M.

KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

1. A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer consists of masonry brick 20 cm. thick
of thermal conductivity 0.66 W/mK, the second layer consists of 3 cm thick mortar of thermal
conductivity 0.6 W/mK, the third layer consists of 8 cm thick lime stone of thermal conductivity
0.58 W/mK and the outer layer consists of 1.2 cm thick plaster of thermal conductivity 0.6
W/mK. The heat transfer coefficient on the interior and exterior of the wall are 5.6 W/m2K and
11 W/m2K respectively. Interior room temperature is 22C and outside air temperature is -5C.

Calculate

a) Overall heat transfer coefficient

b) Overall thermal resistance
c) The rate of heat transfer
The temperature at the junction between the mortar and the limestone.

2. A furnace wall made up of 7.5 cm of fire plate and 0.65 cm of mild steel plate. Inside surface
exposed to hot gas at 650C and outside air temperature 27C. The convective heat transfer co-
efficient for inner side is 60 W/m2K. The convective heat transfer co-efficient for outer side is
8W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost per square meter area of the furnace wall and also find outside
surface temperature

3. A steel tube (K = 43.26 W/mK) of 5.08 cm inner diameter and 7.62 cm outer diameter
is covered with 2.5 cm layer of insulation (K = 0.208 W/mK) the inside surface of the
tube receivers heat from a hot gas at the temperature of 316C with heat transfer co-
efficient of 28 W/m2K. While the outer surface exposed to the ambient air at 30C with
heat transfer co-efficient of 17 W/m2K. Calculate heat loss for 3 m length of the tube.
4. An aluminium alloy fin of 7 mm thick and 50 mm long protrudes from a wall, which is
maintained at 120C. The ambient air temperature is 22C. The heat transfer coefficient
and conductivity of the fin material are 140 W/m2K and 55 W/mK respectively.
Determine

1. Temperature at the end of the fin.

2. Temperature at the middle of the fin.
3. Total heat dissipated by the fin.
5. A wire of 6 mm diameter with 2 mm thick insulation (K = 0.11 W/mK). If the
convective heat transfer co-efficient between the insulating surface and air is 25 W/m 2L,
find the critical thickness of insulation. And also find the percentage of change in the
heat transfer rate if the critical radius is used.
6. Derive an expression of Critical Radius of Insulation For A Cylinder.
7. A copper plate 2 mm thick is heated up to 400C and quenched into water at 30C.
Find the time required for the plate to reach the temperature of 50C. Heat transfer co-
efficient is 100 W/m2K. Density of copper is 8800 kg/m3. Specific heat of copper = 0.36
kJ/kg K.
Plate dimensions = 30  30 cm.
8. steel ball (specific heat = 0.46 kJ/kgK. and thermal conductivity = 35 W/mK) having 5 cm diameter
and initially at a uniform temperature of 450C is suddenly placed in a control environment in which the
temperature is maintained at 100C. Calculate the time required for the balls to attained a temperature
of 150C. Take h = 10W/m2K

9. Alloy steel ball of 2 mm diameter heated to 800C is quenched in a bath at 100C.

The material properties of the ball are K = 205 kJ/m hr K,  = 7860 kg/m3, C = 0.45
kJ/kg K, h = 150 KJ/ hr m2 K. Determine (i) Temperature of ball after 10 second and (ii)
Time for ball to cool to 400C.
Given
10. A large steel plate 5 cm thick is initially at a uniform temperature of 400C. It is suddenly exposed on
both sides to a surrounding at 60C with convective heat transfer co-efficient of 285 W/m2K. Calculate
the centre line temperature and the temperature inside the plate 1.25 cm from themed plane after 3
minutes.

11. Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the
plate maintained at 60C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming the
length of the plate along the flow of air is 2m.

12. Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the plate
is 1 m wide and 80C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.

1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

2. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
3. Local friction coefficient,
4. Average friction coefficient,
5. Local heat transfer coefficient
6. Average heat transfer coefficient,
7. Heat transfer.
13. Air at 30C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1.5 m
wide. Calculate the following:

1. Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate,

2. Total drag force,
3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.
14. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m long and 0.5 m
wide. The pressure of the air is 6 kN/2. If the plate is maintained at a temperature of 70C,
estimate the rate of heat removed from the plate.

15. Air at 40C flows over a flat plate, 0.8 m long at a velocity of 50 m/s. The plate surface is
maintained at 300C. Determine the heat transferred from the entire plate length to air taking
into consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of the boundary layer. Also calculate the
percentage error if the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent nature from the very leading
edge of the plate.
 M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

1)A circular duct passes 8.25Kg/s of air at an exit Mach number of 0.5. The entry pressure and
temperature are 3.45 bar and 38˚C respectively and the coefficient of friction 0.005.If the Mach number
at entry is 0.15, determine : I. The diameter of the duct , (2)II. Length of the duct, (4)III. Pressure and
temperature at the exit, (4)IV. Stagnation pressure loss, and (4)V. Verify the exit Mach number through
exit velocity and temperature. (2)

