67
1167
1071
37 .1
17.1
0_033 O.OB
O.OB
9_89
9.89
1 ~67
1167
ll26
1116
37
9.89
1~67
1167
1~81
1181
.1
37.1
0_033 O.OB
9_89
37.1
n.1
O_Oll 0.044
9.89
''''
111\1
1816
57.4
HA
0_04 ~
I 1.5 ~
IU~
2120
829
819
57.4
HA
I 1.5 ~
lUI
2120
2110
1112
I III
57.4
HA
1I
IDI.n
2120
"M
H.4
HA
1I
ILH.n
2120
2110
1617
1611
HA
H.4
0.().I4 0Q.l4
0_044 0.044 0.Q.l4
0.044 O().l~
11.55
lD~
2120
2110
1869
M. 1:_m OM '00'
'" ~~6 964 1I9~ 1421
1423 1653 1228 I~n 16B2
S1f""g1b
'" 119~ I~~l ,~,
R<qUUN Stt<11gtb
R<qwr'" b o 165J 1218
~1a 1:_m
1:_In '"
~~6 ~56
'00 '
CfIchd Mom<11'
Crachd Mow..." M"
'" '" '" '" '" m"" "" '" '" '"
'"
"" m m m
Lo.d M"""""
~- i~ Lood
$<n'ic. M0ID<111 M, 1:_m
;;, 248
148 ~28
418 ~
'"
;0;
'"
0>;
,j",
~ •in
.n 6_67
.~ 11.5
IU77 I~ _J!
I~.ll 17.0<1
1708 19 .83
19.8J 5.7
~.711 7.66
766 9 .~ 0
9.~0 11 14
11.14 12_ 88
12.88
" ••
I\.., 0_~5
O.l~ 0_~5
O.l~ 0_55
O.~~ 0_5~
O.~~ 0 . 5~
O.~~ 0 .47
0.41 0 .47
0.41 0 .47
0.41 0 .4 7
OAl OA7
OAl
$<n'ic. Lo.d o.n«hon
~- i~ Lood Don«""" ~ 0_24
0.2~ 0.42
OA2 0_52
0.~2 0_9 1
0.91 ,~
1.66 0 .21
0.21 0 .29
0.19 on
0 .15 OAI OA9
0.49
D.n""bon limi,
D.n«b"" Limit V'~ • 2_36
236 1_36
2.16 2.36
136 2.36
1.16 2.16
1.16 2.16 2.16
1.16 2.16 236
2.J6 2.36
2.16
B. "d OR
B",d USC 97
OR UBC 97 P I'O<N1nr<
PI'O<<d~,',
L a,...1 F<lfC<
Lot.ral FOf~ w
v;
.',
p. f 20
" " '" " 2S lO lS !O
'" " '" " !S 30 3S
Axial Lood
.o.xw Lo. d ot mid-I><Igitl
Of IWd_bo1g!>'
'.
p. kip
P,IAo n,
33 .7
Jl.7 H.7
H.l H.7
H.1 H.7 5U
~u 51.5
~U ~1.5
~u ~1.5
~U
Y<flIg< ""01
A ''<Ill!\<
E~1iY"
1X101 .tt...
E~ti,,,, S...
. "....
S"",II A,..
AI''''
'JA,
"-
A"
M.
bi
..
in~•
1:_m
1:_10
0_010
0.030
9_89
.~
1 ~67
0_010
0.010
9_89
9.89
1 ~67
0_010
0.010
9_89
9.89
1~67
0_010
0.010
9.89
0_019
0.019
I U~
lUI
0.039
0.OJ9
1I
IDI.n
0.039
0.019
1I
IDl.n
00.019
.039
1155
lD~
Mmn.nt
M o"",'" Str<ngtb
Slr<ogtb
0_90
• - 0.90 "
~I/'
~l,'. 1:_m
1~67
1187
1~67
ll28
112S
1161
,,~
''''
16 11
1611
2l!0
1110
1424
1~2 4
2120
1120
"M
2120
1110
1708
\708
2120
1110
"W
,,~
S1f""g1b
R<qwrN Stt<11gtb
R<qwr'" M.
'"
1:_m
1:_10
'M'
'M' 1171 129B
1198 14B
14H 1250
11~0 un "00
,~ 1625
162~
Cnchd
~-
S"Yic,
Mow..."
CfKk«l MOO><11'
Lo.d M"""""
i~ Lood
s..n'i« M0ID<111
Lo.d o.n
~- ic . Lood « hon
Dof1«b""
lJl
~
.
213 M" 1:_m
, .
~
~
..•
Zll!l.a
b o
M, 1:_m
;;,
•
lI a .n
m
'"
I~ JO
14.10
0_37
0.37
lAO
m
on
611
I~ JO
14.10
0.37
1_24
1.14
m
'" ."
I~JO
14.10
0_37
0.37
5_07
~.07
'"
m
14 .1 0
14.10
0.37
O.H
6.91
'" '"
'" ""
12.18
O.l!
O.ll
O.l!
O.ll
m
>0. '"
m
'"
'"
'"
'"
l! .1 8
12.18
0 .32
032
0 .91
0.91
l!.18
11.l8
0 .32
0.32
2.06
12_18
12.18
0 .32
0.12
321
J.11
D<fl""bon limi,
D.n«b"" Limit V'W •
lJl50 in ''"
1_36
1.16 2_16
136 2_16
2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 236 2.36
2J6
Appendix
Table 4.4 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.6
SEAOSC
Sl<n.s..- WaU r.>k Group
coo. ComparisoD
SummMY ofCokulat;on D... _r.>k 4"()1 Load Ca,. 1 u- 1.05D
1.0~D'1
+1.28 L + 1.3W
..
8a"d on AC111S_01 Pro«d ...
.' .., " " '"

