IPC2010-31007

FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF FATIGUE AND CORROSION FATIGUE

CRACK GROWTH RATE
Mohammad Hassan Canada Canada
Marvasti* Weixing Chen
Department of Department of Richard Kania
Chemical and Chemical and TransCanada
Materials Engineering Materials Engineering Pipelines Limited
University of Alberta University of Alberta Calgary, AB, Canada
Edmonton, AB, Edmonton, AB,
Robert Worthingham Gregory Van Boven
TransCanada Pipelines Limited Spectra Energy Transmission
Calgary, AB, Canada Limited
Vancouver, BC, Canada
ABSTRACT
Corrosion fatigue and fatigue crack growth in air tests were comparatively
conducted on an X52 pipelines steel. Fatigue crack growth rates in air were
lower than corrosion fatigue crack growth rates due to the absence of
hydrogen and mechanical dormancy arisen from low temperature creep at low
cyclic frequencies. Mechanical dormancy can commonly occur during
operation of both oil and gas pipelines. Crack growth in near neutral pH
environments can be well rationalized by a combined loading factor,
(ΔK)2Kmax/fα, which reflects the synergistic interaction between the
mechanical driving force and the hydrogen effects. Hydrogen plays a decisive
role in terms of crack growth in pipelines steels exposed to near neutral pH
environments.

IPC2010-
31032
PIPELINE GEO-HAZARD PREDICTION AND EARLY WARNING DURING
SUMMER MONSOON BASED ON GIS TECHNOLOGY
Shaohui JIA
PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center
Langfang, Hebei, China
ABSTRACT
In annual summer monsoon, geo-hazard is common. Monsoon-caused
casualties and economic losses throughout the year accounted for 70% ~
80% of the total annual losses. Also, geo-hazard is a serious threat for
pipeline operators to manage. Over 12,000 kilometers of pipelines with crude
oil, gas, and refined oil are operated by PetroChina Pipeline Company. The
pipelines, through sixteen provinces and cities, have been operated for over
forty years. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, as an effective
spatial analysis tool, provides advanced analysis for pipeline geo-hazard
prediction and early warning during summer monsoon based on field data and
historical precipitation records.
After many years of research and applicaton of our prediction model of
pipeline geo-hazard, an important link between geo-hazard and rainfall is
understood. Rainfall is the main triggering factor of geo-hazards such as
landslide and debris flow leading to heavy losses, especially rainstorm and
heavy rainstorm. We use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis with
predicted rainfall data the next twenty-four hours and the data of pipeline
geohazard susceptibility, and predict the severity of pipeline impacts caused
by geo-hazards during the next twenty-four hours. Finally, the result is
modified by existed geo-hazards data. The pipeline geo-hazard early warning
is divided into five ranks which are displayed by different colors, and pipelines
damaged by geo-hazards and protection measures are also proposed.
During July 16 and 17 of 2009 years, we released geo-hazard early warning
four rank of Lanzhou-Chengdu- Chongqing Oil Pipeline through PetroChina
Pipeline Company web page(http://www.gdgs.petrochina) and the
communication software of IM. The Lanzhou-Chengdu-Chongqing Oil Pipeline
Company acted promptly with a detailed deployment and emergency plan to
ensure pipeline safety.

IPC2010-31036
AN AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM USED IN
PIPELINE INTEGRITY ALIGNMENT SHEET DESIGN
Lei Guo Lijian Zhou Shaohui Jia
PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D
Center Center Center
Langfang,Hebei,China Langfang,Hebei,China Langfang,Hebei,China
Li Yi Haichong Yu Xiaoming Han
PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D
Center Center Center
Langfang,Hebei,China Langfang,Hebei,China Langfang,Hebei,China
ABSTRACT
Pipeline segmentation design is the first step to design alignment sheet. In
this step, several rectangular boxes are used to cover pipeline and each box
will become the basic unit of alignment sheet design. After studying various
pipeline alignment sheet mapping technologies, the author found that
traditional manual design method, which can take advantage of designers'
subjectivity, causes low work efficiency. By reviewing and studying existing
works at home and abroad, the author believed that it is possible and feasible
to develop an automatic segmentation algorithm based on existing curve
simplification algorithms to improve to improve the efficiency of pipeline
section design and alignment sheet mapping. Based on several classical
curve simplification algorithms, the author proposed the automatic
segmentation algorithm, which automatically adjusts the location of
rectangular boxes according to the number of pipeline/circle intersection
points and pipeline/ rectangular box intersection points. Finally, through
comparing time and result with the traditional manual
method, the author proved the algorithm’s effectiveness and feasibility.

IPC2010-
31038
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF TOP OF THE LINE
INTERNAL CORROSION OF SUBSEA PIPELINES ON THE BASIS OF IN-
LINE INSPECTION DATA
Luc Huyse Albert van Roodselaar John Onderdonk
Chevron ETC Chevron ETC Chevron Thailand E & P
Houston, TX, USA Houston, TX, USA Bangkok, Thailand

Boonchouay Jackson Baker Thomas Beuker

Wimolsukpirakul Chevron Thailand E & P Rosen Inspection
Chevron Thailand E & P Bangkok, Thailand Lingen, Germany
Bangkok, Thailand
Johannes Palmer Nija Amri Jemari
Rosen Inspection Rosen Inspection
Lingen, Germany Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The cost for repair or replacement of subsea pipelines is much higher than for
onshore pipelines. To a large extent, the repair or replacement decision
hinges on the outcome of fitness-for-service analyses that are in turn based
on the results of in-line inspections. It is therefore of utmost importance to
obtain in-line inspection data that are as accurate as possible. It has been
reported in the literature that MFL tools may significantly exaggerate the
localized wall loss for wet gas lines subject to top of the line corrosion.
This paper reports the results of a study on a Chevron asset that was initiated
to compare the performance of various inspection methods. Upon completion
of the in-line inspections, a section of the pipeline was recovered off the
ocean floor and subsequently replaced. The defect population of the
recovered pipeline section together with the high-definition automated
ultrasonic testing (AUT) results built the reference of the performance test of
several inline inspection techniques like magnetic flux leakage (MFL),
ultrasonic (UT) and a recently developed technology for accurate
measurement of shallow internal corrosion (SIC) that is based on eddy current
(EC) technology. The improvements in defect sizing that resulted from this
investigation are reported.

IPC2010-
31043
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES ON BURIED PIPELINE SUBJECTED TO
LANDSLIDE BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND REGRESSION
ANALYSIS
Bing Han Jianbin Hao
PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center School of Petroleum Engineering
Langfang, Hebei, China Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu,
Sichuan,China
PetroChina Pipeline R&D Center
Langfang, Hebei, China
Hongyuan Jing Jianping Liu Zhangzhong Wu
PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D PetroChina Pipeline R&D
Center Center Center
Langfang, Hebei, China Langfang, Hebei, China Langfang, Hebei, China

ABSTRACT
The integrity of oil and gas pipelines is seriously impacted by landslides in
tough terrain in western China. The quantitative assessment technology is an
effective method for pipelines risk management under threat of geohazard. In
order to establish the vulnerability assessment indexes system of pipelines
subjected to landslides, the numerical simulation based on the finite element
method is adopted to study the pipeline axial stresses. There are five kinds of
calculation schemes considered by changing the geometrical sizes and
inclination angles of landslide, the pipeline length passing through landslide
and buried depth of pipeline, and the axial stresses and bending moments of
pipeline can be obtained by means of numerical simulation for different
calculation conditions under the every kind of scheme. In the study,
regression analysis method is used to derive the axial stress equation of
pipeline from calculation results of numerical simulation by taking into
consideration the above five indexes. The feasibility and practicality of this
equation are verified by the given example of a pipeline passing through a
certain landslide in southwest China. The comparison analysis between the
monitoring data and calculation results shows that the calculation values
agree well with the monitoring data of pipeline axial stresses.
Key words: landslide; pipeline; stress analysis; numerical simulation;
regression analysis

IPC2010-
 31044
IMPROVED FACILITIES TO PREVENT AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF
THE ACTIONS OF THIRD PARTIES

Jaime Fariñas
Transierra S.A. Gary Nuñez
Integrity Management Program & Corrosion Transierra S.A.
Responsible Mechanical Maintenance Responsible
Cristo Redentor Ave. Km. 4 ½, PO Box 6800 Cristo Redentor Ave. Km. 4 ½, PO Box 6800
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Phone: +591-3-3146229 Phone: +591-3-3146167
Fax: +591-3-3410066 Fax: +591-3-3410066
email: jfarinas@transierra.com.bo email: gnunez@transierra.com.bo
ABSTRACT
Transierra is a gas transportation company that owns and operates the
Yacuiba - Rio Grande pipeline (GASYRG), 432 kilometers in length and 32
inches in diameter, which transports natural gas from southern Bolivia to the
Rio Grande compression station (Santa Cruz), and is part of the gas export
system to Brazil.
In September 2008 amid a scene of political upheaval, social protests and
roadblocks, Transierra suffered an intrusion that resulted in damage to the
pipeline, fire in the safety block valve SDV-03, environmental damage and
reduced transportation capacity.
With all the disadvantages of blocked roads, closed airports and lack of spare
parts, fuel and equipment; the damage was repaired and the pipeline was up
and running again in 60 hours. Given these circumstances, it became clear
that there are sensitive points in the pipeline that are highly vulnerable to the
actions of third parties.
This paper overviews the actions taken to the light of this new dynamic of
social environment in the affected area of the pipeline. Alternatives were
analyzed in order to make improvements in the protection of installations and
to guaranty operational continuity.
This incident forced us to take action to prevent, anticipate and mitigate any
malicious action of third parties. The purpose of this paper is to show our
experience in the approach, conceptualization, design and fabrication of a
prototype that would prevent and obstruct undesired access of third parties to
improperly manipulate or damage the proper functioning of the safety valves
elements, actuator and its
instrumentation, seeking to decrease the degree of risk exposure and
increasing the level of safety of facilities.
KEYWORDS: Pipeline, Pipeline Integrity, Third Party Actions, Facilities
Integrity, Facilities Improvements, Security.

IPC2010-31050
INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OF ETHANOL PIPELINES

Narasi Sridhar
Det Norske Veritas Feng Gui John Beavers
Research & Innovation Det Norske Veritas - Det Norske Veritas -
– USA Columbus Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA Dublin, OH – USA Dublin, OH – USA
Abstract
Future biofuel mix may contain ethanol from cellulosic materials, butanol, and
biodiesel from diverse sources. The anticipated variable mix introduces
technical and business uncertainties to pipeline companies requiring a flexible
risk management framework. The technical issues are outlined in this paper
along with approaches to risk management. The bow tie approach is
discussed as a method to assess overall risk and communicate it throughout
an organization. Direct assessment methods and their applicability to biofuel
pipelines are also discussed.
Keywords: biofuel, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, steel, non-ferrous
metals, elastomers.

IPC2010-
31051
EFFECT OF ETHANOL CHEMISTRY ON SCC OF CARBON STEEL –
RESULTS OF A ROUND ROBIN TESTING
Narasi Sridhar
Det Norske Veritas Feng Gui Elizabeth Trillo
Research & Innovation – Det Norske Veritas - Southwest Research
USA Columbus Institute
Dublin, OH – USA Dublin, OH – USA San Antonio, TX – USA
Preet M. Singh
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA – USA
ABSTRACT
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of carbon steel in fuel
grade ethanol varies as a function of major and minor constituents in ethanol.
The results of a round-robin testing on six different ethanol batches are
presented.
Significant variations in test results between the laboratories may result from
apparently minor differences in test procedures. The variation in SCC
susceptibility of different ethanol chemistries appear to be small.
Keywords: Fuel grade ethanol, stress corrosion cracking, steel.

IPC2010-
31053
EFFECT OF LIQUID IMPURITIES ON CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL IN
SUPERCRITICAL CO2
Francois Ayello Kenneth Evans Det Norske Veritas
Det Norske Veritas Det Norske Veritas - Research & Innovation –
Research & Innovation – Columbus USA
USA Dublin, OH – USA Dublin, OH – USA
Dublin, OH – USA Narasi Sridhar
Ramgopal Thodla
Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH – USA
ABSTRACT
The increasing urgency to mitigate global warming has driven many efforts to
control green house gas emissions. One solution among many is carbon
capture and storage. However, CO2 emitters are not necessarily in the close
vicinity of potential geologic storage sites. In consequence CO2 will be
transported from generation site to storage sites under high pressures. This
will necessitate a network of pipelines gathering supercritical CO2 from
diverse sources and transporting it through transmission lines to the storage
sites.
These pipelines will be under corrosion risks, particularly because of possible
carryover of trace impurities produced from the different sources, such as
water, chloride, NOx, SOx, and O2. The effects of impurities on corrosion in
supercritical CO2 have yet to be evaluated systematically. Corrosion of
carbon steel associated with water and impurities in supercritical CO2 was
studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in autoclaves. Five
impurities were studied by introducing them in the liquid condensed phase:
water, amine, HCl, HNO3 and NaOH. Results were analyzed in terms of the
phase behavior and speciation.
Keywords: Amine, CO2 supercritical, corrosion, HCl, HNO3, impurities,
NaOH.

IPC2010-31060

KOC’S INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR NON-PIGGABLE

PIPELINES- A CASE STUDY
Ashish Khera Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin
Allied Engineers Kuwait Oil Company- Inspection &
213 New Delhi House, Corrosion
27 Barakhamba Road, P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
New Delhi-110001,India 610008, Kuwait
Phone: +91-11-23314928 Phone: +965-23981304
akhera@alliedengineer.com amithin@kockw.com
James E. Marr Shabbir T. Safri
TransCanada Pipeline Ltd. Kuwait Oil Company-Inspection &
450- 1st Street S.W., Corrosion
Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
T2P 5H1, Canada 610008, Kuwait
Phone: +403-920-5410 Phone: +955-23861527
jim_marr@transcanada.com ssafri@kockw.com
Saleh Al-Sulaiman
Kuwait Oil Company- Inspection & Corrosion
P.O. Box 9758, Ahmadi
610008, Kuwait
Phone: +965-23984392 ssulaima@kockw.com

ABSTRACT
More than half of the world's oil and gas pipelines are classified as non-
piggable1. Pipeline operators are becoming aware there are increased
business and legislative pressures to ensure that appropriate integrity
management techniques are developed, implemented and monitored for the
safe and reliable operation of their pipeline asset.
The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has an ongoing “Total Pipeline Integrity
Management System (TPIMS)” program encompassing their entire pipeline
network. In the development of this program it became apparent that not all
existing integrity management techniques could be utilized or applied to each
pipeline within the system. KOC, upon the completion of a risk assessment
analysis, simply separated the pipelines into two categories consisting of
piggable and non-piggable lines. The risk analysis indicated KOC‟s pipeline
network contains more than 200 non-piggable pipelines, representing more
than 60% of their entire pipeline system. These non-piggable pipelines were
to be assessed by utilizing External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) for
the threat of external corrosion. Following the risk analysis, a baseline
external corrosion integrity assessment was completed for each pipeline.
The four-step, iterative External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA)
process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple
indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment
of the documented results. This case study will describe the available
correlation results following the four steps of the DA process for specific non-
piggable lines. The results of the DA program will assist KOC in the
systematic evaluation of each individual non-piggable pipeline within their
system.

IPC2010-
31079
A case study of the crack sizing performance of the Ultrasonic Phased
Array combined crack and wall loss inspection tool on the Centennial
pipeline, the defect evaluation, including the defect evaluation, field
feature verification and tool performance validation (performed by
Marathon Oil, DNV and GE Oil & Gas).
T. Hrncir. S. Turner
Marathon Pipe Line LLC Marathon Pipe Line LLC
539 South Main St 539 South Main St
Findley, OH 419/306-4087 Findley, OH 419/306­4087
SJ Polasik P. Vieth
DNV Columbus, Inc BP E&P
5777 Frantz Rd 501 Westlake Park Blvd MS 20.127C
Dublin, OH 43017 Houston, TX 77079-8696
D.Allen I.Lachtchouk
GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10, Lorenzstrasse 10,
D­76297 Stutensee, Germany D­76297 Stutensee, Germany,
P. Senf GE Oil & Gas -PII Pipeline Solutions
GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions 4908 – 52nd Street SE
Lorenzstrasse 10, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3R2, Canada
D­76297 Stutensee, Germany, Tel: +1 403 204 5255
G. Foreman Email: geoff.foreman@ge.com
ABSTRACT
GE performed an ultrasonic phased-array (USCD DUO) in-line inspection (ILI)
survey of a 24-inch and 26-inch products pipeline. The primary purpose of this
ILI survey was to detect and characterize stress corrosion cracking (SCC). A
dig verification was subsequently performed throughout 2008 in order to
establish a higher level of confidence in the detection and depth-sizing
capabilities of this technology. Presented herein is an overview of the USCD
technology and experience, the method used for validating the ILI survey
results, enhancements to the ILI data analysis, and the impact on managing
the integrity of the subject line section.

IPC2010-31091
VALIDATION OF LATEST GENERATION EMAT IN-LINE INSPECTION
 TECHNOLOGY FOR SCC MANAGEMENT
Jim Marr, TransCanada Stephan Tappert, GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
450 – 1st Street S.W., Lorenzstrasse 10,
Calgary, Alberta T2P 5H1 D-76297 Stutensee, Germany,
Phone ++1-403- 920-5410, Phone ++49-7244/732-185,
jim_marr@transcanada.com stephan.tappert@ge.com
Elvis San Juan Riverol, TransCanada
450 – 1st Street S.W.,
Calgary, Alberta T2P 5H1
Phone ++1-403- 920-6361,
elvis_sanjuan@transcanada.com
Andy Mann, GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Atley Way,
NE23 1WW Cramlington, Great Britain,
Phone ++44-191/247-3463,
andy.mann@ge.com
Jörg Weislogel, GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
Lorenzstrasse 10,
D-76297 Stutensee, Germany,
Phone ++49-7244/732-469,
joerg.weislogel@ge.com
Sun Jiangang, GE Oil & Gas PII Pipeline Solutions
1003 11th Street S.W..,
Calgary, Alberta T2R 1G2
Phone ++1-403-298-0227,
jiangang.sun@ge.com
ABSTRACT
TransCanada typically manages the integrity of sections of gas transmission
pipelines that are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) by
periodically performing hydrostatic testing.
Interest in an alternative approach to manage pipeline integrity in the
presence of SCC and other forms of longitudinally oriented defects resulted in
the endorsement of the latest generation of dry coupled in-line inspection tool.
GE´s EMAT In-Line Inspection (ILI) tool uses the electromagnetic acoustic
transducer technology to meet this requirement.
This paper will summarize field experience results of the latest generation
Emat In-Line inspection tool, which is commercial available since September
2008. It demonstrates, that the challenges have been overcome, the targets
have been achieved, and the tool delivers the information of a distinguished
ability of detection, sizing and discrimination performance, key parameters to
conduct an effective pipeline integrity program.

