Alexander the GreatAlexander’s Early Life Alexander the GreatThe ancient kingdom of northern Greece

was called Macedonia. This powerful empire was ruled by Alexander’s father, King Philip II. In 356 BCE,
in the Pella region of Macedonia, King Philip’s wife Queen Olympia gave birth to a son and named him
Alexander. Eventually Alexander would be known as Alexander the Great.

King Philip’s military campaigns meant that he was away from his family for extended periods of time.
Alexander resented the fact that he rarely saw his father. Young Alexander and his sister were raised in
the royal court by their mother who was a strong role model.

Leonidas was one of Alexander’s first tutors. Hired by King Philip to teach the dark-eyed, curly-haired
boy mathematics, archery, and horsemanship, Leonidas had trouble keeping control over his unruly
student. The next tutor King Philip hired to teach Alexander was a man by the name of Lysimachus. He
tried to get Alexander’s attention with role playing. Alexander’s interest in all things military became
clear during these lessons as he pretended to be the great warrior Achilles. break Aristotle Becomes
Alexander’s Tutor In 343 BCE, when Alexander was thirteen years old, his father hired the famous
philosopher Aristotle to tutor him at the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza. Aristotle was a master teacher
and in his classes Alexander and his friends learned about science and politics. Aristotle also taught them
drama, literature, poetry, and, of course, philosophy. Alexander loved Homer’s Iliad, the 15,000 line
Greek epic poem, set during the Trojan War. Aristotle created a shorter version of the Iliad for Alexander
to carry with him during his military campaigns. At the age of sixteen Alexander completed his education
and became a soldier. His first military campaign was against the Thracians, a group of Indo-European
tribes who had been allies of the Trojans when they fought against the Greeks. In 338 BCE, Alexander
helped his father in an important battle to defeat the Athenian and Theban armies. Once Alexander’s
father had succeeded in uniting all the Greek city-states with the exception of Sparta into the Corinthian
league, Philip’s relationship with Alexander came apart. He banished Olympia and Alexander and
married Cleopatra Eurydice*. break Alexander Becomes King of Macedonia During the festival following
the wedding of Alexander’s sister, King Philip was murdered by a Macedonian noble. Many people
suspected that Alexander and his mother had plotted to have Philip killed, but no one knew for certain.
Only nineteen years old at the time, Alexander quickly obtained the support of the army. To ensure that
her son would be ruler, Olympia had the daughter of King Philip and Cleopatra Eurydice murdered,
which drove her mother to suicide. Even though Alexander was now king, he wasn’t put in control of the
Corinthian league of Greek city-states. Now that Philip was dead, the states were divided once again.
However, Alexander sent his army south to the region of Thessaly and gained their support for his
leadership. At a meeting of the members of the league, Alexander worked for their support and received
it. With the exception of Athens, the other Greek city-states granted him full military power. After
making sure that Macedonia’s northern borders were secure, Alexander prepared to do battle with the
Persian Empire, a large kingdom to the east of Greece. break Alexander’s Campaigns and Conquests
Alexander the GreatBut before his conquest of the Persian Empire could occur, Alexander got news that
the Greek city-state of Thebes had forced out his Macedonian troops. He was concerned that there
would be a revolt of the Greek city-states, so he marched his huge army of over 3000 cavalry soldiers
and some 30,000 infantry soldiers to the tip of the Greek peninsula. He destroyed Thebes and this
caused fear among the city-states. Even Athens pledged their loyalty to him.

At the age of 22, in 334 BCE, he left for his Asiatic campaign. He and his armies faced and quickly
defeated Persian King Darius III’s army near the Grancius River. They rested for the winter at the
southern coast of Asia Minor. Ready for battle once again, they defeated the Persian troops in the
summer of 333 BCE. Even though Alexander’s troops were outnumbered, he created formations and
strategies that defeated the Persians. In November he captured King Darius and declared himself the
King of Persia. Next it was Alexander’s goal to conquer Egypt. He easily achieved this goal and in 331 he
created the city of Alexandria, named after him, of course, which became an important Greek cultural
and commerce center. Later that year, he defeated the Persians again at the Battle of Gaugamela. Now
Alexander was “King of Babylon and Asia.” He was, in effect, King of the four quarters of the known
world. Next he set his sights on eastern Iran, where he formed colonies under Macedonian rule. After
capturing Iranian Prince Oxyartes, he married the prince’s daughter, Rhoxana. India was next in 328 BCE.
He defeated King Porus’ armies in the north of India. He was impressed by Porus so he gave Porus back
his rule and won his loyalty. Alexander marched eastward to the Ganges river but his troops were
weary. They missed their wives and children and wanted to go back to Macedonia. Alexander was
wounded by Malli soldiers as they traveled back along the Indus river. He recovered and then he and his
armies headed north along the Persian Gulf. Many of them died or became ill. In 324 BCE they reached
the city of Susa, now in Iran. In order to unify Persia and Macedonia, he commanded that Macedonians
marry princesses from Persia. He recruited thousands of Persian soldiers and dismissed Macedonian
soldiers. This made his loyal soldiers very angry. He tried to appease them by killing 13 Persian military
leaders. break The Death of Alexander At the age of 32, Alexander became ill and died in Babylon,
Persia, now part of Iraq, while he was planning the conquests of Carthage and Rome. He might have
died of malaria, but many historians believe he might have been poisoned. His wife gave birth to his son
a few months later. Alexander’s empire collapsed after his death but over time the cultures of Greece
and the Orient blended and thrived due to Alexander’s empire.

BCE stands for Before Christ or Before the Common Era. Remember in this numbering system the year
334 comes after the year 356 by 22 years.

Cleopatra Eurydice was not the same famous Cleopatra from Egypt.