2) A gas (γ =1.3,R=0.287 KJ/KgK) at p1 =1bar, T1 =400 k enters a 30cm diameter duct at a Mach number
of 2.0.A normal shock occurs at a Mach number of 1.5 and the exit Machnumber is1.0,If the mean value
of the friction factor is 0.003 determine:1)Lengths of the duct upstream and downstream of the shock
wave, (6)2)Mass flow rate of the gas and (4)3)Change of entropy upstream and downstream of the
shock, across the shock and downstream of the shock. (6)

3) Air enters a long circular duct ( d =12.5cm,f=0.0045) at a Mach number 0.5, pressure 3.0 bar and
temperature 312 K.If the flow is isothermal throughout the duct determine (a) the length of the duct
required to change the Mach number to 0.7,(b) pressure and temperature of air at M =0.7 (c) the length
of the duct required to attain limiting Mach number, and(d) state of air at the limiting Mach number.
compare these values with those obtained in adiabatic flow. (16)

4) A convergent –divergent nozzle is provided with a pipe of constant cross-section at its exit the exit
diameter of the nozzle and that of the pipe is 40cm. The mean coefficient of friction for the pipe is
0.0025. Stagnation pressure and temperature of air at the nozzle entry are 12 bar and 600k. The flow is
isentropic in the nozzle and adiabatic in the pipe.The Mach numbers at the entry and exit of the pipe are
1.8 and 1.0respectively .Determine a) The length of the pipe , (4)b) Diameter of the nozzle throat,and (6)
c) Pressure and temperature at the pipe exit. (6)

5) Show that the upper and lower branches of a Fanno curve represent subsonic and supersonic flows
respectively . prove that at the maximum entropy point Mach number is unity and all processes
approach this point .How would the state of a gas in a flow change from the supersonic to subsonic
branch ? (16)

6)The Mach number at the exit of a combustion chamber is 0.9. The ratio of stagnation temperature at
exit and entry is 3.74. If the pressure and temperature of the gas at exit are 2.5 bar and 1000˚C
respectively determine (a) Mach number ,pressure and temperature of the gas at entry(b) the heat
supplied/kg of the gas and(c)the maximum heat that can be supplied.Take γ= 1.3,Cp=1.218 KJ/KgK

7) The conditions of a gas in a combuster at entry are: P1=0.343bar ,T1 = 310K ,C1= 60m/s. Detemine
The Mach number ,pressure ,temperature and velocity at the exit if the increase in stagnation enthalpy
of the gas between entry and exit is 1172.5KJ/Kg.Take Cp=1.005KJ/KgK, γ =1.4
8) A combustion chamber in a gas turbine plant receives air at 350 K ,0.55bar and 75 m/s .The air –fuel
ratio is 29 and the calorific value of the fuel is 41.87 MJ/Kg .Taking γ=1.4 and R =0.287 KJ/kg K forthe gas
determine.a) The initial and final Mach numbers, (4)b) Final pressure ,temperature and velocity of the
gas, (4)c) Percent stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber , and (4)d) The maximum
stagnation temperature attainable.

9) Obtain an equation representing the Rayleigh line . Draw Rayleigh lines on the h-s and p-v planes for
two different values of the mass flux. Show that the slope of the Rayleigh line on the p-v plane is {dp/dv}
= þ² c²

10)The state of a gas (γ=1.3,R =0.469 KJ/Kg K) upstream of a normal shock is given by the following data:
Mx =2.5, px= 2bar ,Tx =275K calculate the Mach number ,pressure,temperature and velocity of the gas
downstream of the shock; check the calculated values with those give in the gas tables.

11) The ratio of th exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4.0 .The Mach number of a jet of air
approaching the diffuser at p0=1.013 bar, T =290 K is 2.2 .There is a standing normal shock wave just
outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the diffuser is isentropic . Determine at the exit of the diffuser. 1.
Mach number , (4)2. Temperature, and (4)3. Pressure (4)4. What is the stagnation pressure loss
between the initial and final states of the flow ?

12) The velocity of a normal shock wave moving into stagnant air (p=1.0 bar, t=17˚C ) is 500 m/s . If the
area of cross- section of the duct is constant determine (a) pressure (b) temperature (c) velocity of air
(d) stagnation temperature and (e) the mach number imparted upstream of the wave front. (16) 4) The
following data refers to a supersonic wind tunnel:Nozzle throat area =200cm² Test section cross- section
=337.5cm² Working fluid ;air (γ =1.4, Cp =0.287 KJ/Kg K) Determine the test section Mach number and
the diffuser throat area if a normal shock is located in the test section.

13) A supersonic diffuser for air (γ =1.4) has an area ratio of 0.416 with an inlet Mach number of 2.4
(design value). Determine the exit Mach number and the design value of the pressure ratio across the
diffuser for isentropic flow. At an off- design value of the inlet Mach number (2.7) a normal shock occurs
inside the diffuser .Determine the upstream Mach number and area ratio at the section where the shock
occurs, diffuser efficiency and the pressure ratio across the diffuser. Depict graphically the static
pressure distribution at off design.

14)Starting from the energy equation for flow through a normal shock obtain the following relations (or)
prandtl – meyer relation Cx Cy =a* ² M*x M*y =1

15)Air approaches a symmetrical wedge (δ =15˚) at a Mach number of 2.0.Determinefor the strong and
weak waves (a) wave angle (b) pressure ratio (c) density ratio,(d) temperature ratio and (e)downstream
Mach number Verify these values using Gas tables for normal shocks