IPC 2010-
31095
STRENGTH OF LINE PIPE WITH DENT AND CRACK DEFECT
Abu Rafi, Jorge Silva, Sara Kenno, Sreekanta Das
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Windsor
401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4
Tel: (519) 253 3000 Ext. 2507; Fax: (519) 971 3686; e-mail: rafia@uwindsor.ca
Richard Kania and Rick Yahua Wang
TransCanada Pipelines
Calgary, AB, Canada T2P 4K5
ABSTRACT
Pipeline industry and various research organizations have been undertaking
studies to understand how the pressure strength of line pipes reduces as the
defects in the line pipes grow. Defect in pipe lines can be in the form of
corrosion, dent, wrinkle, gouge, crack, and combinations of these. A large
number of
studies have been completed in developing methods for determining the
pressure strength of line pipes with dent and gouge defects and also in the
form of combined dent-gouge defect. Some of these studies were undertaken
with the intention of determining the pressure strength of line pipes when a
combined dent and crack (dent-crack) defect has formed. However, in these
studies no cracks were simulated in
the test pipe specimens; instead, a gouge (machined cut or notch) was
produced and considered as a crack. Therefore, it is not realistic to call this
defect a dent-crack defect; rather, it should be called dent-gouge defect.
Hence, the current project is being undertaken at the University of Windsor to
study how the dent-crack defect influences the pressure strength of line pipes.
In this study, a crack in true sense was introduced in the pipe wall. Two
different techniques were used to simulate the crack in the pipe wall. This
paper discusses the procedures used in this study to simulate crack and dent.
In addition, the test procedure and test data obtained from denting and
pressure tests are discussed.

IPC2010-31099
TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRIP REINFORCEMENT FOR PIPELINE
EXTERNAL REHABILITATION
David J. Miles Tim J.M. Bond
Pipestream Inc. Pipestream Inc.
Houston, Texas, USA Houston, Texas, USA
Raymond N. Burke Ruben van Schalkwijk
Pipestream Inc. RvS-Engineering
Houston, Texas, USA Huizen, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
A new technology for external rehabilitation of pipelines, known as XHab™,
has been developed. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of ultra-
high strength steel strip (UHSS) in a helical form continuously over an
extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine.
The reinforcement afforded by the strip can be used to bring a defective
section of pipe (e.g. externally corroded or dented) back to its original
allowable operating conditions, or even to increase the allowable operating
pressure if the desired operating conditions exceed the original pipeline
design limits.
This paper describes the full scale burst testing and analysis of defective
pipes which have been repaired using the XHab process. The full scale test
sections are 30” × 0.5” API 5L X52 DSAW pipe and include the following
specimens:
• Bare pipe with no defects;
• Bare pipe with single machined defect;
• Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and designed reinforcement;
• Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and insufficient reinforcement;
• Wrapped pipe with interacting defect array and designed reinforcement
The above full scale burst tests are supplemented by FEA models using
ABAQUS. The material models for the steel pipe, UHSS strip, defect patch
material and strip adhesive are based on measured data from the batch tests
and tuned against the control burst test results. The structural behavior in the
individual metallic and non-metallic elements can therefore be examined more
closely, particularly in the region of the defect and where the wrapped strip
crosses seam and girth welds.

IPC2010-
31101
MEETING THE GEOHAZARDS MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES OF ANNEX
N Martin Zaleski Tom Greaves Jan Bracic
BGC Engineering Inc. Pembina Pipeline Corp. Pembina Pipeline Corp.
Vancouver, British Calgary, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Columbia, Canada
ABSTRACT
The Canadian Standards Association’s Publication Z662-07, Annex N
provides guidelines for pipeline integrity management programs. Government
agencies that regulate pipelines in Alberta, British Columbia and other
Canadian jurisdictions are increasingly using Annex N as the standard to
which pipeline operators are held.
This paper describes the experience of Pembina Pipeline Corporation
(Pembina) in implementing a geohazards management program to fulfill
components of Annex N. Central to Pembina’s program is a ground-based
inspection program that feeds a geohazards database designed to store
geotechnical and hydrotechnical site information and provide relative rankings
of geohazard sites across the pipeline network. This geohazard management
program fulfills several aspects of the Annex, particularly: record keeping;
hazard identification and assessment; risk assessment and reduction;
program planning; inspections and monitoring; and mitigation.
Pembina’s experience in growing their geohazard inventory from 65 known
sites to over 1300 systematically inspected and catalogued sites in a span of
approximately two years is discussed. Also presented are methods by which
consultants and Pembina personnel contribute to the geohazard inspection
program and geohazard inventory, and how the ground inspection
observations trigger follow-up inspections, monitoring and mitigation activities.

IPC2010-
31111
RESPONSE OF BURIED PLASTIC PIPELINES SUBJECT TO LATERAL
GROUND MOVEMENT
Lalinda Weerasekara and Dharma Wijewickreme*
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
ABSTRACT
The performance of pipelines in areas prone to ground deformations is a
major concern for utility owners since the failures of such pipeline systems
could cause property damage and even human losses, in addition to business
disruption. An analytical solution to determine the response of plastic pipelines
subject to abrupt relative ground movement occurring perpendicular to the
pipe axis is presented herein. The method accounts for the combined impacts
of tension and bending in a pipe segment. Furthermore, the model considers
the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of the pipe material and employs an
advanced analytical model to calculate the frictional force development along
the pipeline. The results obtained from this analytical approach are validated
by comparing with the results obtained from a numerical model using soil-
spring analysis and the actual viscoelastic material behavior for the pipe
material.

IPC2010-31112
INLINE INSPECTION: BOTH EFFECTIVE DATA COLLECTION AND
INTERPRETATION NEEDED TO ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY REPORTING
RESULTS
James R. Walker Solutions GE Oil & Gas, PII
GE Oil & Gas, PII Houston, Texas Pipeline
Pipeline Paul Mallaburn Solutions
Cramlington, UK GE Oil & Gas, PII Solutions
Derek Balmer Pipeline Cramlington, UK
ABSTRACT
Historically, pipeline operators have tended to place more weight on inline
inspection tool specifications than on the inherent design and reporting
capabilities of the service providers themselves. While internal collection of
integrity data is very important, it’s imperative that vendors, also, have high
levels of expertise and effective quality control systems in place to
successfully analyze exceedingly high volumes of inspection data. The quality
of inspection information is vital to assessing if a pipeline is fit for purpose now
and/or into the future.
Integrity managers attempting to reduce overall operating risk by making
decisions based on inaccurate or poor quality reporting are in fact exposing
their networks to greater safety and financial risk.
Recognizing these risks and that inline inspection (ILI) is an overall system
that needs to be formally qualified, operators and ILI service providers have
collaborated to develop several international standards. The most recent is
the umbrella API- 1163 industry consensus standard, which is now being
widely adopted, primarily in USA. This standard provides requirements and
recommended practices for qualification of the entire ILI process. Two
companion standards: ASNT In-line Personnel Qualification and Certification
Standard No. ILI-PQ and NACE Recommended Practice In-Line Inspection of
Pipelines RP0102 combine to address specific requirements for personnel
who operate and analyze the results of ILI systems. In Europe, the Pipeline
Operators Forum (POF) has, also, established specific requirements for ILI
reporting processes and data formats.
However, these standards do not define how operators and vendors must
meet these requirements. To follow will be a story about how an ILI service
provider embraced a holistic approach to address these standards’
requirements, in particular in the areas of data analysis, reporting, and dig
verification due to their significant importance in assuring the final quality of its
deliverables. A key outcome desired will be to provide operators with greater
insight into what best practices and technologies ILI service providers should
have embraced and invested in to insure reliable service delivery.

IPC2010-31114
A REVIEW OF CRACK DETECTION IN-LINE INSPECTION CASE STUDIES

Neil Bates, P.Eng David Lee, EIT Cliff Maier

DNV Canada Ltd. DNV Canada Ltd. DNV Canada Ltd.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 ABSTRACT
This paper describes case studies involving crack detection in-line inspections and
fitness for service assessments that were performed based on the inspection data.
The assessments were used to evaluate the immediate integrity of the pipeline
based on the reported features and the long-term integrity of the
pipeline based on excavation data and probabilistic SCC and fatigue crack growth
simulations.
Two different case studies are analyzed, which illustrate how the data from an
ultrasonic crack tool inspection was used to assess threats such as low frequency
electrical resistance weld seam defects and stress corrosion cracking. Specific
issues, such as probability of detection/identification and the length/depth accuracy
of the tool, were evaluated to determine the suitability of the tool to accurately
classify and size different types of defects.
The long term assessment is based on the Monte Carlo method [1], where the
material properties, pipeline details, crack growth parameters, and feature
dimensions are randomly selected from certain specified probability distributions to
determine the probability of failure versus time for the pipeline segment. The
distributions of unreported crack-related features from the excavation program are
used to distribute unreported features along the pipeline.
Simulated crack growth by fatigue, SCC, or a combination of the two is performed
until failure by either leak or rupture is predicted. The probability of failure
calculation is performed through a number of crack growth simulations for each of
the reported and unreported features and tallying their respective remaining lives.
The results of the probabilistic analysis were used to determine the most effective
and economical means of remediation by identifying areas or crack mechanisms
that contribute most to the probability of failure.

IPC2010 - 31116
EVOLUTION OF TRIAX MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE INSPECTION FOR MITIGATION OF
SPIRAL WELD ANOMALIES
Qingshan Feng Jeff Sutherland Bill Gu
Director, Pipeline Integrity Chief Engineer Country Manager - China
PetroChina Pipeline Company GE PII Pipeline Solutions GE PII Pipeline Solutions
Langfang, China Calgary AB Canada Beijing, China
 ABSTRACT
With an overall objective for broad and confident integrity management of the
PetroChina Pipeline Company's pipeline network, we illustrate the impact of a
collaborative effort between PetroChina and GE Oil & Gas for the inspection and
mitigation of spiral weld anomalies, particularly for new advanced assessments of
features oriented along and within the spiral weld.
Tool configuration, sensor types and the role of novel data analysis techniques
including magnetic vector component measurements, is presented as a set to
address a broader variety of spiral weld threats, while ensuring a high level of
operational robustness and reliability.
This paper describes some of the science behind the art, and describes the
fundamentals of MFL magnetics and it's evolution as an ILI technology into the 21 st
century for spiral weld anomaly inspection.

IPC2010-31123
DETERMINATION OF PIPE GIRTH WELD FRACTURE TOUGHNESS USING SENT
SPECIMENS
Henryk G Pisarski
TWI Ltd
Granta Park,Great Abington,Cambridge, CB21 6AL,UK
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the basis for the use of SENT or SE(T) specimens as described
in DNV RP F108, their limitations and aspects about specimen preparation testing
and analysis procedures that need to be addressed in order to standardise the test
better. Examples are given comparing the effect of crack tip constraint in a SE(T)
specimen with a circumferential crack in a pipe subjected to axial straining and
axial strain plus internal pressure. The variations in crack front straightness, the
effect of specimen geometry on the J resistance curve as well as the accuracy of
the J estimation procedure are presented. The use and limitations of CTOD
estimation procedure based on measurement of crack mouth opening
displacement as a fracture toughness parameter is discussed.

IPC2010-31124
VALIDATION OF LATEST GENERATION MFL IN-LINE INSPECTION
TECHNOLOGY LEADS TO IMPROVED DETECTION AND SIZING
SPECIFICATION FOR PINHOLES, PITTING, AXIAL GROOVING AND
AXIAL SLOTTING
Jeff Sutherland, Chief Engineer Calgary, Alberta T2B 3R2, Canada
PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE Tel: +1 403 204 5255
Oil & Gas Email: jeff.sutherland@ge.com
4908 – 52nd Street SE Martin Bluck, Product Manager
PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23
Oil & Gas 1WW, UK
Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial Tel: +44 191 247 3429
Estate, Email: martin.bluck@ge.com
Justin Pearce, COE Leader, Email: justin.pearce@ge.com
Magnetics Eric Quick, Regional Sales Manager
PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE
Oil & Gas Oil & Gas
Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial 7105 Business Park Road
Estate, Houston, TX
Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 Tel: +1 713 849 6311
1WW, UK Email: eric.quick@ge.com
Tel: +44 191 247 3200
ABSTRACT
In 1996, the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF) published its first version of an In
Line Inspection Specification to standardize how an operator and vendor would
undertake a pipeline inspection. Within the POF specification, anomalies have
been classified into categories as a function of their length and width in order to
allow vendors to state their Probability of Detection and sizing tolerances for each
classification. In the latest 2009 revision, there is an increased visibility for all
corrosion categories Previously, when utilizing conventional MFL tools, ILI vendors
were not capable of supplying probability of detection and sizing specifications for
several categories such as Pinholes and Axial Slotting. Recent advancements with
MFL technologies have allowed performance improvements to be made detection
and sizing for Pinholes, Pitting, Axial Grooving and Axial Slotting.
This paper will summarize experience gained from both pull through and field
results of the latest generation MFL Technology leveraging data from a high
density array of axial, radial, & transverse sensors. The data will show there is a
distinguishable improvement in the Probability of Detection and Sizing tolerances
for many of the POF categories which will allow pipeline operators make more
informed pipeline integrity decisions.

IPC2010-31128
PIPELINE MODELING AND ASSESSMENT IN UNSTABLE SLOPES
Carlos Nieves Cáceres Mauricio Pereira Ordoñez
Oleoducto Central S.A. SOLSIN S.A.S
Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia

ABSTRACT
The OCENSA pipeline system is exposed to different geotechnical problems,
including faults, landslides and/or creeping slopes. These problems are typical of
the Andes Mountains, especially in tropical countries like Colombia. Due to the fact
that the system was constructed buried, the pipe interaction with the surrounding
soil is a very important factor that must be taken into account in these unstable
places in order to guarantee the pipe integrity. In this paper, a methodology to
evaluate the pipe response under soil displacements in slow landslides is
proposed. This methodology consists of three different cases of analysis,
according to the characteristics of the place in study. It starts using a simplified
analytical model and ends with 3D finite element numerical simulations using the
real geometry of soil and pipe. The 3D continuum finite element models are made
using the general purpose nonlinear software ABAQUS/Standard. These models
are calibrated and validated with soil displacement data acquired from
geotechnical instrumentation and pipeline geometry information obtained from in-
line inspection tools. The models are used to predict the pipe behavior, estimating
the moment at which the pipe overpasses the allowable strains. Based on the
calculated strains, relief procedures are programmed and executed. These
activities allow the pipeline to relieve the strain caused by soil movements,
avoiding the occurrence of failures. For this reason, the proposed methodology is a
very important tool in the OCENSA pipeline integrity program, which has been
used successfully to assess the pipe condition in unstable areas and to take the
appropriate remediation and mitigation techniques.

IPC2010-31140

ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SCC IN A LIQUID PIPELINE

CASE STUDYPablo
Samarth Tandon Ming Gao
Cazenave
Blade Energy Partners Blade Energy Partners
Blade Energy Partners
Houston, Texas, USA Houston, Texas, USA
Houston, Texas, USA
Romina Peverelli
Ravi Krishnamurthy Esaú Diaz Solís
PIMS of London
Blade Energy Partners Pemex Refinación
London, UK
Houston, Texas, USA Cd de México, México

ABSTRACT
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a major concern for most gas and oil pipeline
operators. Extensive efforts continue to be made to develop strategies for a better
management of the problem. The quantification of the life cycle and risk of SCC
rupture for a post inspection integrity assessment requires knowledge of (1) Quality
of Inspection, namely POD (Probability of Detection), POI (Probability of
Identification) and Actual Sizing Tolerance (2) Material and Metallurgy; (3)
Appropriate Assessment Methods; and (4) Crack Growth Rates Previous
experience gained from the crack detection inspections showed POD and POI for
deep cracks are generally high, with sizing limited up to 40% wt. The uncertainty in
sizing for shallow cracks is usually higher, and may not meet the specified
tolerance at a specified certainty and confidence level. POD, POI and sizing
accuracy can be affected by the inspection operation including speed, other
defects and geometry irregularity along the pipeline. Therefore, the qualification of
the tool inspection performance directly impacts on the reliability of the assessment
and serves as the basis for a reliable assessment.
In this paper, an approach for managing high pH SCC in a 30” x 340 Km oil
pipeline in Mexico is presented. The approach consists of a comprehensive
verification excavation plan, a strict in-ditch NDT investigation protocol, statistical
models for POD, POI and sizing tolerance analyses, and an appropriate
assessment methodology supported by the material testing program. With all the
results obtained from application of the approach, the integrity management
strategies are developed. An action plan for future integrity is established and
being refined from time-to-time prior to next inspection.

IPC2010-31157
A STUDY OF CASES OF HYDROSTATIC TESTS WHERE MULTIPLE
TEST
FAILURES HAVE OCCURRED
 John F. Kiefner Kolin M. Kolovich
Kiefner and Associates, Inc. Kiefner and Associates, Inc.
Worthington, OH, U.S.A. Worthington, OH, U.S.A.
Shahani Kariyawasam
TransCanada Pipelines
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
The retesting of pipelines for integrity management purposes often involves
testing of pipelines where multiple test failures can be expected. Multiple
failures are most likely to occur when an existing pipeline is tested to a hoop
stress level in excess of those used in prior tests of the pipeline. A major
cause of such failures is seam manufacturing defects, but other types of
defects such as mechanical damage or stress corrosion cracking may cause
numerous failures as well. The occurrence of multiple failures can be costly in
terms of the time the pipeline must remain out of service. Multiple failures
sometimes involve pressure reversals that may affect confidence in the level
of integrity sought by the pipeline operator. The study described in this paper
involved a review of five actual cases of hydrostatic tests where multiple test
failures occurred. On the basis of these cases a method was developed for
predicting the ultimate number of failures required to reach a desired test level
from the pressure levels of the first few failures. In addition, an improved
method for estimating the probability of a pressure reversal of a given size
was developed. Pipeline operators could use these techniques to decide
when to terminate a hydrostatic test and to assess the effectiveness of the
test in terms of a level of confidence that an integrity-threatening pressure
reversal will not occur.

IPC2010-31158
EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND EVALUATION OF CRACK DEFECTS IN LINE
PIPE
Ali Hosseini Duane Cronin
University of Waterloo University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Alan Plumtree Richard Kania
University of Waterloo TransCanada Pipelines
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT
The retesting of pipelines for integrity management purposes often involves
testing of pipelines where multiple test failures can be expected. Multiple
failures are most likely to occur when an existing pipeline is tested to a hoop
stress level in excess of those used in prior tests of the pipeline. A major
cause of such failures is seam manufacturing defects, but other types of
defects such as mechanical damage or stress corrosion cracking may cause
numerous failures as well. The occurrence of multiple failures can be costly in
terms of the time the pipeline must remain out of service. Multiple failures
sometimes involve pressure reversals that may affect confidence in the level
of integrity sought by the pipeline operator. The study described in this paper
involved a review of five actual cases of hydrostatic tests where multiple test
failures occurred. On the basis of these cases a method was developed for
predicting the ultimate number of failures required to reach a desired test level
from the pressure levels of the first few failures. In addition, an improved
method for estimating the probability of a pressure reversal of a given size
was developed. Pipeline operators could use these techniques to decide
when to terminate a hydrostatic test and to assess the effectiveness of the
test in terms of a level of confidence that an integrity-threatening pressure
reversal will not occur.

