Principle Investigator

Name of the Guide: Mr.R.Elangovan, working in Assistant Professor

EEE in P.R.E.C and Scholar Name: A.Gnanaseharan, studying M.Tech (Part
time) II semester in EEE department at PRIST University.

Institute Address

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(PRIST) Deemed to be University, Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Vallam, Pin Code: 613403.

Project Summary

The automatic voltage regulator is used to regulate the voltage. It takes the
fluctuate voltage and changes them into a constant voltage. The fluctuation in the
voltage mainly occurs due to the variation in load on the supply system. The
variation in voltage damages the equipment of the power system. The variation
in the voltage can be controlled by installing the voltage control equipment at
several places likes near the transformers, generator, feeders, etc. The voltage
regulator is provided in more than one point in the power system for controlling
the voltage variations. In AC generator, it works on the principle of detection of
errors. The output voltage of an AC generator obtained through a potential
transformer and then it is rectified, filtered and compared with a reference. The
difference between the actual voltage and the reference voltage is known as
the error voltage. This error voltage is amplified by an amplifier and then
supplied to the main exciter or pilot exciter. Thus, the amplified error signals
control the excitation of the main or pilot exciter through a buck or a boost action
(i.e. controls the fluctuation of the voltage). Exciter output control leads to the
controls of the main alternator terminal voltage.
Key Words

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), voltage sensing unit, voltage

comparing unit, amplifying unit, correcting unit, development, trends, reliability

Expected outcome & output of the Proposal

1. It controls the voltage of the system and has the operation of the
machine nearer to the steady state stability.

2. It divides the reactive load between the alternators operating in parallel.

3. The automatic voltage regulators reduce the over voltages which occur
because of the sudden loss of load on the system.

4. It increases the excitation of the system under fault conditions so that

the maximum synchronizing power exists at the time of clearance of
the fault.

When there is a sudden change in load in the alternator, there should

be a change in the excitation system to provide the same voltage under the
new load condition. This can be done by the help of the automatic voltage
regulator. The automatic voltage regulator equipment operates in the exciter
field and changes the exciter output voltage, and the field current. During the
violent fluctuation, the ARV does not give a quick response.

For getting the quick response, the quick acting voltage regulators
based on the overshooting the mark principle are used. In overshoot mark
principle, when the load increase the excitation of the system also increase.
Before the voltage increase to the value corresponding to the increased
excitation, the regulator reduces the excitation of the proper value.
 TYPES OF VOLTAGE REGULATIONS:

Types of voltage regulation

A) Manual Voltage Regulator:

Rheostat type voltage regulator
If the rheostat is set to increase the resistance in the field circuit, less
current flows through the field winding and the strength of the magnetic field
in which the armature rotates decreases. Consequently, the voltage output of
the generator decreases. If the resistance in the field circuit is decreased with
the rheostat, more current flows through the field winding, the magnetic field
becomes stronger, and the generator produces a greater voltage.

Rheostat type voltage regulator

B) Automatic Voltage Regulators:

Thyristor-Based Electronic AVR Block Diagram

 An automatic voltage regulator is a thyristor type voltage controller
which will maintain the output voltage of the alternator whenever voltage
fluctuations occur due to varying loads. AVR achieved this by controlling the
excitation of the alternator. Whenever a voltage dip occurs then it will
increase the excitation and vice versa.

Thyristor-Based Electronic AVR Circuit Diagram

In a process control of voltage regulation by electronic AVR involves

the following components
 voltage sensing unit – to check the present value of the voltage
 voltage comparing unit – to check error .i.e. difference in voltage
 amplifying unit – to amplify the error signal
 correcting unit – to apply actions to process control as per error to get
desired output voltage
The voltage sensing unit transforms down, rectifies and smooths the
generator output voltage. This produces a low voltage DC signal
proportionate to AC generator voltage. In comparator unit, it is compared to
the set value (DC value produced by reference unit of the Zener diodes and
resistance). The correction is then amplified and through thyristor control is
used to alter the alternator field current in order to reach the set voltage
value.
The direct current derived from the alternator output through the
transformer is rectified and filtered. Then it is applied to a Wheatstone bridge
which has fixed resistance on two arms and variable resistances (Zener diode
voltage reference) on the other two.
The Zener operate in the reverse breakdown mode, as these diodes are
manufactured with a Zener breakdown voltage of very low value. Zener
diode voltage remains constant once breakdown voltage has occurred despite
the change in the current. This implies that changes in applied voltage, while
not affecting voltage across the diode, will cause a change in resistance
which permits the change in current. As with a Wheatstone bridge, imbalance
of the resistance changes the flow pattern and produces in the voltage
measuring bridge an error signal.
The error signal can be amplified and used to control alternator
excitation. Thus it can control the firing angle of thyristors through a
triggering circuit to give the desired voltage. It can be used in the statically
excited alternator to correct small errors through a magnetic amplifier
arrangement. The error signal has also been amplified through transistors in
series, for excitation control.