M 4_01.6 4_01.6 4"()16 4_01.6 4_0>6
L.,.ral FOf~
P....I H<iglll
w
,, " '" 29.~ 29.~ 29.~ 29.~
P....I Thicln<..
P....IL<ngIb , m
"
U~ U~
" " " " "

7.2~ 7.n 7n
Ecc«ltricity • m '.00 '.00 '.00 '.00 '00

~.
, 24>1 6 24>1 6 2U6 N~6 24~6
~.,
S"",IRatio , m 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.63 3.63

0.0162 0.0162 0.0162 0.0162 0.0162
Maximum St...1Rabe 06r- 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171
Fact<.-.d A..al Load
AY<rlIg< A.ial Str...
'. b,
b,
79.7
0.061
m
0.061
79.7
0.061
79.7
0.061
79.7
0.061
'JA, ,
..
E~ti". S"",I A.... A.. m I L91 11.91 11.93 ll.93 11.93
M.tn«It Str«lgtb
+ - 0.90
."
W+ I_I.
I_m
, ,,.,
2176 2176 2176
2019
2176
2376
2176
2732
."
..
R<q",..ed Str<l1!th I_I. ,,~
lB02 2120 241B
'"
Crocked Mom...t
S<r;·i« load Mom<nt
'C
M,
I_I.
I_m '" ,'" '" ...
24B '" ,,,
'"
~ m HI '"ILl6 In6 IH~ 18.H
"",
m 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47
S<r;·i« load D<l1ectron m 0.16 0.31 0.37
"~ 0.61
D<l1ectron Limit V'~ m 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36
8.,.d on U8C 97 P,<><N1ur<

L.,.ral FOf~
Axial Load at mid-b<Ight
w
'. .' b, " " '"

70.6 70.6 70.6
..
70.6
AY<rlIg< ax>al .tr... b, 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.0~4
Effecti". S"",I A ....