IPC2010-31164

LONG TERM CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF CARBON STEEL DURING

ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC CYCLING UNDER NEAR-NEUTRAL pH
SALINE CONDITIONS
Brent W.A. Sherar Peter
G. Keech Zack Qin David Robert G. Worthigham
W. Shoesmith Fraser King TransCanada Pipelines Ltd
Department of Chemistry, Integrity Corrosion Calgary, AB, T2P 5H1,
The University of Western Consulting Ltd. Canada
Ontario London, ON, N6A Nanaimo, BC, V9T 1K2,
5B7, Canada Canada
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the long term corrosion behaviour of pretreated
carbon steel under alternating anaerobic to aerobic cycles over 238 days.
Changes in steel behaviour were observed electrochemically by monitoring
the corrosion potential, and calculating changes to corrosion rate from linear
polarization resistance. With increasing cycle number the corrosion process
becomes localized at a small number of locations, consistent with the
formation of tubercles. Periods of aerobic corrosion were associated with
more positive potentials (between _500 mV to _350 mV) and high corrosion
rates (70 to 120 μm yr-1); whereas anaerobic corrosion yielded more negative
potentials (< -650 mV) and lower corrosion rates (40 to 50 μm yr-1). Upon
termination of the experiment, corrosion product deposits were characterized
by several techniques: scanning electrochemical microscopy to detect
morphology; focused ion beam and cross sectioning to judge film thickness
and film porosity; and Raman Spectroscopy to identify iron phases.
 IPC2010-31167
GUIDANCE FOR SELECTING SCC DIRECT ASSESSMENT LOCATIONS AND
ESTIMATION OF RE-INSPECTION INTERVALS

Fraser King, Integrity Corrosion Consulting Ltd., Nanaimo, BC, Canada

Mark Piazza, Pipeline Research Council International, Falls Church, VA, USA
Robert Worthingham, TransCanada Pipelines Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada

ABSTRACT
A significant amount of research and development has been carried out on
the mechanism of the stress corrosion cracking of underground pipelines.
This paper describes the results of a study, co-funded by PRCI, the US DOT,
and pipelines companies, to bring together the results of these various studies
in the form of a set of guidelines that will assist companies in identifying the
most likely SCC locations on their systems and in predicting how frequently
inspection or other mitigation is required.
The guidelines have been developed along mechanistic lines, and are divided
into four “steps” representing: susceptibility to SCC, crack initiation, early-
stage growth and dormancy, and crack growth to failure. For each step, a
series of Research Guidelines has been derived from the results of individual
research papers or studies. These Research Guidelines may or may not be
easily validated against field data. The SCC Guidelines were then developed
based on one or more Research Guidelines. Wherever possible, the SCC
Guidelines have been validated against field data, but in some cases currently
un-testable SCC Guidelines were defined because they offer a potentially
unique opportunity to identify where and when SCC might occur.

IPC2010-31183
THE LIMIT LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR PIPE BEND WITH AXIAL PART-
THROUGH DEFECT
Orynyak I.V.
G.S. Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength, National Ac. Sci. of Ukraine
or@ipp.kiev.ua
Lokhman I.V.
SC Ukrtransgas, Kyiv, Ukraine
Okhrimchuk S.O.
SC Ukrtransgas, Kyiv, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
Pipe bend is very complicated element for the structural integrity
assessment. Up to day there is no conventionally adopted technique
for limit load calculation of pipe bend even without any defect. The
problem is that at application of outer bending moment the pipe
bend cross section ovalizes and the process of deformation can be
described only with accounting for the geometrical nonlinearity.
The paper deal with limit load calculation for pipe bend with axial
part-through defect for particular case when circumferential stresses
originated both from inner pressure and outer bending moment
dominate over axial stresses from the moment and axial force.
Two extreme cases are considered at start. First one is the action of
the inner pressure only. The “Institute for Problems of Strength limit
load model” (IPS model) can be applied here without any
restrictions. The second case is consideration of circumferential
bending stresses which have appeared due to ovalization from the
outer bending moment. The model of the transmission of stresses
from the defected region to the undamaged regions is suggested
and the resulting formula for the stress concentration (or strength
reduction) coefficient is obtained.
At last the simultaneous action of both loadings is considered. As
result the analytical formula for the reference stress calculation
which is similar in appearance to that of API 579 for accounting for
membrane stress as well as bending stress is suggested. The only
difference is that strength reduction coefficients are considered for
both the membrane stresses from inner pressure and bending stress
from ovalization. This differs from API 579 approach where the
influence of the defects length on the bending stresses is not taken
into account.

IPC2010-31190

THE ROLE OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS IN NEAR-NEUTRAL

PH SCC INITIATION MECHANISM(S)
Abdoulmajid Eslami, Mohammadhassan Marvasti,
Weixing Chen, Reg Eadie
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Richard Kania,
Bob Worthingham
TransCanada Pipeline Limited Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Greg Van Boven
Spectra Energy
Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada

ABSTRACT
In order to improve our understanding of near-neutral pH SCC initiation
mechanism(s), a comprehensive test setup was used to study the
electrochemical conditions beneath the disbonded coatings in cracking
environments. In this setup the synergistic effects of cyclic loading, coating
disbondment, and cathodic protection were considered. Our previous results
showed that there can be a significant variation in the pH of the localized
environment under the disbonded coating of pipeline steel. The pH inside the
disbondment can change significantly from near-neutral to high pH values,
strongly depending on the level of cathodic protection and CO2 concentration.
Both of these variables affected the electrochemical conditions on the steel
surface and therefore the initiation mechanisms. This work highlights the role
of electrochemical conditions in near-neutral pH SCC initiation mechanisms.

IPC2010-31193
A DECISION MAKING METHOD OF PIPELINE RISK ASSESSMENT
Hong Lu
Visser Consulting Ltd
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Allison Denby
Visser Consulting Ltd
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
The pipeline risk assessment has been more and more widely used in the
industry because of economic factors and regulatory requirements. The three
most popular risk assessment methods are qualitative method (simple
decision making matrix method), semi-quantitative method (score index
method) and quantitative method. The decision-making matrix method greatly
depends on expert’s opinion, and does not provide much information to
optimize the mitigation program. The quantitative method provides details of
mitigation options, mitigation criteria, and prioritizations, but requires a lot of
input data that the pipeline operators usually do not have. The score index
risk assessment is widely used in the pipeline industry. The input data is
relatively easy to acquire. The method provides details of mitigation options
and relative risk values.
The score index risk assessment is a relative method. Upstream pipeline
operators often have questions, such as “Which is the most effective
mitigation option to use with my limited resources?” and how the index scores
relate with the actual failure frequencies and failure consequence. In order to
effectively answer these questions, this paper outlines a method to correlate
the probability of failure score with actual failure probability, and leak impact
factor score with actual failure consequence in monetary units. Rather than
using the final risk score, this method applies the monetarily calibrated
consequence factor to the probability of failure so that a normalized and
calibrated risk in monetary unit is obtained. By comparing the cost of an
estimated mitigation program, the decision can be made based on relative
risk. This process is straightforward and practical for industrial application,
especially for upstream companies where operators have limited resources to
run an in-depth risk assessment. A case study is presented using this method
based on upstream pipelines.

IPC2010-31197
PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY OF PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE FOR PIPELINES
S.A. Timashev, A.V. Bushinskaya
Science and Engineering Center “Reliability and Safety of Large Systems”
Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, 620049,Russia

ABSTRACT
Predictive maintenance (PdM) is the leading edge type of maintenance. Its
principles are currently broadly used to maintain industrial assets [16]. Yet
PdM is as yet not embraced by the pipeline industry. The paper describes a
comprehensive practical risk based methodology of predictive maintenance of
pipelines for different criteria of failure. For pipeline systems the main criterion
is integrity.
One of the main causes of loss of containment is pipe wall defects which grow
in time. Any type of analysis of pipeline state (residual life time, probability of
failure (POF), etc.,) is based on the sizes of discovered defects, which are
assessed during the ILI or DA.
In the developed methodology pipeline strength is assessed using one of the
five internationally recognized design codes (the B31G, B31mod, DNV,
Battelle, Shell 92). The pipeline POF is calculated by the comprehensive
Gram-Charlier-Edgeworth method [14]. Having in mind that the repair actions
are executed on particular cross-sections of the pipeline, the POF are
calculated for each defect present in the pipeline. When calculating POFs, the
defect sizes (depth, length and width), wall thickness and pipe diameter,
 SMYS of the pipe material, the radial and longitudinal corrosion rates, and
operating pressure (OP) are considered random variables each distributed
according to its PDF.
In the proposed method of PdM of pipelines the remaining life time can be
assessed using following criteria: POF = Qth; dd = 80%wt; SMOP = МAОР;
ERF = MAOP/SMOP, if ERF ≥ 1, the pipeline needs immediate repair; dd =
100%wt. Here Qth is the ultimate permissible POF, dd is the depth of the most
dangerous defect, wt is pipe wall thickness, SMOP is the maximal safe
operating pressure SMOP = DF·Pf, MAOP is the Maximum Allowable
Operating Pressure, Pf is the failure pressure, DF is the design factor (for
B31Gmod DF = 1.39), ERF is the Estimated Repair Factor. The above criteria
are arranged in descending order according to the growing level of their
severity in time.
The prediction of future sizes of growing defects and the pipeline remaining
life time are obtained by using consistent assessments of their corrosion rates
CRs. In the PdM methodology these CRs may be considered as deterministic,
semi-probabilistic or fully stochastic values. Formulas are given for assessing
the CRs using results of one ILI, two consecutive ILI, with or without
verification measurements, and for the case when several independent types
of measurements are used to assess the defect sizes.
The paper describes results of implementation of the developed methodology
on a real life pipeline. The time to reach each of the limit states given above
was calculated, using results of two consecutive ILI divided by a three year
interval. Knowledge of these arrival times permits minimizing the maintenance
expenditures without creating any threats to its integrity and safety.

IPC2010-31211
FAILURE ASSESSMENT FOR GIRTH WELD DEFECTS OF PIPELINE
Qingshan Feng
Pipeline Research Center of PetroChina,Langfang, Hebei,China
School of Material Science and Engineering,BUAA, Beijing, China
Yi-han Lin
Pipeline Research Center of PetroChina,Langfang, Hebei,China
Dept. of Mechanics and Engineering Science Fudan Univ.,Shanghai, China
Bin Li
China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd. Beijing, China
Hanchen Song
Pipeline Research Center of PetroChina,Langfang, Hebei,China
ABSTRACT
This paper studies some key issues of fitness-for-service assessment for
pipelines constructed in 1970s in Northeastern China, which were found to
have large amount of weld defects resulting in leakage and rupture accidents.
The mechanical behaviors of tensile strength, Charpy V-notch impact energy
and fracture toughness are tested for the spiral weld metal and pipeline steel,
showing that the state standards of steel for pressure vessel are still met after
serving for more than 30 years. The safety limit line of the failure assessment
diagram(FAD) is derived according to BS7910: level 2B assessment, based on
the obtained stress-strain curve of weld metal.
The chemical composition of pipeline steel analyzed by the energy spectrum
method indicates the pipeline was made of 16Mn steel. The metallographic
examination reveals that the metallurgical structure of weld metal was
composed of ferrite and pearlite with five different zones. The morphology of
tensile fractured surface shown by ductile dimples indicates the tensile fracture
is of ductile type, which implies the weld metal and pipeline steel after long time
service have not yet become brittle.
The stress magnification factor for the bulge effect of through-wall girth defect is
extracted from the stress intensity factor evaluated by the finite element
simulation method, indicating the applicable ranges of Kastner solution and
Schulze et al solution. The stress magnification factor caused by the bending
stress of the misalignment imperfection of girth weld joint is calculated by FEM
to review the applicability of relevant formulas given in BS7910 for engineering
critical assessment. Finally, it is concluded by FE simulation that though the
stress magnification effect of shallow cracks in weld toe zone is significant, it
may be insignificant in its fracture failure assessments.
KEY WORDS
pipeline defect, girth weld, stress magnification factor, misalignment, weld toe

IPC2010-31222
STRESS-CORROSION CRACK INITIATION IN X-52 PIPELINE STEEL IN
NEARNEUTRAL PH SOLUTION
B. Fang
RES Integrity Services, Calgary, AB, Canada,T2P 1A1
Environmental Corrosion Center, Institute of Metal
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shenyang, 110016, China
bingyan.fang@rintegrity.ca
R. Eadie
Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,T6G 2G6
M. Elboujdaini
CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory,
Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada,K1A 0G1
ABSTRACT
Specimens from a failed X-52 pipeline that had been inservice for 34 years
were pitted using the passivation/immersion method developed by the authors
to simulate pitted pipelines observed in service. The resulting pitted samples
were then cyclically loaded in an aqueous near-neutral pH environment
sparged with 5% CO2 / balance N2 gas mixture at high stress ratios
(minimum stress/maximum stress), low strain rates and low frequencies which
were close to those experienced in service. It was found that the majority of
cracks initiated from
the corrosion pits and were less than 0.5 to 0.6 mm deep and were generally
quite blunt. These cracks were transgranular in nature and designated as
Stage I cracks and were typical of cracks found in most crack colonies.
However, the further growth of these short, blunt cracks was significantly
influenced by the distribution of the nearby non-metallic inclusions.
Inclusions enhanced the stress-facilitated dissolution crack growth, which is
the crack growth method proposed by the authors in a related paper. When
the orientation of the inclusions was at a small acute angle to the orientation
of the pits or cracks, and the inclusions were in the same plane as crack
initiation or advance, these inclusions would enhance crack growth, or even
trap hydrogen which further resulted in the formation of clusters of tiny cracks,
which appeared to be caused by hydrogen. The hydrogen-produced cracks
could be eaten away later by the stress-facilitated further dissolution of the
blunt cracks. If these cracks can grow sufficiently however they pose an
integrity risk, as they can initiate long cracks (nearneutral
pH SCC). These hydrogen-caused cracks in Stage I were rare. It was
nevertheless suggested that cracks deeper than 0.5 to 0.6 mm in the field
should be removed to reduce or avoid the threat of rupture. If active corrosion
and hydrogen generation can be prevented then smaller cracks are
innocuous.

IPC2010-31223
PLASTIC COLLAPSE OF API 5L X65 PIPE HAVING DENT DEFECTS
UNDER
INTERNAL PRESSURE AND BENDING LOAD
Jong-hyun Baek* , Young-pyo Kim* , Cheol-man Kim*,
Woo-sik Kim*, Jae-mean Koo** and Chang-sung Seok**
* R&D Division, KOGAS, Ansan, 425-150, Korea
** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon,
440-746 Korea
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dent magnitude
on the collapse behavior of dented pipe subjected to a combined internal
pressure and in-plane bending.
The plastic collapse behavior and bending moment of the dented pipe with
several of dent dimensions were evaluated by using elastic–plastic finite
element (FE) analyses.
The indenters used to manufacture the dents on the API 5L X65 pipe were
hemispherical rod type with diameter of 40, 80, 160 and 320 mm. Dent depths
of 19, 38, 76, 114 and 152 mm were introduced on the pipe having a diameter
of 762 mm and a wall thickness of 17.5 mm in analyses. A closing or opening
inplane bending moment was applied on the dented pipes pressurized under
internal pressure of the atmospheric pressure, 4, 8 and 16 MPa. The FE
analyses results showed that the plastic collapse behavior of dented pipes
was considerably governed by the bending mode and the dent geometry.
Momentbending angle curves for dented pipe were obtained from computer
simulation and evaluated with a variety of factors in FE analyses.
Load carrying capacity of dented pipes under combined load was evaluated
by TES (Twice Elastic Slope) moments.
Load carrying capacity of pipe having up to 5% dent depth of outer diameter
was not reduced compared with that of plain pipe. Opening bending mode
had a higher load carrying capacity than closing bending mode under
combined load regardless of dent depth. TES moment was decreased with
increasing the dent depth and internal pressure regardless of bending modes.

IPC2010-31226
RESEARCH ON THE FATIGUE CHARACTER OF ERW PIPE WELDED SEAM AND
FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT METHOD
Guangli Zhang Jinheng Luo
Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC
XI’AN, China XI’AN, China
Xinwei Zhao Hua Zhang
Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC
XI’AN, China XI’AN, China
Liang Zhang Yi Zhang
Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC Tubular Goods Research Center of CNPC
XI’AN, China XI’AN, China
ABSTRACT
The fatigue character of electric resistance weld (ERW) seams in API X65
grade line pipe steel at the stress ratio of 0.1 and 0.6 have been investigated.
Repeated loading was applied to compact tension specimen, and the fatigue
crack propagation rate and threshold of X65 ERW pipe seam are tested using
high-frequency fatigue testing machine. Radiographic inspection has shown
that the crack caused by the cold welding is the main weld defect in the ERW
pipe. Based on the failure assessment diagram (FAD) recommended in the
API 579-2007 and the Miner’s linear cumulative damage model, considering
the influence of stress ratio to the fatigue life, the fatigue life assessment
method for the ERW pipe containing seam defects is established.
Keywords: ERW welding Pipe, fatigue character, fatigue life assessment,
Miner linear cumulative damage model.

IPC2010-31243
STUDY OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF API 5L X80 GIRTH WELDS TO
SULFIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND HYDROGEN
MBRITTLEMENT
Adriana Forero José A. da Cunha Ivani de S. Bott
Ballesteros Ponciano Associate Professor, PhD
Researcher, Dr Associate Professor, Dr PUC-Rio
PUC-Rio PEMM-UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
ABSTRACT
The growing demand for natural gas and oil, as energy sources, has driven
industry’s need for ever-increasing strength levels in oil and gas transmission
pipeline materials in order to achieve safe and economic transportation. The
current world trend points to the use of pipes with larger diameters and thinner
wall thicknesses, operating under high pressure. In addition, pipeline steels
for sour service must exhibit good Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and
Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking (SSCC) resistance. This study evaluates
the susceptibility of API 5L-X80 girth welds to SSCC and Hydrogen
Embrittlement (HE). Slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests and Hydrogen
Permeation tests were performed at room temperature, in different acidic
environment containing sodium thiosulfate solutions. Most of the SSRT tests
undertaken in solution, showed a loss of ductility and a decrease in the
reduction of area, as compared with tests conducted in air. The susceptibility
to HE and potentially SSCC was evidenced by a reduction in ductility in the
SSRT tests and an increase in the hydrogen permeation current values, for
almost all welded joints. This was observed with greater intensity for the more
acidic test solutions (pH= 3.4), while for the less acidic test solutions (pH= 4.4)
little loss of ductility was observed and the hydrogen permeation current
remained at values close to zero, indicating little or no permeation of
hydrogen through the metal for the testing times applied. The behaviour
exhibited by the samples tested in the more acidic solutions was attributed to
the dissolution of material from the sample together with hydrogen
embrittlement. These results confirmed that the use of sodium thiosulfate
solutions to generate H2S, permits the study of phenomena related to SCC in
environments containing sulphides.