Origin of the Proposal

Voltage Regulators owe their existence to over 200 years of

discovery and inventions – from the development of the 1st electric battery by
Alessandro Volta (Italy) in 1800 to the latest solid state computerized systems
of the present day. The current development of 3rd Generation Voltage
Regulator was only possible following the inventions of transformers;
programmable digital computers and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR). 3rd
Generation Systems uses transformers to change the voltage from one value
to another. The computers carry out complex and lightning fast calculations;
and the SCR’s switch on and off smaller transformers to change the voltage as
and when needed. These voltage regulators underwent, through more than a
century, important changes in their functionalities and technologies. Each
change brings with it odds and improvement in both technical and financial
aspects. In this paper, we shed light in the evolution of voltage regulators
since the onset of electrical energy to currently. We try also to foresee the
future prospects and trends in this area.

Review status of the Research and Development about the

proposal

International status

According to the standards, the voltage profiles should be kept within

the certain limits. Since the voltage profile is consistently varied by load
fluctuations so it should be controlled permanently by Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR). For the generators, an increase in reactive power demand
yields some decreases in terminal voltage. This voltage reduction is
compensated by some increments in the

field current and generating more reactive power through AVR and exciter
machine. Controlling the voltage and reactive power by tuning of the main
field current of the generators was introduced for the first time in 1960. After
that the technologies of the AVRs have been improved greatly. The
responding of the old AVRs to error signals is quiet slow and they are not able
to be scheduled using a complicated control strategy. In 1970 K. j. Runtz
applied the digital AVRs to control the field current of a generator. Digital
AVRs are flexible and can employ complex methods such as: nonlinear
control, neural network, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm and etc for reliable
performance of whole system in various operating conditions of the
generating set and loads. During the peak famous period of these solid state
relays, another generation of protective devices was being set in way to
see the light; it was the digital technology.

Prof. Lotfi Zadeh introduced fuzzy logic theory in 1965. Since then,
fuzzy logic theory has been implemented successfully in several applications.
Recently, fuzzy logic theory has been used frequently to increase the power
capacity, stability and efficiency of the power systems. Nowadays, the fuzzy
logic is attended in the structure of automatic voltage regulators and some
researches have discussed various performance optimization methods
engaged for these type regulators. In the present research, a digital fuzzy AVR
is simulated in an unbalanced system and its performances are evaluated from
different points of
view. It is shown that AVR performances are significantly affected by the
sampling time, scaling factors and voltage feedbacks. The impacts of these
three parameters on the AVR performances are considered here in this study
and their optimized values are determined by precise analysis of the
simulation
results.

National status
 Generators, as used in power stations or in standby power systems, will
have automatic voltage regulators (AVR) to stabilize their voltages as the load
on the generators changes. The first automatic voltage regulators for
generators were electromechanical systems, but a modern AVR uses solid-
state devices. An AVR is a feedback control system that measures the output
voltage of the generator, compares that output to a set point, and generates an
error signal that is used to adjust the excitation of the generator. As the
excitation current in the field winding of the generator increases, its terminal
voltage will increase. The AVR will control current by using power electronic
devices; generally a small part of the generator's output is used to provide
current for the field winding. Where a generator is connected in parallel with
other sources such as an electrical transmission grid, changing the excitation
has more of an effect on the reactive power produced by the generator than on
its terminal voltage, which is mostly set by the connected power system.
Where multiple generators are connected in parallel, the AVR system will
have circuits to ensure all generators operate at the same power factor.
[1] AVRs on grid-connected power station generators may have additional
control features to help stabilize the electrical grid against upsets due to
sudden load loss or faults.
Voltage regulators for synchronous generators must satisfy the
following conditions: (1) Regulation to counter disturbances must take place
as rapidly as possible (high-speed regulators). (2) There should, as far as
possible, be no derivation from the set voltage in stationary installations. (3)
In the event of the generator terminals being short circuited the excitation
must be controlled, so that the generator relay can act satisfactorily to prevent
any continuous feed into the short circuit. (4) The revolving field must be
protected against overload by a limit device in the regulator. (5) The rated
voltage must be easily adjustable on the regulator. (6) Proper sharing of
reactive load must be assured where several generators are connected in
parallel.

Important of the proposal project

 Quick response
 High speed
 Stability
 Reliability
 Accuracy
 Compactness
 Communication
 Reduced volume and wiring
 The low cost
Work Plan

 Circuit Development
 Design of circuit
 Simulation
 Hardware Implement
 Integration
 Installation
 output
Work Time Schedule

Work start at before one month and analysis the voltage regulator
during the free hour discussed the research with guide

1. Circuit Development
2. Design of circuit
3. Simulation
4. Hardware Implement
5. Integration
6. Installation & output

Environmental Impact

It does not affect the environment.