"A,
A. m
, 11.91 11.93 ll.93 11.93
M.tn<.t Str<.gth M. I_I. 2176 2176 2176 2176
+ - 0.90 ~Ii+ I_I. 1797 19~1 20S4 222B
R<q""ed Str<l1!th
Crocked Mom...t
." I_I.
213 M" I_I.
1~61
,~
1687
m
1812
m
1917
,~
S<r;·ic. load Mom<nt M, I_I. m ,m 1l~4
~ m '"
12.28 !l.U 12.2B 12.2B
S<r;·ic. load D<l1ectron ,

li1 !l. a m
m
0.32
0.42
0.32
1.94
0.32
H7
032
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Appendix
Table 4.5 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 04.0 and Task 4 – 04.1 for Double Curtain Reinforcement
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Appendix
Table 5 – Summary of Comparative Examples
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Page 47 of 47

UBC 97 and ACI 318-02 Code Comparison - Summary Report

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SEAOSC Slender Wall Task Group

Review of 1980 Test Data

Task Group Members: Chukwuma Ekwueme email: ekwueme@hart.wai.com

ACI3U.o2 Mor-7.S \'f'.I,/yt

DcOcctiOll - in. '" '"

6. Background of UBC Provisions on Alternate Slender Wall Procedure

7. Review of 1980 Test Data

M (test) = wlc2 x 1.5 + P1e + (P1 + P2) Δ

lc = panel height, feet

w = applied lateral force on panel, kip

P1 = applied axial load, kip

P2 = panel weight at mid height, kip

e = eccentricity of applied axial load, inch

Δ = deflection at mid-height, inch

8. Background of ACI Provisions on Alternate Design of Slender Wall

9. The requirement for minimum reinforcement of Mn ≥ Mcr / φ is appropriate.

10. φ – factor of 0.90 based on ACI 318-05 Section R9.3.2.2 is appropriate.

11. Other Design Considerations

12. Recommendations to SEAOSC Board

 To calculate service load deflection, use E/1.4 for earthquake forces.

13. Proposed Changes to ACI

The following are proposed revision to ACI 318-05

6. Uniform Building Code, Volume 2, “Structural Engineering Provisions,” International Conference of

Table 1 - Comparison of Slender Wall Design Procedures UBC vs. ACI 11

Table 1 – Comparison of Slender Wall Design Procedures UBC vs. ACI

Note: Editorial changes in ACI 318-05 are highlight.

., I.~ I",-- .' -" .\ c>c --

Figure 2.1 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 19

P/f'A !' M M &,

1... = 48.0 in 0.15- 274 1186 98.8 .0029

Figure 2.3 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 21

SleltderW Ta.3l.Grolllp 0 209- 7. 0.0292

SEAOSC- 50 Plf'A !> M M s,

SE.~OSC - 50 P/f'A P M ::;1

Sl.el!Ilil!r Wall 'Fm Goomp 0.0 0 HIS 0.0261

I.eli:lil!r Wall Th;:k Goo'lIp 0 IS ]'3 OJ)2S5

SEAOOC- .50 P M M :;.,

!w= 48.0 ilil 0 225 69 ~S 0.002.0

Figure 2.9 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 27

Figure 2.10 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 28

SEA08C- 50 Plf'A 'P M M SI

~""~ 39 Elip·iI!l I,., So

Figure 2.11 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 29

SEA08C- 50 Plf'A 'P M &,

Figure 2.12 – Interaction Diagram for Test Panel No. 30

:\1,1>(11 ) - I ~ ,:, :: ~.;!

..'" .'... . ...,I: " "

Figure 4.4 – Comparative Design Procedure Plot for Task 4 – 03.6

Table 4.1 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.0 and Task 4 – 03.1

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Table 4.2– Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.2 and Task 4 – 03.3

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"' _~ P'''1 '~I'I '1'1 k_m

ump.>,o'd L6 :)1I!l u o P"'S

Table 4.3 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.4 and Task 4 – 03.5

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Table 4.4 – Comparative Example Task 4 – 03.6

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" " " " "

Ecc«ltricity • m '.00 '.00 '.00 '.00 '00

S"",IRatio , m 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.63 3.63

8.,.d on U8C 97 P,<><N1ur<

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To calculate service load deflection, use E/1.4 for earthquake forces.

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