IPC2010-31246
EFFECT OF GEOMETRY, MATERIAL AND PRESSURE VARIABILITY ON
STRAIN AND STRESS FIELDS IN DENTED PIPELINES UNDER STATIC
AND CYCLIC PRESSURE LOADING USING PROBABILITY ANALYSIS
Husain Mohammed Al-Muslim
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Abul Fazal M. Arif
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Mechanical damage in transportation pipelines is a threat to its structural
integrity. Failure in oil and gas pipelines is catastrophic as it leads to personal
fatalities, injuries, property damage, loss of production and environmental
pollution. Therefore, this issue is of extreme importance to Pipeline Operators,
Government and Regulatory Agencies, and local Communities. As mechanical
damage can occur during the course of pipeline life due to many reasons,
appropriate tools and procedures for assessment of severity is necessary.
There are many parameters that affect the severity of the mechanical damage
related to the pipe geometry and material properties, the defect geometry and
boundary conditions, and the pipe state of strain and stress. The main
objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of geometry, material and
pressure variability on strain and stress fields in dented pipelines under static
and cyclic pressure loading using probabilistic analysis. Most of the published
literate focuses on the strain at the maximum depth for evaluation which is not
always sufficient to evaluate the severity of a certain case. The validation and
calibration of the base deterministic model was based on full-instrumented
full-scale tests conducted by Pipeline Research Council International as part
of their active program to fully characterize mechanical damage. A total of 100
cases randomly generated using Monte Carlo simulations are analyzed in the
probabilistic model. The statistical distribution of output parameters and
correlation between output and input variables is presented. Moreover,
regression analysis is conducted to derive mathematical formulas of the
output variables in terms of practically measured variables. The results can be
used directly into strain based design approach. Moreover, they can be
coupled with fracture mechanics to assess cracks, for which the state of
stress must be known in the location of crack tip, not necessarily found in the
dent peak. Furthermore, probabilities derived from the statistical distribution
can be used in risk assessment.
KEYWORDS dented pipe, integrity assessment, variability, strain, stress,
FEA, probabilistic analysis.

IPC2010-31255

COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE CRACK DETECTION IN-LINE INSPECTION

DATA TO ASSESS CRACK GROWTH
 Mark Slaughter, Global Product Line Manager
Crack Inspection
PII Pipeline Solutions, a GE Oil & Gas and Al
Shaheen joint venture (PII)
4424 West Sam Houston Parkway North,
Houston, TX. USA 77041
Tel: +1 713805 6927
Fax: +1 713937 0740
Email: mark.slaughter@ge.com
Jane Dawson, Principal Consultant, PII
Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial Estate,
Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 1WW, UK
Tel: +44 191 247 3429
Fax: +44 191 247 3461
Email: jane.dawson@ge.com
Kevin Spencer, Integrity Consultant, PII
1003 11th Street SW,
Calgary, T2R 0T4, Canada
Tel: +1 403 298 0231
Fax: +1 403 237 9693
Email: kevin.spencer@ge.com
Petra Senf, Technical Leader Ultrasonics, Global
Analysis, PII
Lorenzstrasse 10
76297 Stutensee, Germany
Tel: +49 7244 732 386
Fax: +49 7244 732 123
Email: petra.senf@ge.com

ABSTRACT
Ultrasonic inline inspection (ILI) tools have been used in the oil and gas
pipeline industry for the last 14 years to detect and measure cracks. The
detection capabilities of these tools have been verified through many field
investigations. ILI ultrasonic crack detection has good correlation with the
crack layout on the pipe and estimating the maximum crack depth for the
crack or colony. Recent analytical developments have improved the ability to
locate individual cracks within a colony and to define the crack depth profile.
As with the management of corroding pipelines, the ability to accurately
discriminate active from non-active cracks and to determine the rate of crack
growth is an essential input into a number of key integrity management
decisions. For example, in order to identify the need for and timing of field
investigations and/or repairs and to optimize re-inspection intervals crack
growth rates are a key input. With increasing numbers of cracks and crack
colonies being found in pipelines there is a real need for reliable crack growth
information to use in prioritizing remediation activities and planning re-
inspection intervals. So as more and more pipelines containing cracks are
now being inspected for a second time (or even third time in some cases), the
industry is starting to look for quantitative crack growth information from the
comparison of repeat ultrasonic crack detection ILI runs.
This paper describes the processes used to analyze repeat ultrasonic crack
detection ILI data and crack growth information that can be obtained.
Discussions on how technical improvements made to crack sizing accuracy
and how field verification information can benefit integrity plans are also
included.
 IPC2010-31270
ROBOTIC INSPECTION OF UNPIGGABLE NATURAL GAS
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE
Paul Laursen Daphne D’Zurko
InvoDane Engineering Ltd. The Northeast Gas Association
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Needham, MA, USA
Dr. George Vradis Brooklyn, NY, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering Craig Swiech
Polytechnic Institute of New York National Fuel
University Buffalo, NY, USA
ABSTRACT
The present paper presents the development effort and precommercial
deployment of Explorer II – a semi-autonomous, self-powered, tetherless
robotic platform, carrying a Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) sensor, for the
inspection of unpiggable natural gas transmission and distribution pipelines in
the 6 to 8 inch (152 to 203 mm) range, including those that feature multiple
diameters, short radius and mitered bends, and tees. The system is based on
a modular design that allows the system to be deployed in various
configurations to carry out visual inspection and/or non-destructive evaluation
(NDE) of a pipeline. The heart of this system is a RFEC sensor able to
measure the pipeline’s wall thickness. In addition, two fisheye cameras at
each end of the robot provide high quality visual inspection capabilities for
locating joints, tee-offs, and other pipeline features. The system can operate,
including launching and retrieval, in live pipelines with pressures up to 750
psig (50 bars). The system is currently being offered for precommercial
deployments and is expected to be commercially available in the Fall of 2010.

IPC2010-31272
AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT INITIATIVES IN PREVENTING DAMAGE TO
ENERGY PIPELINES
Sam Hall Steve Fischer
U.S. DOT/PHMSA U.S. DOT/PHMSA
Washington, DC, USA Washington, DC, USA
ABSTRACT
Over the past 20 years, excavation damage has caused approximately one-
third of energy pipeline incidents resulting in fatalities or in-patient
hospitalizations in the U.S. While excavation damage to pipeline facilities has
declined in recent years, reducing excavation damage to energy pipelines
remains a top priority for the United States. The Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the U.S. Department of
Transportation is undertaking several initiatives to reduce excavation damage
to energy pipelines. This paper summarizes several of these initiatives,
including: PHMSA’s strong support of the 1999 Common Ground Study, the
Common Ground Alliance (CGA), and the continued development of damage
prevention best practices for all damage prevention stakeholders; the
documentation of State damage prevention programs to understand where
programs can be strengthened; support of State damage prevention programs
in the form of funding and other assistance to states for implementation of the
“nine elements” of effective damage prevention programs; a focused damage
prevention research and development program; the coordination of the
Pipelines and Informed Planning Alliance (PIPA), which is an effort to develop
and foster the use of recommended practices for local land use in the vicinity
of transmission pipelines; and the development of a rule for federal
enforcement of damage prevention laws when appropriate. PHMSA believes
comprehensive damage prevention programs are essential to energy pipeline
safety and must have the right balance of incentive and enforcement for
preventing damage to pipelines.

IPC2010-31278
SIZING STRESS CORROSION CRACKS USING LASER ULTRASONICS
Hamood Rehman Intelligent Optical TransCanada.
Applus-RTD. Systems, Inc. Calgary, AB, Canada
Houston, TX, U.S.A. Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
Marvin Klein Richard Kania
Steve Rapp Rick McNealy Martin Fingerhut
Spectra Energy Applus-RTD Applus-RTD
Houston, TX, U.S.A. Houston, TX, U.S.A. Houston, TX, U.S.A.
Homayoon Ansari
Intelligent Optical Systems, Inc.
Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
Integrity management decisions related to operating energy transmission pipelines
affected by Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) represent a formidable challenge to the
pipeline industry. Effective management of SCC damage requires the development of
tools and technology to identify the occurrence of SCC and to assess the impact of the
SCC on pipeline integrity. Development of practical non-destructive evaluation
(NDE) solutions for the measurement and evaluation of SCC, including crack depths,
is difficult due to the complexity of crack shapes and their inter-relationship and
distribution within crack colonies.
Laser ultrasonics is an inspection technology using laser beams to generate and detect
ultrasonic waves in the pipeline wall to be inspected. Unlike conventional ultrasound,
it has a large bandwidth and the beams have a very small (~0.5mm) footprint. These
characteristics make it ideally suited for application as a depth sizing tool for SCC in
pipelines.
Through a collaborative research project jointly funded by the US Department of
Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)
and PRCI, Applus RTD and its research partners have conclusively shown that laser
ultrasonic inspection technology using the Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)
technique reliably and accurately measures the depth of SCC. In addition, this
technique may also be applicable to measuring the depth of other cracks such as seam
weld anomalies. The project included the development of a prototype NDE inspection
tool for measurement of SCC, and recently culminated with a series of full-scale
demonstrations of the tool.
This paper describes the detailed technical work conducted to support the
development of the tool and validation of the TOFD technique for sizing the depth of
SCC. In addition, this paper presents the preliminary results of work on a closely
related project that builds on the technology described above to produce an integrated
approach and tool for mapping, sizing, and evaluating SCC that filters significant (i.e.,
deep) cracks from more benign cracks within an SCC colony.

IPC2010-31279
ULTRASONIC CRACK-DETECTION IN DEMANDING PIPELINE
ENVIRONMENTS AND LOW DIAMETER PIPES
Marc Baumeister Bouaoua RTRC
RTRC RTRC Lingen, Germany
Lingen, Germany Lingen, Germany
Nourreddine Frank Woltermann
Thomas Hennig Maria Berlekamp Thomas Beuker
RTRC RTRC ROSEN
Lingen, Germany Lingen, Germany Lingen, Germany
ABSTRACT
Ultrasonic crack detection represents a reliable and accepted inline
inspection technology for the application in liquid media.
The technology is long standing and considered as industry standard
[1-3]. As a result of various demands, e.g. increased temperature
levels above 70°C, high pressures exceeding 100 bars and medium
types (e.g. heavy crude oil) with inherently high damping and
temperature dependency of the damping characteristic the
complexity can be primarily found within the bounding conditions.
The reduction of inner pipeline diameter, e.g. below 120 mm,
represents a further increase of degree of complexity. This paper
gives access to the design and development approach chosen by
ROSEN for ultrasonic crack detection tools and the case of pipelines
with an outer diameter ranging from 6” to 8”. All previously
mentioned issues and requirements are considered. The mechanical
design of the ultrasonic crack detection tools is described.
 IPC2010-31284
HOLISTIC DATA APPROACH & RESULTS: HOW THE LATEST ENHANCEMENTS IN ILI
TECHNOLOGY BENEFIT ENGINEERING CRITICALITY ASSESSMENTS
Jane Dawson, Principal Consultant Martin Bluck, Product Manager
PII Pipeline Solutions, a GE Oil & Gas and Al PII, Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial Estate,
Shaheen joint venture (PII) Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 1WW, UK
Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial Estate, Tel: +44 191 247 3429
Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 1WW, UK Email: martin.bluck@ge.com
Tel: +44 191 247 3429
Email: jane.dawson@ge.com
Ian Fisher, Senior Integrity Engineer Jeff Sutherland, Chief Engineer
PII, Atley Way, North Nelson Industrial Estate, PII, 1003 11th Street SW,
Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 1WW, UK Calgary, T2R 0T4, Canada
Tel: +44 191 247 3200 Tel: +1 403 204 5255
Email: ian1.fisher@ge.com Email: jeff.sutherland@ge.com

ABSTRACT
Recent enhancements in the Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) in-line
inspection (ILI) technology has enabled more reliable detection and
more accurate reporting of a greater range of anomaly types than
ever before, though the true value rests with what the integrity
engineering specialists are able to do with the enhanced information
to translate it into an actionable Integrity Management Plan. This
paper describes how the enhanced information can be used in
engineering criticality assessments and the benefits this brings to
the operator in the form of integrity management decision-making
with higher confidence, reduced investigation and repair costs and
less operational disruption from ILI activity.
This paper demonstrates how the new holistic data approach brings
a seamless transition from raw inspection data to an actionable
integrity report, with more advanced assessment of metal loss and
mechanical damage data. Engineering criticality assessments are
used to illustrate how the enhanced ILI information is used and how
the results benefit integrity management decision-making. For
example:
• Fitness for Service corrosion assessment determines the
immediate and future integrity needs by evaluating the criticality
of corrosion anomalies identified during an ILI. Taking account of
the reduced ILI uncertainty associated with the new MFL
technology, the immediate and short-term response schedules
can be developed with higher confidence than before and long
term remediation activities and re-inspection intervals can be
truly optimized.
• For re-inspections, the focus is on the determination of accurate
corrosion growth rates. Using signal-matching techniques, active
corrosion sites can be identified and the corrosion growth rates
estimated with high confidence. This provides the basis for
optimizing the long-term remediation activities and re-inspection
intervals.
• The ability to account for coincidental anomalies and loading
conditions, e.g., the occurrence of bending strains resulting from
loss of ground support coincident with girth weld anomalies,
circumferential corrosion or denting/buckling are important
integrity considerations that influence how the anomalies are
assessed.
• Improved Caliper sensor resolution enables the dent profile to be
visualized more accurately leading to improvements in the way
dents are assessed, i.e. using strain-based methods. Reliable
detection of gouging within dents is an essential component for
establishing the cause and assessing the severity of dents and
has always been challenging for conventional MFL ILI tools. This
enhanced MFL technology enables metal loss within dents to be
detected and viewed via a Triaxial magnetic sensor system,
providing more information of the nature of the metal loss within
the dent.

IPC2010-31290
LIMIT LOAD AND REFERENCE STRESS FOR CURVED WIDE PLATES
Stijn Hertelé Stijn.Hertele@UGent.be
FWO Flanders Aspirant Wim De Waele
Laboratory Soete Laboratory Soete
Ghent University Ghent University
Gent, Belgium Gent, Belgium
Rudi Denys Jeroen Van Wittenberghe
Laboratory Soete Laboratory Soete
Ghent University Ghent University
Gent, Belgium Gent, Belgium
Matthias Verstraete
Laboratory Soete
Ghent University
Gent, Belgium

ABSTRACT
Curved wide plates are a valuable tool in the assessment of defective pipeline girth
welds under tension. Throughout the years, Laboratory Soete collected an extensive
database of curved wide plate test results. In an effort to investigate these results
through FAD analysis, the authors recently developed a reference stress equation for
curved plates. The approach followed is similar to the development of the Goodall
and Webster equation for flat plates. This paper elaborates finite element analyses of
the equation’s capability to predict plastic collapse. It is found that, although
overestimated, the influence of plate curvature is correctly predicted in a qualitative
way. For all simulations, the curved plate reference stress equation produced
conservative estimations. This indicates that the proposed equation is suited to safely
predict the plastic collapse of defective pipeline girth welds. An experimental
validation is underway.

IPC2010-31294
Early Generation Pipeline Girth Welding Practices and Their Implications
for Integrity Management of North American Pipelines
Bill Amend. P.E.
DNV Columbus, Inc.
Yorba Linda, CA, USA
ABSTRACT
The characteristics of early generation pipelines (i.e., “vintage pipelines”) reflect the
rapid evolution of pipeline materials, welding, and inspection practices that occurred
during the first half of the twentieth century. The diverse range of welding and
inspection practices and the unique characteristics of early
generation pipeline welds can influence pipeline segment risk ranking and integrity
assessment. This paper summarizes some of the key findings regarding girth weld
fabrication, performance and integrity assessment determined during the course of a
literature review performed as part of a recently completed PRCI project.
Some of the key findings include:
1. The failure rate of early generation girth welds is low, particularly for welds made
by arc welding and for welds made after 1930. This is especially true when
considering the rate of catastrophic failures (ruptures or nearly full circumference
breaks). Welds are typically reported to be responsible for no more than about 6% of
significant pipeline failures.
2. Pipeline girth welds are unlikely to fail unless subjected to axial strains that far
exceed the strains related to internal pressure alone. Girth welds containing significant
workmanship flaws are likely to be resistant to failure at stresses less than the pipe
yield strength unless the welds are undermatched and/or are susceptible to brittle
fracture initiation. Common mechanical tests, such as Charpy impact testing or CTOD
tests may result in grossly conservative indications of the likelihood of brittle fracture
occurring in vintage girth welds.
3. A diverse range of early generation girth weld joint designs exist, some of which
hamper effective inspection using ILI or represent challenges to effective assessment
using conventional fitness-for-service or engineering critical assessment methods
(ECA). Effective probabilistic ECA is further hampered by wide variations in
workmanship and difficulty in determining mechanical property distributions.
4. Pipeline vintage is a poor indicator of girth weld integrity. Pipeline girth weld
integrity is more likely related to projectspecific inspection and testing practices than
to pipeline age. Welding and inspection practices evolved very quickly in the 1920s
through the 1940s and a wide range of practices were used on different pipelines that
were constructed in the same time period. Girth weld integrity is typically highest for
post 1930s pipelines that were subjected to radiographic inspection.

IPC2010-31298
PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF ILI METAL LOSS FEATURES
Peter D. Chan, M.Sc., P.Eng. David Webster, P.Eng.
WorleyParsons Canada Ltd. WorleyParsons Canada Ltd.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
In-line inspection (ILI) gives pipeline operators a snapshot of the condition of their
pipelines. Unfortunately, accuracy limitations exist with all ILI tools. It is therefore
judicious for pipeline operators to support their pipeline integrity maintenance
planning by employing Probability of Exceedance (POE) methodology that accounts
for the inexact nature of the ILI data.
A new method is needed that can be used to assist pipeline operators make rational
and defensible integrity decision when faced with very poor pipeline conditions with
numerous interacting metal loss defects. The normal method of using RSTRENG with
Monte Carlo Simulation (MC) for probabilistic assessment of corroded pipeline
pressure is unsuitable and unmanageable. The new method employs DNVRP- F101
with Point Estimate Method (PE) and the MC to efficiently apply the POE
methodology to severely corroded pipelines.