Expectation

In this paper an automatic voltage regulator which can be used for

alternator’s field control applications has been designed and tested. In
industry, it is hard to find a typical constant control system, and even when
one is found it may not be economically feasible for a small lab to purchase.
This paper takes AVR control card cost into consideration The advantages of
this AVR card is that the system cost is decreased and system reliability and
design flexibility are increased. This AVR card is well suited to the high
production requirements of mass production. If this AVR card is produced in
the nation, it can give the benefit for the technical support and economy. So,
the industrial product of this project can feed the benefit for the nation.
Proposal Related Publication

1. M. Rabiul Alam, Rajib Baran Roy, S.M. Jahangir Alam , Dewan Juel
Rahman “Single Phase Automatic Voltage Regulator Design for
Synchronous Generator” International Journal of Electrical & Computer
Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol 11 year 2011.
2. Ching-Chang Wong, Shih-An Li ,Hou-Yi Wang “Optimal PID
Controller Design for AVR System” Tamkang Journal of Science and
Engineering, Volume 12, pp. 259-270 year 2009.
3. S. Panda,B.K. Sahu ,P.K. Mohanty “Design And Performance Analysis
Of PID Controller for An Automatic Voltage Regulator System Using
Simplified Particle Swarm Optimization” Volume 349, Issue 8, Page
2609–2625 October 2012.

4. Hany M. Hasanien “Design Optimization of PID Controller in

Automatic Voltage Regulator System Using Taguchi Combined Genetic
Algorithm Method” IEEE Transaction Volume 07 Year 2012.
5. Qing Liu, Tarek Hassan Mohamed, Thongchart Kerdphol, Yasunori
Mitani “PID-MPC Based Automatic Voltage Regulator Design in Wide-
Area Interconnect Power System” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2014.
6. Mohammad Sadegh Rahimian, Kaamran Raahemifar “Optimal PID
 Controller Design For AVR System Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Algorithm” Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2011 24th
Canadian Conference Pages 337 – 340 year 8-11 May 2011.
7. Yinggan Tang, Liheng Zhao, Zhenzhen Han, Xiangwei Bi, Xinping
Guan “Optimal gray PID controller design for automatic voltage
regulator system via imperialist competitive algorithm” International
Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics Volume 7, Issue 2, pp
229–240 year April 2016.
8. R. C. Eberhart and Y. Shi, “Comparison between Genetic Algorithms
and Particle Swarm Optimization” in Proceding IEEE International
Conference, pp. 611–616 May 1998.
9. A. H. M. S. Ula and A. R. Hasan, "Design and Implementation Of A
Personal Computer Based Automatic Voltage Regulator for a
Synchronous Generator", IEEE Transaction Energy Converters, vol. 7,
pp. 125-131, 1992
10.A. Visioli, "Tuning Of PID Controllers with Fuzzylogic", IEE Proceding
Control Theory Application, vol. 148, pp. 1-8, 2001
11.J. Zhang , J. Zhuang , H. Du and S. Wang, "Self-organizing genetic
algorithm basedtuning of PID controllers", Inform. Sci., vol. 179, no. 7,
12.Z.-L. Gaing, "A particle swarm optimization approach for optimum
design of PID controller in AVR system", IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 384-391, 2004
13.M. Ashabani , Y. Abdel-Rady , I. Mohamed and J. Milimonfared,
"Optimum design of tubular permanent-magnet motors for thrust
characteristics improvement by combined Taguchi-neural network
approach", IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 46, pp. 4092-4100, 2010
14.H. M. Hasanien, "Particle swarm design optimization oftransverse flux
linear motor for weight reduction and improvement of thrust force",
 IEEETrans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 4048-4056, 2011
15.B.J. Chalmers, “Influence of saturation in brushless permanent-magnet
motor drives,” IEE Proc. B, Electr. Power Appl., vol. 139, no. 1, pp.51-
52, 1992.
16.K. Hirayama, Y.T., K. Takagi, H. Murakami, M. Shibata, H. Nagamura,
Y. Takagi, , ―Digital AVR application to power plants. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1993. 8(4): p. 602-609.
17.Bevrani H, Watanabe M, Mitani Y. 2014. Power system monitoring and
control, Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, USA IEEE Committee Reports:
"Computer Representation of Excitation System", IEEE Trans. Power

Infrastructure

Institution facility:

Labs are available in our Institution are used to testing the equipment’s
and Simulation software Matlab are available in our Institution & also library
are used to refer the book. Using Net lab the E-Books are learn to useful in
research are search.

Related to the outside:

Nearby Sastra and Periyar University are available in disused to other
staff members in my research.