31

Ga
Gallium
69.723
1s2 2s2 3s3 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
{Ar} 3d 4s 4p
10 2 6
 16

S
Sulfur
32.065

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p

Gallium is a chemical element dopant in semiconductor
with symbol Ga and atomic substrates.
number 31. It is in group 13 of
Gallium is predominantly used
the periodic table, thus has
in electronics. Gallium
similarities to the other metals
arsenide, the primary
of the group, Aluminium,
chemical compound of Gallium
Indium, and Thallium. Gallium
in electronics, is used in
does not occur as a free
microwave circuits, high-speed
element in nature, but as
switching circuits, and
Gallium (III) compounds in
infrared circuits semi
trace amounts in Zinc ores and
conductive Gallium nitride
in Bauxite. Elemental Gallium
and indium gallium nitride
is a soft, silvery blue metal at
produce blue and violet light-
standard temperature and
emitting diodes (LEDs) and
pressure, a brittle solid at low
diode lasers. It is also used in
temperature, and a liquid at
the production of artificial
temperatures greater than
gadolinium gallium garnet for
29.76 C (85.57 F) (slightly above
jewellery.
room temperature.) The
melting point of Gallium is Gallium has no known natural
used as a temperature role in biology. It behaves in a
reference point. The alloy similar manner to ferric salts
galinstan (68.5% Gallium, 21.5% in biological systems, has been
Indium, and 10% Tin) has an used in some medical
even lower melting point of -19 applications, including
C(-2 F) well below the freezing pharmaceuticals and
point of water. Since its radiopharmaceuticals. Gallium
discovery in1875, Gallium has is used in thermometers as a
been used to make alloys with non-toxic and
low melting point. It is also environmentally friendly
used in semiconductors as a alternative to mercury.
sulphur or Sulfur a chemical contaminants from natural
element with symbol S and gas and petroleum. The
atomic number 16. It is an greatest commercial use of the
abundant, multivalent non element is the production of
metals . under normal sulphuric acid for sulphate
conditions, sulphur atoms form and phosphate fertilizers, and
cyclic act atomic molecules other chemical processes. The
with chemical formula S8. element sulphur is used in
Elemental Sulfur is a bright matches, insecticides, and
yellow crystalline solid at fungicides.
room temperature. Chemically.
Sulfur is an essentials element
Sulphur reacts with all
for all life, but almost always
elements except for gold,
in the form of organosulfur
platinum, iridium, tellurium
compounds or metal sulphides.
and the noble gasses.
Three amino acids ( cysteine,
Elemental sulphur occurs cystine, and methionine) and
naturally as the element two vitamins ( biotin and
(native sulphur), but the most thiamine ) ate organosulfur
commonly occurs combined compounds.
forms as sulphide and sulphate
Sulphur is one of the core
and sulphate minerals. Being
chemical elements neededfor
abundant in native forms,
biochemical functioning and is
sulphur was known in ancient
an elemental macronutrient
times, being mentioned for its
for all organism.
uses in ancient India, ancient
Greece, China , and Egypt. In
the Bible, sulphur is called
brimstone. Today, almost all
elemental sulphur is produced
as a by-product of removing
sulphur-containing