IPC2010-31306
A PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO CALCULATING CORROSION GROWTH RATES BY
COMPARING SUCCESSIVE ILI RUNS FROM DIFFERENT ILI VENDORS
Kevin Spencer, Integrity Consultant Shahani Kariyawasam, Principal Engineer
PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE Oil & TransCanada Pipelines
Gas 450 1st Street SW,
1003 11th Street SW, Calgary, T2P 5H1, Canada
Calgary, T2R 0T4, Canada Tel: +1 403 920 6502
Tel: +1 403 298 0231 Email:
Email: kevin.spencer@ge.com shahani.kariyawasam@transcanada.com
Cathy Tetreault, Pipeline Integrity Specialist Jon Wharf, Senior Pipeline Integrity
PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE Oil & Specialist
Gas PII Pipeline Solutions Business of GE Oil &
1003 11 Street SW,
th
Gas
Calgary, T2R 0T4, Canada 1003 11th Street SW,
 Tel: +1 403 298 0238 Calgary, T2R 0T4, Canada
Email: cathy.tetreault@ge.com Tel: +1 403 298 0266
Email: jon.wharf@ge.com

ABSTRACT
Corrosion growth rates are an essential input into an Integrity Management Program
but they can often be the largest source of uncertainty and error. A relatively simple
method to estimate a corrosion growth rate is to compare the size of a corrosion
anomaly over time and the most practical way to do this for a whole pipeline system
is via the use of In-Line Inspection (ILI). However, the reported depth of the anomaly
following an ILI run contains measurement uncertainties, i.e., sizing tolerances that
must be accounted for in defining the uncertainty, or error associated with the
measured corrosion growth rate. When the same inspection vendor performs the
inspections then proven methods exist that enable this growth error to be significantly
reduced but these methods include the use of raw inspection data and, specialist
software and analysis.
Guidelines presently exist to estimate corrosion growth rates using inspection data
from different ILI vendors. Although well documented, they are often only applicable
to “simple” cases, pipelines containing isolated corrosion features with low feature
density counts. As the feature density or the corrosion complexity increases then
different reporting specifications, interaction rules, analysis procedures, sizing
models, etc can become difficult to account for, ultimately leading to incorrect
estimations or larger uncertainties regarding the growth error.
This paper will address these issues through the experiences of a North American
pipeline operator. Accurately quantifying the reliability of pipeline assets over time
requires accurate corrosion growth rates and the case study will demonstrate how the
growth error was significantly reduced over existing methodologies. Historical
excavation and recoat information was utilized to identify static defects and quantify
systemic bias between inspections. To reduce differences in reporting and the analyst
interpretation of the recorded magnetic signals, novel analysis techniques were
employed to normalize the data sets against each other. The resulting uncertainty of
the corrosion growth rates was then further reduced by deriving, and applying a
regression model to reduce the effect of the different sizing models and the identified
systemic bias. The reduced uncertainty ultimately led to a better understanding of the
corrosion activity on the pipeline and facilitated a better integrity management
decision process.

IPC2010-31307
PERFORMANCE AND INTEGRITY ISSUES FOR COMPOSITE

REINFORCED STEEL PIPELINES WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION

Robert A. Denzine
 Det Norske Veritas - Columbus
Dublin, OH - USA
Davion M. Hill Ph.D.
Det Norske Veritas Research & Innovation, USA
Dublin, OH – USA
ABSTRACT
Composites have seen increased usage for repair of pipelines. The performance of the
entire metal-composite system has not been extensively addressed with regard to
corrosion of the substrate and adhesion loss when the conditions are wet and the
substrate is cathodically protected.
In this work we have investigated the influence of corrosive environments on the
performance of composite repair systems for pipelines. Earlier in this work we used
FEA models to evaluate a composite patch for pipelines and the present research
includes the experimental results for both patch and full-wrap composite repairs in
simulated and field environments. The effect of impacts, cathodic protection, long
term immersion, and soil corrosivity have been investigated by monitoring variables
related to potential and conductivity of the electrolyte. We have also tested
mechanical properties via four point bend on specimens intentionally exposed to
ASTM cathodic disbondment tests. We have also evaluated the performance of these
repairs in a modified ASTM G8 cathodic disbondment test with the addition of high
pressure cyclic loading. By monitoring these variables, loss of adhesion and integrity
in the composite-metal system is addressed.
Keywords: Composite repair, cathodic disbondment, nonmetallic repair, carbon fiber,
fiberglass, mechanical testing.

IPC2010-31313
OBLIQUE FIELD MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE INLINE SURVEY TOOL:
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
James Simek Jed Ludlow Phil Tisovec
T.D. Williamson Inc T.D. Williamson Inc T.D. Williamson Inc
Salt Lake City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah,
USA USA USA
ABSTRACT
InLine Inspection (ILI) tools using the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique are the
most common type used for performing metal loss surveys worldwide. Based upon
the very robust and proven magnetic flux leakage technique, these tools have been
shown to operate reliably in the extremely harsh environments of transmission
pipelines. In addition to metal loss, MFL tools are capable of identifying a broad
range of pipeline features. Most MFL surveys to date have used tools employing
axially oriented magnetizers, capable of detecting and quantifying many categories of
volumetric metal loss features. For certain classes of axially oriented features, MFL
tools using axially oriented fields have encountered difficulty in detection and
subsequent quantification. To address features in these categories, tools employing
circumferential or transversely oriented fields have been designed and placed into
service, enabling enhanced detection and sizing for axially oriented features. In most
cases, multiple surveys are required, as current tools do not incorporate the ability to
collect both data sets concurrently. Applying the magnetic field in an oblique direction
will enable detection of axially oriented features and may be used simultaneously with
an axially oriented tool. Referencing previous research in adapting circumferential or
transverse designs for inline service, the concept of an oblique field magnetizer will
be presented.
Models developed demonstrating the technique are discussed, shown with
experimental data supporting the concept. Efforts involved in the implementation of
an oblique magnetizer, including magnetic models for field profiles used to determine
magnetizer configurations and sensor locations are presented.
Experimental results are provided detailing the response of the system to a full range
of metal loss features, supplementing modeling in an effort to determine the effects of
variables introduced by magnetic property and velocity induced differences. Included
in the experimental data results are extremely narrow axially oriented features, many
of which are not detected or identified within the axial data set.
Experimental and field verification results for detection accuracies will be described
in comparison to an axial field tool.

IPC2010-31316
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL DEVELOPED TO PREDICT THE CHEMISTRY
AND CORROSION RATE IN A COATING DISBONDED REGION OF
VARIABLE GAP
Fengmei Song
Mechanical Engineering
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, TX, USA 78238
ABSTRACT
A model is developed to predict the chemistry, corrosion potential and rate of pipeline
steels in a coating disbanded region. The gap of the disbonded region is assumed to
vary with distance from the holiday. The effect of this gap variation on the chemistry
and corrosion rate in the coating disbanded region is not well understood and
investigated in this study through modeling. The preliminary model results suggest
that overall, the variation of the disbondment gap with distance has an insignificant
effect on the pH, corrosion potential and rate in the disbonded region. This may be
explained as that unlike some conventional crevice corrosion often associated with a
large cathode-to-anode area ratio, the area ratio here is rather relatively small and the
pH commonly falls in the neutral or alkaline range. Within this pH range, even if the
pH varies within a few units across the crevice length, the variation of the crevice
corrosion rate is not significant. In this paper, the fundamental principles used for the
model, some key model results and practical implications of the results are reported
and discussed.
 IPC2010-31324
A LIMIT STATE FUNCTION FOR PIPELINES CONTAINING LONG
CORROSION DEFECTS
Mohamed R. Chebaro Wenxing Zhou
C-FER Technologies University of Western Ontario
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada London, Ontario, Canada
ABSTRACT
Currently, there exist various models that predict the burst capacity of a pipeline
containing corrosion defects. Recent studies have indicated that these models tend to
be overly conservative for long corrosion defects. This paper, based on a PRCI-
sponsored study, aims at minimizing this conservatism
through a series of steps. First, different definitions for long corrosion defects
prevalent in the literature were examined and compared, and the most suitable
criterion was implemented.
Next, three existing burst pressure models for general corrosion defects were
identified and evaluated: ASME B31G-modified, a model developed at C-FER and a
model developed at the University of Waterloo. The suitability of these models for
long corrosion defects was assessed using a database of 50 full-scale burst test
specimens containing natural long corrosion defects. Finally, based on this evaluation,
the most apposite burst pressure prediction model for long corrosion defects was
selected and a corresponding model error factor was derived.

IPC 2010-31336
PORTABLE LASERSCAN FOR IN-DITCH DENT PROFILING AND STRAIN
ANALYSIS:
METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Udayasankar Samarth Tandon Ming Gao
Arumugam Blade Energy Partners Blade Energy Partners
Blade Energy Partners Houston, Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
Houston, Texas, USA USA
Ravi Krishnamurthy Ben Hanson Hamood Rehman
Blade Energy Partners Applus RTD Applus RTD
Houston, Texas, USA Houston, Texas, USA Houston, Texas, USA
Martin Fingerhut
Applus RTD
Houston, Texas, USA
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, the pipeline industry and government regulations used
a depth based assessment criteria to identify and prioritize dents in
the order of severity. This depth based criteria had limitations and
could potentially underestimate dent severity. In recent years, strain
parameter has been used to characterize dent severity in a pipeline.
Dent strain analysis requires dent profile information.
In-Line Inspection (ILI) caliper tools provide both longitudinal and
circumferential dent profiles that can be used to evaluate strain.
However, no comparable technologies are available for in-ditch dent
profile measurement. The currently used profile-gauge technology
only measures dent profile through its deepest point, which may not
capture the maximum strain in the dent and could result in
underestimating the severity. A recent study showed that LaserScan
3D mapping technology provides an accurate dent 3D profile that
can easily be extracted for “point-to-point” strain analysis and is an
ideal tool for verification of ILI performance. Furthermore, LaserScan
3aD mapping accurately measures other associated anomalies such
as gouge and metal loss. Most importantly, the advantage of
employing dent LaserScan is that strain analysis can be conducted
at the excavation site and simultaneously, strain based mitigation
decision can be made in real time.
In this paper, a portable LaserScan 3D mapping technology for
measurement of dents and dents associated with other anomalies in
pipelines is introduced. Fundamentals of the technology are briefly
discussed in terms of accuracy, resolution and appropriateness for
pipeline application. Examples of 3D mapping for dent and dent with
other anomalies are presented. Extraction of dent profile and
subsequent strain analysis are further demonstrated.

IPC2010-31353
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SLEEVE REPAIR ON WRINKLED ENERGY
PIPELINES
Peter Song J. J. Roger Cheng
Enbridge Pipelines Inc. University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Scott Ironside Darren Skibinsky
Enbridge Pipelines Inc. Alliance Pipeline Ltd.
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canad

ABSTRACT
Field experience showed that repairing wrinkles developed on energy pipelines using
steel sleeves is an efficient and cost effective method. Based on the previous
successful numerical simulations of a field wrinkle sleeve repair work, a parametric
study was conducted by using Finite Element (FE) method to further investigate the
effectiveness of the sleeve repair technique. The FE package ABAQUS 6.4 was
utilized in conducting the parametric study. The parameters studied include the length,
the thickness, and the material properties of the sleeve, and the thickness of the collar,
which is used to fit between the wrinkled pipe and the repairing sleeve. The range of
the parameters studied covers the most commonly used typical values in the pipeline
industry. Two phases were used in carrying out the parametric study. In Phase I, the
parameter that plays the most important role in determining the behavior of the
wrinkle sleeve repair system (WSRS) was studied. It is found this parameter is the
length of the repairing sleeve. Brief discussion was given regarding the way this
parameter affects the behavior of the pipe using the WSRS. In Phase II, based on the
results from the Phase I study, the effects of other parameters were investigated
through a series of FE analyses. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations for
future wrinkle sleeve repair work were given based on the results of the parametric
study.

IPC2010-31355
EDDY CURRENT SENSOR ARRAYS FOR PIPELINE INSPECTION WITH
AND WITHOUT COATINGS
Andrew Washabaugh, Shayan Haque, David Jablonski, Neil J. Goldfine
JENTEK Sensors, Inc.
Waltham, MA, 02453-7013
ABSTRACT
Coatings are used on pipelines throughout the oil and gas industry for a variety of
applications including corrosion protection, temperature maintenance, and weight
control.
These coatings also present a barrier to inspections for damage and typically need to
be removed prior to inspection with nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. This
has led to the development of improved NDE methods for detection and
characterization of damage without removing the coatings or insulation.
This paper describes adaptations of JENTEK’s Meandering Winding Magnetometer
(MWM®)-Array technology for improved NDE in pipelines, including rapid and
reliable imaging of damage, such as external corrosion, external mechanical damage,
and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The MWM-Array technology uses magnetic
fieldbased sensor arrays and model-based inverse methods to determine
electromagnetic and geometric properties of the pipeline material, which are then
related to specific damage conditions of interest. This technology has been
successfully applied in the aerospace and manufacturing industries and provides
substantially improved performance for imaging surface and buried damage through
coatings and for curved surfaces compared to conventional NDE methods.
Several representative applications are described.
These include: 1) imaging of near surface material loss through moderate thickness
coatings (less than 1.5-in. (38 mm)); 2) imaging of mechanical damage through thin
(less than 0.25-in. (6.35 mm)) coatings; 3) imaging of SCC through very thin (less
than 0.030-in. (0.76 mm)) and thin (less than 0.25-in. (6.35 mm)) coatings. For SCC,
digital imaging of damage regions and automated analysis tools for assessing
individual cracks has the potential to be a replacement for magnetic particle
inspection (MPI). Initial work has demonstrated these capabilities in a laboratory
environment with some field testing and ongoing work is transitioning this technology
into field environments.

IPC2010-31381
ILI TOOL TOLERANCE AND REPEATABILITY EFFECT ON CORROSION
GROWTH RATES
Grant A. Coleman Scott J. Miller
BJ Pipeline Inspection Services BJ Pipeline Inspection Services
4839 90th Ave SE 4839 90th Ave SE
Calgary, AB, Canada,T2C 2S8 Calgary, AB, Canada,T2C 2S8
Phone: 403.531.5300 Phone: 403.531.5300
gcoleman@bjservices.ca smiller@bjservices.ca
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the rate at which corrosion grows in a given pipeline could be used
to determine the time between inspections, find hot spots of high corrosion growth,
and possibly prevent catastrophic failure of the pipeline. For these reasons many
pipeline companies employ some method to calculate the growth between inspections
years apart. This calculation may be on two sets of inspection data from different
vendors using different technologies. This paper discusses normalization of data
which is necessary for a fair data comparison. Growth rates are calculated for the
normalized data for the complete population of anomalies, as well as individual
anomalies. Analysis of tool tolerance and repeatability is then used to put the results
into perspective.

IPC2010-31387
A NEW ILI TOOL FOR METAL LOSS INSPECTION OF GAS PIPELINES
USING A COMBINATION OF ULTRASOUND, EDDY CURRENT AND MFL
Herbert Willems, Beate Jaskolla, Frank Niese
Thorsten Sickinger, Alfred Barbian FRAUNHOFER IZFP
NDT Systems & Services Campus E3 1
Friedrich-List-Str. 1 D-66123 Saarbrücken,
D-76297 Stutensee Germany
Germany
ABSTRACT

The two prevailing technologies in in-line inspection (ILI) of

pipelines used for metal loss detection are magnetic flux

leakage (MFL) and ultrasonic testing (UT).

The ultrasonic method provides a more precise depth sizing as

a direct measurement of the remaining thickness of the pipe

wall is obtained. The advantage of providing more precise

defect data leads, in turn, to a more accurate and reliable

defect assessment thus reducing follow-up costs for the

pipeline operator.

As conventional ultrasonic tools, which are based on

piezoelectric transducers, require a liquid coupling medium to

couple the ultrasonic energy into the pipe wall, this technology

is readily applicable to the majority of liquids pipelines, but not

to gas pipelines (unless a batch of liquid is used). In order to

apply ultrasonic ILI technology for metal loss inspection to gas

pipelines directly, a new tool was developed based on the

EMAT (electro-magnetic acoustic transducer) principle by

which ultrasound is generated in the surface of the pipe wall

through electromagnetic interaction.

EMAT sensors utilize coils for sending and receiving

ultrasound. Since coils can also be used to pick up MFL signals

and eddy current signals, the sensors were designed such

that, apart from the ultrasonic signals, these additional signals

are recorded simultaneously.

The availability of three simultaneous, independent

measurements allows for considerable improvement with

regard to both defect sizing and feature discrimination.

In the paper, the new sensor concept and the setup of the ILI

tool are described. First results are presented and discussed.

IPC2010-31389
INFLUENCE OF REMANENT MAGNETIZATION ON PITTING CORROSION IN
PIPELINE STEEL
J. H. Espina-Hernández F. Caleyo, J. M. Hallen
ESIME – Zacatenco, SEPI – Electrónica DIM-ESIQIE, Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Instituto Politécnico Nacional México D. F., México
México, D. F., México

A. López-Montenegro, E. Pérez-Baruch
Pemex Exploración y Producción, Región Sur
Villahermosa, Tabasco, México

ABSTRACT
These days, in-line inspections based on the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) principle
are routinely used to detect and size metal loss and mechanical anomalies in operating
oil and gas pipelines. One of the characteristics of the MFL technology is that after
the inspection, the pipeline wall shows a remanent magnetization. In this work, the
influence of the magnetic field on pitting corrosion in pipeline steel is studied. Pitting
corrosion experiments have been carried out on samples of an API 5L grade 52 steel
under a magnetization level of the same order of magnitude of the remanent
magnetization in the pipeline wall after the MFL inspection. The samples were
magnetized using rings of the investigated steel. The closed magnetic circuit
configuration used in this study survey guaranteed that the samples kept the same
magnetization level during the complete duration of the conducted experiments. This
experimental setup was used in order to reproduce the conditions observed in MFL-
inspected pipelines in which the magnetic field was confined to the pipe wall
thickness. Immediately after magnetization, the investigated samples were subjected
to pitting by immersing them in a solution with dissolved Cl and SO42 ions. The pitting
− −

experiments were conducted for exposure times of 7 days. Non-magnetized

specimens were used as control samples. The depths of the pits induced in the
investigated samples were measured using optical microscopy. The maximum pit
depth of each sample was recorded and used to conduct extreme value analysis of the
pitting process in the magnetized and non-magnetized specimens. The results of this
investigation indicate that the magnetic field confined within the pipeline wall has a
significant influence on the pitting corrosion process. The statistical assessment of the
pitting corrosion data collected during this study shows that the magnetic field
reduces the average depth of the pit population. It also reduces the extreme pit depth
values that can be predicted from the maximum values observed in the magnetized
samples, with respect to the non-magnetized control samples. Scanning electron
microscopy observations show that the magnetic field alters the pit morphology by
increasing the pit opening (mouth). It is shown that the observed reduction in the pit
depth when a magnetic field is confined to the volume of the corroding material can
be explained based on the behavior of the paramagnetic corrosion products under the
influence of the local magnetic field gradients produced inside and within the
immediate vicinity of stable pits.

IPC2010 – 31392
Detection and In-Field Verification of Potential Pipeline Expansion Due
to Low Yield Strength Pipe in High Strength Line Pipe
Jill Braun Stuart Clouston
Kern River Gas Transmission Company BJ Pipeline Inspection Services
2755 E. Cottonwood Parkway, 4839 90th Ave SE
Salt Lake City, Utah 84121 Calgary, AB, Canada,T2C 2S8
Phone: +1 801 9376365 Phone: +1 403 531 5300
jill.braun@kernrivergas.com sclouston@bjservices.ca

ABSTRACT
On May 21, 2009, the Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
(PHMSA) issued an Advisory Bulletin (PHMSA-2009-0148) entitled, “Potential for
Low and Variable Yield, Tensile Strength and Chemical Compositions in High
Strength Line Pipe” [1] recommending that pipeline operators investigate whether
recently constructed pipelines contain pipe joints not meeting the minimum
specification requirements (74FR2390). Based on PHMSA’s technical reviews, high
resolution deformation tool inspection combined with comprehensive infield
verification has been recommended in accordance with the “Interim Guidelines for
Confirming Pipe Strength in Pipe Susceptible to Low Yield Strength,” issued by
PHMSA in September 2009[2].
Kern River Gas Transmission Company (Kern River) underwent a detailed program
of engineering and assessment in order to proactively demonstrate compliance with
the interim guidelines.
This paper discusses the process, inspection results and in-field verifications
performed by the pipeline operator. In particular, detailed consideration to the
methodology of detection and assessment of potential pipeline expansions is
presented with discussion on the special considerations needed for low level anomaly
identification, reporting and verification of expansions as defined in the PHMSA
guidelines. High resolution caliper analysis approaches developed for this particular
application are discussed and appropriate techniques are recommended that consider
the effects of possible asymmetry of expansions and impact of other deformations
such as ovality. Field verification practices and findings are reviewed in detail with
particular focus on the challenges facing the pipeline operator in resolving both tool
and in-field measurement errors that can significantly impact the number of
identifiable candidate expansions for verification. In conclusion, an overview of the
assessment criteria and field activity to comply with the PHMSA interim guidelines
are presented along with the lessons learned from the analysis, verification and
remediation steps that may assist other pipeline operators as they address these newly
established regulatory requirements.

IPC2010-31394
PRESSURE CYCLING MONITORING HELPS ENSURE THE INTEGRITY
OF ENERGY PIPELINES
Peter Song Doug Lawrence Sean Keane
Enbridge Pipelines Inc. Enbridge Pipelines Inc. Enbridge Pipelines Inc.
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT
Liquids pipelines undergo pressure cycling as part of normal operations. The source
of these fluctuations can be complex, but can include line start-stop during normal
pipeline operations, batch pigs by-passing pump stations, product injection or
delivery, and unexpected line shut-down events. One of the factors that govern
potential growth of flaws by pressure cycle induced fatigue is operational pressure
cycles. The severity of these pressure cycles can affect both the need and timing for
an integrity assessment. A Pressure Cycling Monitoring (PCM) program was initiated
at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (Enbridge) to monitor the Pressure Cycling Severity (PCS)
change with time during line operations. The PCM program has many purposes, but
primary focus is to ensure the continued validity of the integrity assessment interval
and for early identification of notable changes in operations resulting in fatigue
damage.
In conducting the PCM program, an estimated fatigue life based on one month or one
quarter period of operations is plotted on the PCM graph. The estimated fatigue life is
obtained by conducting fatigue analysis using Paris Law equation, a flaw with
dimensions proportional to the pipe wall thickness and the outer diameter, and the
operating pressure data queried from Enbridge SCADA system. This standardized
estimated fatigue life calculation is a measure of the PCS. Trends in PCS overtime can
potentially indicate the crack threat susceptibility the integrity assessment interval
should be updated. Two examples observed on pipeline segments within Enbridge
pipeline system are provided that show the PCS change over time. Conclusions are
drawn for the PCM program thereafter.
 IPC2010-31395
DETECTION OF ACTIVE CORROSION FROM A COMPARISON OF ILI RUNS
Guy Desjardins Desjardins Integrity Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
Repeated in-line inspections (ILI) of transmission pipelines have been used for many
years to estimate corrosion rates. However, the calculation of a corrosion rate from a
direct comparison of ILI anomalies is often dominated by the ILI measurement error.
As an alternative to assessing a corrosion rate, it may be possible to use repeated in-
line inspections to simply detect the presence of active corrosion. This paper presents
the application of various statistical measures to detect active corrosion with a high-
level of confidence. From a pipeline integrity management perspective, this method
will enable the operator to address each location where there is a high probability of
active corrosion. Furthermore, despite there being no explicit calculation of corrosion
rates, the advantage of the method is that it can yield an upper bound on the corrosion
rate of anomalies left unexcavated on the pipeline.

IPC2010-31399
RELIABILITY-BASED CORROSION MANAGEMENT – THE IMPACT OF
MAINTENANCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TIME TO NEXT
INSPECTION
Mark Stephens Maher Nessim Albert van Roodselaar
C-FER Technologies C-FER Technologies Chevron ETC
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Houston, Texas, USA

ABSTRACT
Quantitative analysis based on structural reliability methods is ideally suited to
managing corrosion and cracking damage in pipelines as identified through in-line
inspection.
An ongoing industry-sponsored initiative has laid out a reliability-based process that
is intended to form the basis for an industry-accepted approach to assessing and
managing pipeline integrity with respect to these damage mechanisms, with an initial
focus on metal-loss corrosion. The process combines appropriate failure prediction
models, in-line inspection data, the physical and operational characteristics of the
pipeline, and corrosion growth rate projections, within a probabilistic analysis
framework, to estimate the likelihood of corrosion failure as a function of time. It also
provides the means to assess the beneficial impact of selective and staged defect
remediation and to evaluate candidate remediation strategies to determine the most
cost-effective approach.
This paper summarizes the reliability-based assessment and integrity management
process. It also illustrates how the results provided can be used to determine the most
cost-effective maintenance strategy in terms of the number of features to be
remediated and the preferred time to next inspection.
IPC2010-31401
An Approach for Evaluating and Prioritizing Dents for Remediation as
Reported by ILI Tools
Udayasankar Arumugam David Z. Kendrick
Blade Energy Partners Williams-Northwest Pipeline
Houston, Texas, USA Salt Lake City UT, USA
Sergio Limón-Tapia Ming Gao
Williams-Northwest Pipeline Blade Energy Partners
Salt Lake City UT, USA Houston, Texas, USA
ABSTRACT
Analytical and experimental methods exist to help in the determination of critical
strain levels for plain dents.
Government regulations and industry standards require ranking the severity of dents
reported by ILI tools for excavation primarily based on depth. These requirements
also allow the use of engineering critical analysis methods to demonstrate that critical
strain levels are not exceeded.
This paper discusses the use of a laser mapping tool in conjunction with a modified
method for determining static strains for prioritization and remediation of plain dents.
The development of a correlation factor based on the examination of 6 dents and their
respective ILI reports is presented and discussed. The application of the severity
correlation factor to the remaining dents reported in the pipe section for their
prioritization for remediation is also presented.

IPC2010-31409
Investigate Performance of Current In-Line Inspection Technologies For
Dents and Dent Associated with Metal Loss Damage Detection
Ming Gao Ravi Krishnamurthy
Blade Energy Partners Blade Energy Partners
Houston, Texas, USA Houston, Texas, USA
ABSTRACT
Integrity management of dent and dent associated with metal loss requires knowledge
of in-line inspection (ILI) technologies, government regulations and industry codes,
prescriptive requirements, and most importantly assessment models to estimate
severity of the mechanical damage. The assessment models have greatly relied on the
assumed capabilities of current ILI technologies to detect, discriminate and size the
mechanical damage. Therefore, an investigation of the current ILI technologies and
validation of their capabilities are practically important.
In this paper, the current status of ILI technologies for dent and dent with metal loss is
reviewed. Validation data provided by ILI inspection vendors and pipeline operators
are analyzed in terms of probability of detection (POD), probability of identification
(POI), probability of false call (POFC), and sizing accuracy using binomial
probability distribution and confidence interval methods. Linear regression analysis is
also performed to determine sizing error bands. High resolution pull test data
validated with LaserScan 3-D mapping technology is used to demonstrate a better
evaluation of ILI performance with minimized in-ditch measurement errors and the
effect of change in dent geometry and dimension due to re-bounding and rerounding.
Issues associated with field measurement and improvement are discussed.

IPC2010-31416

EXTERNAL CORROSION GROWTH RATE FROM SOIL PROPERTIES

Khalid A. Farrag
Gas Technology Institute
1700 S. Mount Prospect Rd, Des Plaines, IL USA
Phone: 847-768-0803
Khalid.farrag@gastechnology.org

ABSTRACT
External corrosion growth rate is an essential parameter to establish the time interval
between successive pipe integrity evaluations. Actual corrosion rates are difficult to
measure or predict. NACE Standard RP0502 [1] recommends several methods
including comparison with historical data, buried coupons, electrical resistance (ER),
and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) measurements.
This paper presents a testing program and procedure to validate the use of the LPR
and ER methods to enhance the estimation of corrosion growth rates and improve the
selection of reassessment intervals of gas transmission pipelines.
Laboratory and field tests were performed using the LPR and ER technologies. The
evaluation of soil parameters that affect localized corrosion included its type, moisture
content, pH, resistivity, drainage characteristics, chloride and sulfite levels, and soil
Redox potential.
The results show that the LPR device provides instantaneous measurement of
corrosion potential and it may be used to reflect the variations of corrosion rates with
the changes of soil conditions, moisture, and temperature. However, LPR
measurements are more efficient in saturated soils with uncertainty about its validity
in partially and totally dry soils. Consequently, seasonal changes in soil conditions
make it difficult to estimate total corrosion growth rate. On the other hand, the
measurements using the ER method provided consistent estimates for long-term
corrosion growth rates.
Corrosion growth rates were also evaluated from a previous study by the National
Institute of Standards (NIST) [2]. A procedure was developed to correlate soil
properties to corrosion rates from the ER measurements and NIST data. The
procedure was implemented in a computer program to provide an estimate of
corrosion rate based on the soil input data and allows the operator to use the ER
probes to improve the reliability of corrosion rate estimates.

IPC2010-31417
MECHANICAL DAMAGE OF PIPELINES AT LOW OPERATING
PRESSURE
Khalid A. Farrag Robert B. Francini
Gas Technology Institute Kiefner & Associates
1700 S. Mt Prospect Rd, Des Plaines, IL USA 585 Scherer Court, Worthington, OH USA
Phone: 847-768-0803 Phone: 614-888-8220
Khalid.farrag@gastechnology.org bfrancini@kiefner.com

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the results of a testing program to characterize mechanical damage
(dents and gouges) to pipelines at low operating pressures (i.e., at stress levels below
40% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength, SMYS of the pipe material). The
testing program was performed on pipelines of different sizes and grades; and the
pipes were subjected to various gouges and dents when pressurized at 40% SMYS.
The results of rupture tests on the pipes were compared with the ‘European Pipeline
Research Group (EPRG) Simplified Model’ criterion.
The results show that the model is sufficiently conservative to be used for evaluating
mechanical damage of low-stress gas pipelines. The results provide guidelines for gas
utilities to assess the damage at these stress levels. These guidelines allow a pipeline
operator to assess the repair needs of a pipeline based on its operating pressure and
damage level.

IPC2010-31419
BALANCING PIPELINE SAFETY AND COST INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
THROUGH PERFORMANCE VALIDATION OF IN-LINE INSPECTION DATA
Rick McNealy Sergio Limon-Tapia Richard Kania
Applus-RTD Williams Gas Pipeline TransCanada.
Houston, TX Salt Lake City, UT Calgary, AB
Martin Fingerhut Harvey Haines
Applus-RTD Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
Houston, TX Vienna, VA
ABSTRACT
In-Line Inspection (ILI) surveys are widely employed to identify potential threats by
capturing changes in pipe condition such as metal loss, caused by corrosion. The
better the performance and interpretation of these survey data, the higher the
reliability of being able to predict the actual condition of the pipe and required
remediation. Each ILI survey has a certain level of conservatism from the assessment
equations such as B31G and sensitivity to ILI performance for measurement
uncertainty. Multiple levels of conservatism intended to limit the possibility of a non-
conservative assessment can result in a significant economic penalty and excessive
digs without improving safety. A study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of
responses to ILI corrosion features through multiple case studies examining the
effects of failure criteria and data analysis parameters. This paper discusses the effect
of validated ILI performance on safety, and addresses the risk of false acceptance of
corrosion indications at a prescribed safety factor. The cost of unnecessary
excavations due to falsely rejecting ILI predictions is also discussed.

IPC2010-31426
EFFECTIVNESS OF HYDROSTATIC TESTING FOR HIGH

STRENGTH PIPE MATERIAL

Kimberly Cameron Alfred M. Pettinger
kcameron@exponent.com apettinger@exponent.com
Exponent, Failure Analysis Exponent, Failure Analysis
Associates Associates
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Irvine, CA 92618, USA

ABSTRACT
Pipeline systems are typically subjected to hydrostatic testing to
help ensure pipeline integrity. It can be desirable to use the highest
feasible test pressure to eliminate as many defects as possible. It is
widely accepted that safe control of yielding can be achieved during
hydrostatic testing and that the hydrostatic testing does not create
a stress state that is less safe from the standpoint of pre-existing
flaws. For a small percentage of cases, however, hydrostatic testing
can produce flaws that were longer than the ones removed. In these
few cases, the flaws can then fail at a lower test pressure than the
original hydrostatic test. The low probability of these events,
however, means that the effectiveness of the hydrostatic test is not
significantly diminished in this case.
Because crack growth from a pre-existing flaw is retarded in a
plastically deformed material, it is also typically assumed that
hydrostatic testing should not lead to accelerated crack growth.
However, this does not take into account that the hydrostatic testing
itself can cause some increment in crack growth and that for many
higher strength pipe materials significantly large defects can survive
hydrostatic testing.
These longer defects can potentially grow after surviving a
hydrostatic test. This paper discusses this difference in crack growth
rates for cracks that have survived hydrostatic testing in different
grade pipeline steels and the implications for hydrostatic testing.

IPC2010-31436
GROWTH OF SURFACE-TYPE STRESS CORROSION CRACKS IN NEAR-
NEUTRAL pH ENVIRONMENTS UNDER DISBONDED COATINGS
Afolabi T. Egbewande AbdoulMajid Eslami Weixing Chen
Chemical and Materials Chemical and Materials Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Engineering, University of Engineering, University of
Alberta, Alberta, Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT
Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (NNPHSCC), which occurs when ground
water penetrates under the pipe coating, causes longitudinal cracks to develop on the
surface of pipelines. Such cracks grow over time and can ultimately lead to pipeline
failure. NNPHSCC is currently managed by in-line inspection or hydrostatic testing
for oil and gas pipelines respectively. These procedures are enormously expensive and
have to be repeated at predetermined intervals. Re-inspection intervals are currently
determined by empirical models, which have been found rather imprecise.
A major flaw in currently applied models is that they assume that once a NNPHSCC
crack is formed, it grows at a constant rate that is independent of pipeline operating
variables and both pre- and in-service history of the pipeline material. This is not
necessarily true as pipeline history, the nature of the service environment and
operating factors, among several other factors, have a strong influence on the rate of
NNPHSCC crack propagation. Most existing models also treat NNPHSCC cracks as
long through thickness cracks rather than surface type cracks typically observed in the
field.
This research proposes to provide an empirical model that more accurately predicts
the growth rate of near-neutral pH SCC cracks in near-neutral pH environments by
studying the growth rate of surface type flaws while also accounting for the influence
of operating factors, environmental factors, coating disbondment and cathodic
protection on the rate of crack propagation.
This paper reports some preliminary test results obtained using a long specimen with
three semi elliptical surface flaws located in three reduced sections to simulate field
observed NNPHSCC cracks. Preliminary results suggest that:
1) crack grows much faster at the open mouth, which was attributed to hydrogen
effects
2) crack dormancy can occur under certain combined mechanical factors
3) although the benign mechanical loading cannot lead to a direct crack growth (crack
dormancy), it causes damage to the crack tip, which makes the crack more susceptible
to crack growth upon a more aggressive condition is encountered.

IPC2010-31445
BURST TESTS ON PIPELINE CONTAINING CIRCUMFERENTIAL
CORROSION DEFECTS
Adilson C. Benjamin José Luiz F. Freire Ronaldo D. Vieira
PETROBRAS R&D Catholic University of Catholic University of
Center Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil Brazil Brazil
Jorge L. C. Diniz
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
ABSTRACT

Circumferential defects are the ones in which the width w is greater than the length L

(w > L).

In this paper the burst tests of three tubular specimens are presented. In these tests the

tubular specimens were loaded with  internal pressure only. The specimens were cut

from  longitudinal welded tubes made of API 5L X80 steel with a  nominal outside

diameter of 457.2 mm (18 in) and a nominal  wall thickness of 7.93 mm (0.312 in).

Each   of   the   three  specimens   had   one   external   circumferential   corrosion   defect,

machined using spark erosion. Measurements were carried out in order to determine

the   actual   dimensions   of   each   tubular  specimen   and   its   respective   defect.   Tensile

specimens and impact test specimens were tested to determine material properties.

The failure pressures measured in the burst tests are compared with those predicted by

five assessments methods, namely: the ASME B31G method, the RSTRENG 085dL
method, the DNV RP­F101 method for single defects (Part B), the RPA method and

the Kastner equation.

Keywords: corroded pipeline, circumferential corrosion,defects, burst tests

IPC2010 – 31451
SIMULATION OF LONG TERM PIPE EXPOSURE TO DISBONDMENT WITH
AN ADVANCED PERMEABLE COATING MODEL (PCM3.0)
Li Yan Robert Worthingham
NOVA Research & Technology Centre TransCanada PipeLines Limited
Calgary, AB, Canada Calgary, AB, Canada

ABSTRACT
The Permeable Coating Model (PCM) is a mathematical model which has been
developed to predict the generation and evolution of environments under a disbonded
permeable coating as a consequence of the action of CP. The early version of the PCM
was presented at IPC 2004, which focused on the prediction of the environment under
a disbonded permeable coating in a fully water-saturated soil without including the
generation of CO2 in the soil. As a consequence, the model predicted the generation
of a high-pH environment for NaOH-based solution rather than a concentrated
HCO3-/CO32- trapped water. The advanced version of PCM takes into account the
generation of CO2 in soil by both microbial activity and plant roots respiration. Also,
the concept of degree of saturation was introduced, which enables the PCM to predict
the pipe surface conditions for situations in which the pipeline is either permanently
above or below the water table.
The simulation results from the advanced version of PCM show that the concentrated
carbonate (i.e, 0.1 to 1 M) and high pH (> 9) environment required for high pH SCC,
can be developed within 10 years with a CP level of -1.5VCSE and T > 25oC. For low
temperatures (i.e., T ≤ 25oC) a time longer than 10 years is necessary to establish this
concentrated carbonate and high pH environment. The results also suggest that
although the necessary environment can be generated through the application of CP =
-1.5 VCSE, the selected CP level does not cause the potential on the pipe surface to
reach the critical potential range (i.e., -750 mVCSE to -600 mVCSE) required for
high pH SCC. As expected, the loss of CP after an application of CP for 10 years
could provide the environment needed for near-neutral pH SCC to occur.

IPC2010-31464
Effects of Cathodic Protection on Cracking of High-Strength Pipeline Steels
 M. Elboujdaini, R. W. Revie, and M. Attard
CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory - 568 Booth Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1
{email: melboujd@nrcan.gc.ca}

ABSTRACT
A comparison was made between four strength levels of pipeline steels (X-70, X80,
X-100 and the X-120) from the point of view of their susceptibility to hydrogen
embrittlement under cathodic protection. The main aim was to determine whether the
development of higher strength materials led to greater susceptibility to hydrogen
embrittlement. This was achieved by straining at 2x10-6 s-1 after cathodic charging in
a simulated dilute groundwater solution (NS4) containing 5% CO2/95% N2 (pH
approximately 6.7). The results showed quantitatively the loss of ductility after
charging, and the loss of ductility increases with strength level of the steel. All four
steels exhibited a loss of ductility at overprotected charging potential and an
increasing amount of brittleness on the fracture surface.
Ductility in solution was measured under four different levels of cathodic protection,
ranging from no cathodic protection to 500 mV of overprotection with respect to the
usually accepted criterion of −850 mV vs. Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode.
Experiments were carried out by straining during cathodic polarization in a simulated
dilute ground water solution (NS-4 solution). Strain rates used were 2×10−6 s−1.
After failure, the fracture surfaces were characterized by examination using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).
Under cathodic protection, all four steels showed loss of ductility and features of
brittle fracture. The loss of ductility under cathodic polarization was larger the greater
the strength of the steel and the more active (i.e., more negative) the applied potential.
The Ductility Reduction Index (DRI) was defined to quantify the reduction in
ductility.

IPC2010-31470
DESIGN OF PIPELINE DAMAGE FOR THE BP X100
OPERATIONAL TRIAL
Robert M Andrews1 bandrews@fleetech.com Middlesex,
BMT Fleet Technology James Johnson United Kingdom
Ltd BP Exploration Julie Crossley
Mountsorrel, Operating Co Ltd GL Noble Denton Ltd
Loughborough, UK Sunbury-on-Thames, Loughborough, UK
ABSTRACT
As part of an ongoing pipeline technology program for BP Alaska, a 1 km, 48-inch
diameter, X100 demonstration pipeline was constructed and operated for a period of
two years.
Artificial defects were introduced into one of the two test sections. These defects were
intended to demonstrate that current assessment methods could be used to predict the
behaviour of pipeline defects in a very high strength steel under realistic conditions
including accelerated pressure cycling and a range of cathodic protection levels. The
defects included in the trial were volumetric corrosion, mechanical damage, arc
strikes and girth weld defects. The volumetric corrosion defects included both isolated
defects and pairs of interacting defects.
All the defects and details such as the girth welds were assessed for fatigue failure in
addition to failure at the Maximum Operating Pressure.
This paper describes the design of the defects for the trial. The defects were designed
to be close to failure, so as to provide a realistic test of the predictive methods.
Current methods were used including the Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual
(PDAM) and ongoing work sponsored by PRCI.
KEYWORDS
Pipeline; X100; Defects; PDAM; High Strength Linepipe; Corrosion; Mechanical
Damage; Weld Defects.

IPC2010-31483
IS THE 80% LEAK CRITERION ALWAYS APPROPRIATE?
Harvey Haines Rick McNealy M.J. Rosenfeld, PE
Kiefner & Associates, Inc. Applus-RTD Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
Vienna, VA Houston, TX Worthington, OH
ABSTRACT
When evaluating corrosion ASME B31G recommends an upper limit of 80 percent of
the wall thickness for evaluating metal loss depth. Although corrosion deeper than this
can still be acceptable for maintaining a safe pipeline, the primary concern was for the
effect of error in the corrosion depth measurement and the need to offer conservative
criteria. If the measurement error is understood and the treatment of these errors can
be handled in a routine and practical manner, then corrosion depths greater than 80
percent could potentially be acceptable. Examples of well understood measurement
error are ILI tools where published values exist for commercial tools, in addition the
error can be reassessed using in-the-ditch measurements when remediating occurs.
The 80 percent maximum is
also limiting for low pressure applications such as barge and tank lines, or natural gas
distribution lines, where the pressure on a system is often only a fraction of the
pressure carrying capability of full wall thickness pipe. This paper will demonstrate a
method for assessing deep corrosion which is acceptable for low pressure lines and
accounts for measurement error using other known sources of measurement error.

IPC2010-31489
PIPELINE INTEGRITY EVALUATION OF OIL PIPELINES USING FREE-
SWIMMING ACOUSTIC TECHNOLOGY
Samuel T. Ariaratnam, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.
 Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona USA
Muthu Chandrasekaran, P.Eng.
Pure Technologies Limited
Calgary, Alberta Canada
ABSTRACT
Significant financial and environmental consequences often result from line leakage
of oil product pipelines. Product can escape into the surrounding soil as even the
smallest leak can lead to rupture of the pipeline. From a health perspective, water
supplies may be tainted by oil migrating into aquifers. A joint academic-industry
research initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has lead to the development
and refinement of a free-swimming tool called SmartBall®, which is capable of
detecting leaks as small as 0.03 gpm in oil product pipelines. The tool swims through
the pipeline being assessed and produces results at significantly reduced cost to the
end user compared to current leak detection methods. GPS synchronized GIS-based
above ground loggers capture low frequency acoustic signatures and digitally log the
passage of the tool through a pipeline. This paper presents the development,
laboratory and field validation testing of the SmartBall for oil pipeline integrity.

IPC2010-31500
MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE U.S. IMP PROGRAM
By
Terry Boss – Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA)
David Johnson – Panhandle Energy (Chair of INGAA Pipeline Safety Committee)
Bernie Selig – Process Performance Improvement Consultants
John Zurcher – Process Performance Improvement Consultants
ABSTRACT
The requirement to perform Integrity Management Programs (IMP) in the U.S.
was mandated by Congress at the end of 2002. Actual inspections began in
2004. The Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, (INGAA), began a
program to measure the effectiveness of the IMP (Integrity Management
Program) with some of its member companies, representing approximately
120,000 miles of transmission pipeline. The U.S. has 295,000miles of on
shore gas transmission piping. This paper provides 6 years of gathered data
on IMP activities and compares them to PHMSA data.
The INGAA participating companies have inspected more than 80% of their
High Consequence Areas (HCAs) while the total for all PHMSA miles is more
than 90% by the end of 2009. The number of PHMSA reported immediate and
scheduled repairs being made in HCAs is 0.17 repairs/mile of assessed HCA
averaged over the 6 year period. The total number of all repairs reported for
the INGAA companies is an average of 0.11 repairs per mile of HCA
inspected. There were 6 reportable incidents in HCAs in 2009 for all onshore
gas transmission piping, 5 of which were due to third party caused damage.
Reassessments, re‐inspection of pipe that already had a baseline inspection,
are reported for the INGAA program. For calendar years 2007 through 2009, a
total of 641 HCA miles of pipeline have been reassessed. There were 19
repairs made in the reassessed pipe, equating to 0.03 repairs/mile, a 73%
reduction in the number of repairs in reassessed pipeline.

IPC2010-31512
REMAINING LOCAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF CORRODED
PIPELINES
Qishi Chen Heng Aik Khoo
C-FER Technologies Carleton University
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Roger Cheng
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Joe Zhou
TransCanada Pipelines Limited
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a multi-year PRCI research program that investigated the local
buckling (or wrinkling) of onshore pipelines with metal-loss corrosion. The
dependence of local buckling resistance on wall thickness suggests that metal-loss
defects will considerably reduce such resistance. Due to the lack of experimental data,
overly conservative assumptions such as a uniform wall thickness reduction over the
entire pipe circumference based on the defect depth have been used in practice.
The objective of this research work was to develop local buckling criteria for
pipelines with corrosion defects. The work related to local buckling was carried out in
three phases by C-FER and the University of Alberta. The first phase included a
comprehensive finite element analysis to evaluate the influence of various corrosion
defect features and to rank key parameters. Based on the outcome of Phase 1 work, a
test matrix was developed and ten full-scale tests were carried out in Phase 2 to
collect data for model verification. In Phase 3, over 150 parametric cases were
analyzed using finite element models to develop assessment criteria for maximum
moment and compressive strain limit. Each criterion includes a set of partial safety
factors that were calibrated to meet target reliabilities selected based on recent
research related to pipeline code development. The proposed criteria were applied to
in-service pipeline examples with general corrosion features to estimate the remaining
load-carrying capacity and to assess the conservatism of current practice.

IPC2010-􀀖􀀖􀀖􀀖􀀖
Three-Dimensional Response of Buried Pipelines Subjected To Large
Soil Deformation Effects- Part I: 3D Continuum Modeling Using ALE and
SPH Formulations
Abdelfettah Fredj
BMT Fleet Technology Limited, 311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, K2K 1Z8
Canada
Aaron Dinovitzer
BMT Fleet Technology Limited, 311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, K2K 1Z8
Canada
ABSTRACT
Understanding the effect of soil-pipeline interactions in the event of large ground
movement is an important consideration for the pipeline designer. Both experimental
investigation and computational analyses play significant roles in soil-pipeline
research. As part of this effort, a framework incorporating continuum soil mechanics
and advanced finite element approach (i.e., ALE and SPH method) for modeling soil
pipe interaction was constructed.
The overall objective of this work is to develop, validate and apply 3D continuum
modeling techniques to assess the performance of pipeline systems subjected to large
soil displacements. The numerical models produced may subsequently be used to
predict the wrinkle formation and post formation behavior of the pipeline considering
the effect of the soil confinement. The aim is to develop a comprehensive wrinkle
integrity assessment process.
This is the first paper (Part I) in a series of two papers. In this paper a three-
dimensional Continuum models using MMALE (Multi-material Arbitrary Eulerian
Lagrangian) and SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) approaches are developed and
employed using LS-DYNA. The results are compared with published experimental
data of large-scale tests to verify the numerical analysis methods.
In the second paper (Part II) the effects of soil restraint on the response of the
pipe/soil systems (e.g., pipeline wrinkle and buckle, strain demand) are discussed.

IPC2010-31517
Three-Dimensional Response of Buried Pipelines Subjected To Large
Soil Deformation Effects- Part II: Effects of the Soil Restraint on the
Response of Pipe/Soil Systems
Abdelfettah Fredj Aaron Dinovitzer
BMT Fleet Technology Limited, 311 BMT Fleet Technology Limited, 311
Legget Drive Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, K2K 1Z8 Kanata, Ontario, K2K 1Z8
Canada Canada

ABSTRACT
Understanding the effect of soil-pipeline interactions in the event of large ground
movement is an important consideration for pipeline designer. Both experimental
investigation and computational analyses play significant roles in this research.
As part of this effort, a framework incorporating continuum soil mechanics and
advanced finite element approach (i.e., ALE and SPH method) for modeling soil pipe
interaction is developed.
The overall objective is to develop, validate and apply 3D continuum modeling
technique to assess the performance of pipeline system subjected to large soil
displacement. The numerical models than may be used to predict the wrinkle
formation and post formation behavior of the pipeline considering the effect of the
soil confinement, and develop a comprehensive wrinkle integrity assessment process.
This is the second paper (Part II) in a series of two papers. In the first paper a three-
dimensional Continuum models using MM-ALE (Multi-material Arbitrary Eulerian
Lagrangian) and SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) approaches are developed and
run using LS-DYNA. The results are compared with published experimental data of
large-scale test to verify the numerical analysis methods.
In this paper (Part II) the effects of soil restraint on the response of the pipe/soil
systems (e.g., pipeline Wrinkle and buckle, strain demand) are discussed.

IPC2010-31522
TRENDS IN TIME-DELAYED FAILURE UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE
Brian Leis Andrew Cosham*
Battelle Memorial Institute Atkins Boreas
Columbus, Ohio, USA Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Xian-Kui Zhu
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Paul Roovers
Fluxys
Brussels, Belgium
ABSTRACT
It has long been recognized that a defect in a pipeline, such as a crack, or a gouge, or a
dent and gouge, can fail at a constant pressure after some period of time has elapsed,
which is commonly referred to as a time-delayed failure. Modern line-pipe steels are
more defect tolerant than the earlier vintages, but can be more susceptible to time-
delayed failures by virtue of their higher toughness and tolerance for larger defects.
Nowadays many pipelines are subjected to in-line inspection such that many more
defects that previously went undetected are now found. However, because metal-loss
due to external interference could be inferred as external corrosion, whereas a feature
associated with a dent could lead to more immediate response, it is not clear that ILI
will expose this threat. Thus, the defects prone to time-delayed failures could remain
in the pipeline even where ILI is used. To prevent timedelayed failures and minimize
the risk to first-responders, it is important that the operator quantify the potential
response defects relative to the line-pipe steel, the pressure history since detection or
presumed date of contact, and the damage size, while initially making the
conservative assumption that the metal-loss is a gouge.
This paper describes work undertaken to develop these guidelines to direct first-
responders, and highlights the remaining work to complete their validation.
KEY WORDS: defect, time-dependent growth, delayed failure, first-responder
guidelines

IPC2010-31524
REPAIR OF DENTS SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC PRESSURE SERVICE
USING COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Chris Alexander
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.,Houston, Texas
chris.alexander@stress.com
Julian Bedoya
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.,Houston, Texas
julian.bedoya@stress.com
ABSTRACT
For the better part of the past 15 years composite materials have
been used to repair corrosion in high pressure gas and liquid
transmission pipelines. This method of repair is widely accepted
throughout the pipeline industry because of the extensive
evaluation efforts performed by composite repair manufacturers,
operators, and research organizations. Pipeline damage comes in
different forms, one of which involves dents that include plain dents,
dents in girth welds and dents in seam welds. An extensive study
has been performed over the past several years involving multiple
composite manufacturers who installed their repair systems on the
above mentioned dent types.
The primary focus of the current study was to evaluate the level of
reinforcement provided by composite materials in repairing dented
pipelines. The test samples were pressure cycled to failure to
determine the level of life extension provided by the composite
materials relative to a set of unrepaired test samples. Several of the
repaired dents in the study did not fail even after 250,000 pressure
cycles were applied at a range of 72% SMYS. The results of this
study
clearly demonstrate the significant potential that composite repair
systems have, when properly designed and installed, to restore the
integrity of damaged pipelines to ensure long-term service.

IPC2010-31525
GIRTH WELD FAILURE IN A LARGE DIAMETER GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE
 Ron Scrivner Butch Exley Chris Alexander
Stress Engineering Services, Williams Gas Pipeline Stress Engineering Services,
Inc. Houston, Texas Inc.
Houston, Texas butch.d.exley@williams.com Houston, Texas
ron.scrivner@stress.com chris.alexander@stress.com
ABSTRACT
There have been several recent weld failures either during the initial post
construction hydrostatic tests, or immediately following construction. Girth
welds typically do not fail as a result of internal hoop loads without the
contribution of loads due to out side forces.
External loading should be considered during design, welding procedure
development, construction, and pipeline operations. This paper presents one
example where a girth weld failed as a result of preexisting 1940’s weld
imperfections and recent, 1980’s, external loading. This analysis of the girth
weld failure in the 30-inch pipeline included an initial failure analysis, a
fracture mechanics analysis, and a finite element analysis that integrated the
pipe-soil interaction, as well as localized stresses associated with weld
imperfections. A critical part of this study was to evaluate how changes in soil
conditions associated with a drought followed by soil saturation associated
with rainfall, contributed to lack of local support and increased overburden
loads associated with the saturated soil.
The failure analysis of the ruptured girth weld and surrounding pipe concluded
that the failure of the girth weld was caused by increased bending loads
imposed on the pipeline after recent construction activities, and that the
fracture initiated at a lack-of-penetration/fusion imperfection that was 20¼-
inches long and 0.110 inches deep. A coupled investigation using finite
element and fracture mechanics analyses verified numerically that with
reduced-strength soil, stresses were generated in the girth weld of sufficient
magnitude to cause a fracture. Temperature, terrain, and fatigue were
considered, but were not deemed to significant enough to affect the stresses
or other conditions that resulted in the failure.
The overriding observation of this study is that no single factor contributed to
the failure that occurred. Rather, the girth weld failure was the result of weld
imperfections that generated elevated stresses due to excessive loads
imparted to the pipe due to settlement associated with non-compact backfill
associated with excavation work.
Had the pipe not displaced vertically due to localized soil conditions, it is
unlikely that the pipeline would have failed. The recent excavation activities
were adequate for normal soil conditions; however, dry soil at the time of
construction resulted in lack of compaction and excessive moisture just prior
to the failure that generated in differential settlement and heavy overburden,
combined with lack of penetration imperfection in the girth weld in question,
resulted in generating excessive bending stresses that contributed to the
eventual failure of the pipeline.
 IPC2010-31538

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH FOR EVALUATING DENT SEVERITY IN A

LIQUID TRANSMISSION PIPELINE SYSTEM
Chris Alexander
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.
Houston, Texas
chris.alexander@stress.com
Eelco Jorritsma
Shell Pipeline Company
Houston, Texas
eelco jorritsma @shell.com
ABSTRACT
An API 579 Level 3 assessment was performed to determine the
stresses in a 2% dent in a 20-inch x 0.406-inch pipeline. The intent
was to determine the stress concentration factor (SCF) in the dent
with a finite element model using geometry data provided from an
in-line inspection caliper run. In addition to the analytically-derived
SCF, data were also evaluated from a recent experimental study
involving a plain dent subjected to cyclic pressure conditions with a
profile comparable to the dent in question. This sample was cycled
at a stress range of 70% SMYS and failed after 10,163 cycles had
been applied. Using the DOE-B mean fatigue curve, combined with
the experimental fatigue life, the resulting SCF factor was derived to
be 4.20. This value is within 1% of the calculated FEA-based SCF and
served to confirm the technical validity of the SCF. The operator
provided historical pressure data covering a 12-month period and a
rainflow count analysis was performed on the data. Using this data,
along with the API X’ design fatigue curve, the estimated remaining
life was determined for the dent in question and conservatively
estimated to be 65 years. This paper provides details on the
analysis methodology and associated results, discussions on the
empirically-derived SCF with its use in validating the analytical SCF,
and application of the results to estimate the remaining life of the
pipeline system. It is the intent of the authors to provide the pipeline
industry with a systemic approach for evaluating dent severity using
caliper and operating pressure history data.

IPC2010-31552

FITNESS FOR SERVICE DOCUMENT COMPARISON: API 579 VS. PDAM

 Carl E. Jaske
DNV Columbus, Inc.
Dublin, Ohio, USA
Melissa J. Rubal
DNV Columbus, Inc.
Dublin, Ohio, USA
ABSTRACT
Assessing the Fitness for Service (FFS) of deficient pipeline segments or facilities is
an important step in managing the mechanical integrity and safety of pipeline
systems. However, FFS can be determined according to several documents, including
API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 2007 Fitness-For-Service (API 579) and the Pipeline Defect
Assessment Manual (PDAM). The document contents and assessment methodologies
of API 579 and PDAM are reviewed and compared for several common damage
mechanisms.
API 579 was originally developed for the refining and petrochemical industries but is
currently applied to a broad range of equipment and systems. In contrast, PDAM was
developed under a joint industry project to assess defects specifically in petrochemical
pipelines. While PDAM refers the reader to API 579 for the assessment of several
damage mechanisms, including gouges, manufacturing defects, weld defects, and
cracks, the authors of PDAM claim that API 579 is generic, biased towards pipes in
process plants, and can be overly conservative for the assessment of other pipeline
defects.
Understanding and comparing the current FFS documents can lead to an enhanced
allocation of available resources and can improve the level of FFS assessments in the
pipeline industry. The methods used to assess corrosion of components with static
internal pressures, dents, dent-gouge combinations, and cracks are compared.

IPC2010-31559
DATA ANALYSIS IN PARALLEL WITH GIS SYSTEMS
Steven J. Polasik Michelle LeMesurier
DNV Columbus, Inc. DNV Energy Canada Ltd.
Dublin, OH, USA Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Tony Alfano Burke Delanty Tom Bubenik

DNV Columbus, Inc. DNV Energy Canada Ltd. DNV Columbus, Inc.
Dublin, OH, USA Calgary, Alberta, Canada Dublin, OH, USA

ABSTRACT
The processing and integration of data for direct assessment (DA) and in-line
inspection (ILI) comparisons is critical to making sound integrity-based decisions.
While geographic information systems (GIS) are now commonly used to model
pipeline systems, most day-to-day data processing and integration occurs outside of
the GIS, for example in Microsoft Excel™.
As such, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) developed a data integration tool within Excel™
as part of a large scale stress corrosion cracking direct assessment (SCCDA) program
for a major pipeline operator. Linear based data provided by the client (e.g., in-line
inspections, girth welds, previous excavations, close interval survey, coating, grade
and wall thickness, pressure history, road and water crossings, risk assessments,
landowner information, etc.) is processed, analyzed and incorporated into the overlay.
This tool provides the ability to integrate any linear based data in a graphical
representation of the pipeline along continuous and parallel chainage. The overlay
allows for identifying similar locations using criteria that are difficult to program into
an algorithm and helps engineers to relate complex factors during the decision making
process. The overlay also provides the ability to easily extract data relevant to sites
selected for assessment along the pipeline.
The data integration tool has already found many applications beyond SCCDA since it
provides a robust process to integrate and analyze data in parallel with GIS systems.
The overlay provides engineers with a method to make decisions without learning
complex GIS programs and has the added ability to feed the results back into GIS
systems. Such decision making processes and applications include direct assessment
programs, cathodic protection enhancements, risk reduction programs, in-line
inspection comparisons, and maintenance activities.

IPC2010-31561

EVALUATION OF COMPOSITE SLEEVE REPAIR IN KINKED DENT IN

NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
Byron G. Souza Filho Gabriel Petry TBG
Petrobras UFRGS/LAMEF Rio de Janeiro-RJ-
Rio de Janeiro-RJ- Porto Alegre-RS-Brasil Brasil
Brasil Cristiane S. Frota
Walter Schultz Neto
TBG
Florianópolis-SC-Brasil
Fabio M. Matsuo
TBG
Campinas-SP-Brasil
ABSTRACT
The Code ASME B31.8 [1] is well established as a safe Code for all life
phases of Natural Gas Transmission and distribution pipelines, like: design,
construction, operation and maintenance. In the case of mechanical damage,
such as dents, the Code contains maintenance provisions for field acceptance
or repair of dent and dents combined with other defects consisting of stresses
raisers such as gouges, arc burns and welds.
Dents, sometimes, are found in sensitive areas due to urban sprawl upon
pipeline right-of-way or environmental concerns. In addition dents shapes,
sometimes, are not smooth or plain like the code defines as criteria of
acceptance.
This paper presents and describes some full scale pipeline test’s results in
samples containing kinked dents, reproduced in laboratory, in recent vintage
pipelines. This type of defect is usually caused by rock puncturing,
unauthorized excavation or soil-pipeline interaction in an inservice pipeline.
The damaged pipeline samples were repaired by composite reinforcing
sleeves before being submitted to the tests. The dimensions of the defects
were detected and sized by Geometric and MFL PIG, and compared with field
measurements. The studies were conducted concerning internal pressure
fluctuations, which can be covered by fluctuations in the principal stresses in
the pipe wall. The analyses also considered the plastic strain around the
damaged area and effects of rerounding or spring back in case of the defects
were generated in conditions of normal operation or in condition of out of
service pipeline.
Keywords: composite sleeves, kinked dents, buckles, pipeline repair.

IPC2010-31569

EFFECTIVE PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT IN THE MAGALLANES

REGION OF CHILE
E Salinas Empresa Nacional del A. Wilde
Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) MACAW Engineering
Petróleo (ENAP) Punta Arenas, Chile Ltd.
Punta Arenas, Chile Newcastle Upon Tyne,
A. Muñoz UK
J. Healy M. Bakayeva
MACAW Engineering Ltd. ROSEN Europe
Newcastle Upon Tyne, Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
UK
ABSTRACT
Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP) is an energy company, wholly owned
by the Chilean Government. With regards to overall management, the
company comprises of two Business Divisions: Exploration and Production
(Up-stream) and Refining and Logistic (Down-stream), complemented by
corporate managerial structures.
The objective of ENAP’s Exploration and Production (Up- Stream) business
line is the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in
the South of Chile (Magallanes) and abroad, as well as geo-thermal energy, in
this case, associated with private entities in areas of Northern Chile.
Within the Magallanes region ENAP operates approximately 2,200 km of
natural gas, crude oil and refined product pipelines. These pipelines range in
diameter from 4 to 20 inch and the majority of pipelines are over 30 years old.
Due to operational reliability reasons, since 1998 ENAP has been regularly
inspecting its pipelines using intelligent in-line inspection tools. Furthermore,
since 2006, as part of an overall pipeline integrity management plan ENAP
has been conducting Fitness for Service assessments on selected pipelines
including a risk-based assessment considering pipeline condition and the
impact on the continuity of operation.
The Integrity Management Plan implemented by ENAP in the Magallanes
region has been applied to all pipelines transporting gas, crude oil and refined
products, including those built after 1990. This plan comprises the
construction phase, from which invaluable information is gathered for later
use. The primary aims of ENAP’s integrity management plan are:
- To protect the public
- To protect the surrounding environment by preventing pipeline failures
- To ensure efficient usage of the budget available to conduct maintenance
tasks
- To prevent damage to the pipelines, e.g. due to corrosion activity
- To provide clarity of activities being performed by ENAP in order to ensure
an efficient, safe and reliable pipeline system
This paper provides a description of the integrity management strategy
adopted by ENAP and includes a review of a number of the challenges
encountered during its implementation.
KEYWORDS
Pipeline Integrity Management, Risk Assessment, Corrosion Growth
Assessment, Integrity Assessment, ENAP

IPC2010-31576

ESTIMATION OF CORROSION RATES BY RUN COMPARISON: A

STOCHASTIC SCORING METHODOLOGY
Érika S. M. Nicoletti
Petrobras Transporte S.A
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Ricardo D. de Souza
Petrobras Transporte S.A
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Pipeline   operators   used   to   map   and   quantify   corrosion  damage   along   their   aging

pipeline systems by carrying out periodical in­line metal­loss inspections. Comparison
with the data sets from subsequent runs of such inspections is one of the most reliable

techniques   to   infer   representative   corrosion  growth   rates   throughout   the   pipeline

length, within the period  between two inspections. Presently there are two distinct

approaches to infer corrosion rates based on multiple in­line  inspections: individual

comparison of the detected defective areas (quantified by more than one inspection),

and   comparison  between   populations.   The   former   usually   requires   a   laborious

matching process between the run­data sets, while the drawback of the latter is that it

often   fails   to   notice   hot­spot   areas.   The  object   of   this   work   is   to   present   a   new

methodology which allows quick data comparison of two runs, while still maintaining

local   distinct   characteristics   of   the   corrosion  process   severity.   There   are   three

procedures   that   must   be  performed.   Firstly,   ILI   metal­loss   data   set   should   be

submitted  to a filtering/adjustment process, taking into consideration the  reporting

threshold   consistency;   the   possible   existence   of  systematic   bias   and   corrosion

mechanisms   similarity.   Secondly,  the   average   metal­loss   growth   rate   between

inspections   should  be   determined   based   on   the   filtered   populations.   Thirdly,   the

defects   reported   by  the   latest   inspection   should   have   their  corrosion   growth   rates

individually   determined   as   a   function   of  the   mean   depth   values   of   the   whole

population   and   in   the   defect  neighborhood.   The   methodology   allows   quick   and

realistic  damage­progression estimates, endeavoring to achieve more  cost­effective

and reliable strategies for the integrity management of aged corroded systems. Model

robustness and general feasibility is demonstrated in a real case study.
 IPC2010-31579
FULL SCALE CYCLIC FATIGUE TESTING OF DENTED PIPELINES AND
DEVELOPMENT OF A VALIDATED DENTED PIPE FINITE ELEMENT
MODEL
Brock Bolton1, Vlado Semiga1, Sanjay Tiku1, Aaron Dinovitzer1, Joe Zhou2
[1] BMT Fleet Technology Limited, 311 Legget Drive, Kanata, ON, Canada, K2K 1Z8
Tel.: 613-592-2830; Fax: 613-592-4950; email: adinovit@fleetech.com
[2] TransCanada Pipelines Ltd., 450 - 1 Street SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2P 5H1
Tel.: 403-920-2000; Fax: 403-920-2200; email: joe_zhou@transcanada.com
ABSTRACT
Dents in buried pipelines can occur due to a number of potential causes; the pipe
resting on rock, third party machinery strike, rock strikes during backfilling, amongst
others. The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of
a variety of parameters, including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter
support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe
remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted
for in the analysis.
The goal of the full scale experimental program described in this paper is to compile a
database of full scale dent test results that encompasses many of the dent types seen in
the field, including plain dents, dents interacting with girth and long seam welds, and
dents interacting with metal loss features, in both the unrestrained and restrained
condition. The dents are pressure cycled until a fatigue failure occurs in the dent.
Typical data recorded includes indentation load/displacement curves, applied
pressures, pipe wall OD strains along the axial and circumferential centerlines, and
axial and circumferential dent profiles. The full scale tests are being performed on
behalf of PRCI and US DoT.
This paper is intended to show the matrix of dents considered to date and present a
representative summary of the data recorded.
In addition to presenting the full scale test program and resulting data, this paper
summarizes ongoing efforts to develop a validated pipeline dent integrity assessment
model. The model under development makes use of the aforementioned full scale
experimental data, to validate a finite element model of the denting and re-rounding
process for a variety of dent scenarios (i.e. depths, restraints, indenter sizes).
The paper discusses the efforts under way to develop and validate the finite element
model with the goal being to estimate the fatigue life. The paper is an extension of
work discussed in a previously presented IPC paper [1].

IPC2010-31581

PREDICTION AND COMPARISON OF BURST PRESSURE FOR LINE PIPES

Xian-Kui Zhu and Brain N. Leis
Battelle Memorial Institute
 505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201

ABSTRACT: Accurate prediction of burst pressure in line pipes is critical for their
safety design and operation. Different equations for predicting burst pressure of line
pipes have been proposed over the years, but broad agreements between the
prediction equations did not exist. To this end, the present authors recently developed
a new multi-axial plastic yield theory that is referred to as Average Shear Stress Yield
(ASSY) theory [6]. Based on this theory, a theoretical closed-form solution for
predicting burst pressure was proposed as a function of the pipe diameter, thickness,
ultimate tensile stress and strain hardening exponent. The results showed that the
ASSY-based burst pressure solution predicts generally the average of experimental
data, and gives the best prediction among different models in a comparison of over
100 full-size burst tests for different line pipe geometries and grades. This conclusion
is consistent with the observation by Zimmerman et al. [7]. On the other hand, Law at
al. [1-3] recently proposed a so-called CIS (cylindrical instability stress) model that
can implicitly predict the burst pressure of line pipes, and claimed that the CIS model
is the best one for predicting burst pressure. To clarify the argument and to determine
a truly accurate prediction equation, this paper will reevaluate the available models of
burst pressure using various experimental data used by Law et al. and others. Detailed
comparisons and discussions on the predictions of burst pressure with the
experimental results are performed.
KEYWORDS: pipeline, burst pressure, Y/T ratio, Tresca criterion, von Mises
criterion, ASSY criterion

IPC2010-31583
EXPERIMENTAL STRAIN MEASUREMENTS ON LARGE DIAMETER
MITERED PIPE JOINTS
Ioan I. Feier Brian N. Leis Xian-Kui Zhu
Battelle Memorial Institute Battelle Memorial Institute Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus, OH, USA Columbus, OH, USA Columbus, OH, USA

Randall B. Stonesifer John S. Stavrakas Daniel D‟Eletto

Computational Mechanics National Grid National Grid
Inc. Waltham, MA, USA Hicksville, NY, USA
Julian, PA, USA

ABSTRACT
Historic pipeline construction utilized miter joints to enable small directional changes
in pipeline routing, and this legacy construction remains in today‟s pipelines. Current
codes and regulations impose a limit on the maximum miter angle to less than three
degrees of the total pipeline direction change, for pipeline operating with pressure
over 30-percent SMYS (Specified Minimum Yield Stress). In anticipation of an
operational pressure increase, an experimental and simulation effort was undertaken
recently to determine the stress amplification due to miters in 30-inch diameter, 0.5-
inch thick gas transmission pipelines. Experiments were conducted on six miter joints
ranging in miter angle from 0° to 8° degrees of total pipeline direction change. Three
of the miter joints were removed from the field (1950‟s original installation), while
the remaining three were specifically fabricated for the testing. All the miters
considered were X42 pipeline steel. The miter pipe joint specimens were tested with
pure pressurization, pure bending, and combined pressure and bending using a custom
designed loading apparatus. Hoop and axial strains were measured using internally
and externally mounted strain gauges. Pressure, as well as four point bending loads
and deflections were recorded. One 3.8º field miter specimen was tested to burst.
Experimental data, analytical solutions, and finite element results are compared at the
miter joint section for the three loading cases. The study is limited to pipe radius to
thickness ratio values of 30, and hence the results presented in this study are useful
near this value. Results showed that miter joints increase stresses in the vicinity of the
miter joint for pressure and/or bending loads. The peak stresses are on the exterior at
the intrados. The pressure induced peak stress values increase proportional to the
miter angle, and bending further increases the miter stress magnitudes. The
ovalization effects significantly compromise the use of linear superposition of
pressure and bending stresses even though material behavior remains elastic.
Findings from this study demonstrate that in-situ miters on the pipeline in question do
not compromise the integrity of the line, and stress additions for small angles over
three degrees are comparable to stress risers occurring from normal pipeline features.
The results of this work are important for performing structural integrity assessments
and for making informed regulatory decisions for mitered pipeline operation.

IPC2010-31584

Composite Repairs of High Pressure Steel Pipelines

by
Shawn Laughlin, ClockSpring, & Keith Leewis, L&A Ltd,
ABSTRACT: This paper provides a review of the performance considerations for
effective mitigation of metal loss defects on high pressure steel pipelines. Special
emphasis is placed on the non-trivial issues which are often not considered by
practitioners of pipeline integrity efforts.

IPC2010-31585

GUIDELINES TO CONDUCTING THREAT SUSCEPTIBILITY AND

 IDENTIFICATION ASSESSMENTS OF PIPELINES PRIOR TO
REACTIVATION
Chad Bunch, E.I.T. Glenn Cameron, M. Sc., P.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Eng Rafael G. Mora, P. Eng
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Calgary, Alberta, Canada
The views, judgments, opinions and recommendations expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of
the National Energy Board, its Chairman or members, nor is the Board obligated to adopt any of them
ABSTRACT
This paper provides guidelines to identify all threats and assess a pipeline’s
susceptibility to those threats in order to select appropriate and effective
mitigation, monitoring, and prevention measures prior to reactivating
pipelines. The intent of this paper is to provide pipeline operators, consultants
and regulatory agencies with a generic threat assessment approach that has
to be customized to the pipeline-specific characteristics and conditions, and
the regulatory requirements of its own jurisdiction.
A literature review and authors’ experiences across the pipeline industry have
identified the need for a generic, yet complete approach that guides pipeline
integrity engineers in the methodologies that adequately and effectively
assess threats prior to reactivation and that can be validated in a timely
manner during the operations.
Pipeline operators may be called on to reactivate pipelines that are facing
challenges such as aging, changes in operational conditions, lack of
maintenance and inconsistent integrity practices while facing constraints from
increasing population density, higher pressure and flow throughput
requirements of a competitive marketplace, and regulatory requirements
insisting on higher levels of safety and protection of the environment.
This paper was structured with the following components to assist the reader
in conducting threat assessments:
• Current regulations and recognized industry standards with respect to
reactivating pipelines;
• Definition of and differentiation between hazard and threat;
• Hazard identification analysis for the known and potential situations, events
and conditions; and
• Threat susceptibility and identification analysis process for the known
categories derived from the hazard identification process
A case study is described as an example of applying the guidelines to conduct
threat susceptibility and identification assessments of a pipeline prior to its
reactivation The results from the threat susceptibility and identification
assessment process can help operators, consultants and regulators in
determining effective inspection, mitigation, prevention and monitoring
measures.

IPC2010-31586
 Understanding Strain Performance Considerations in the Composite
Repair of Dents and SCC.
By
Keith Leewis & Shawn Laughlin
L&A Ltd Chicago IL ClockSpring Houston
Abstract: This paper reviews the keystrain principles behind the technical design
regarding the effect of a repair and reinforcement of steel pipelines with composite
sleeves and composite wraps.
Data is presented for the repair of large strains - dents, and the repair of small
localized strains – SCC cracks.

IPC2010-31588

UKOPA DENT ASSESSMENT ALGORITHMS: A STRATEGY FOR

PRIORITISING PIPELINE DENTS
Julia M Race Jane V Haswell
School of Marine Science and Pipeline Integrity Engineers,
Technology, Newcastle University, 262 Chillingham Road, Newcastle-upon-
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK Tyne, UK

Robert Owen Barry Dalus

National Grid plc, Northern Gas Networks Limited
National Grid House 7 Camberwell Way
Warwick Technology Park, Moorside Park
Gallows Hill, Warwick, UK Sunderland, UK

ABSTRACT
As in-line inspection tools improve, dents that would have been below the detection
and reporting levels of previous inspections are now being detected and reported to
pipeline operators. Consequently, operators are being faced with large numbers of
dents in ILI reports that require further consideration and are left with the problem of
how to prioritize these dents for further investigation and repair.
Although code guidance is clear on the relative severity of dents associated with other
features or those based on a depth or strain criteria, this may still leave a significant
number of dents in the pipeline which fall within codified static dent assessment
criteria, but which may still pose a threat, particularly from fatigue. Many
transmission pipelines in the UK are now 30-40 years old and fatigue failures at dent
locations are starting to be reported. Such occurrences have raised technical concerns
with regulators regarding the perceived conservatism of current dent assessment
methods as the dents in question were within the code limits and were reported
through standard ILI technologies, however, they were not identified as significant.
There is therefore a requirement to develop best practice guidance for the safe and
economic operation of dented pipelines.
The UK Onshore Pipeline Association (UKOPA) recognized that further guidance
was needed in order that operators could identify dents which can be safely left in the
pipeline and those for which further excavation is required. They have consequently
developed a series of algorithms to allow pipeline operators to prioritize the dents for
repair based on ILI results. This paper describes the background research to these
algorithms as well the algorithms themselves, demonstrating their use with ILI dent
data from operators of onshore oil and gas pipelines. The paper concludes with
comments on the current conservatisms in the analysis of dent fatigue and proposes a
way forward to allow pipeline operators to manage large numbers of dents for which
the dent fatigue life is critical.

IPC2010-31593

ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL KILL VERSUS CORROSION FROM USE OF

COMMON OILFIELD BIOCIDES
Vic Keasler, Brian Bennett
Nalco Energy Services
Heather McGinley
Dow Microbial Control
ABSTRACT
Bacterial proliferation is a severe problem in many oilfield systems, especially
in aging systems with high water cuts. Depending on the types of
microorganisms present, they can cause microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) or biofouling of filters, membranes, and metal surfaces.
Common oilfield bacteria include sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that can
generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and iron sulfide (FeS) as a byproduct (iron
sulfide can occur in different structural forms), acid producing bacteria that
can secrete organic acids that lower the pH within the microenvironment of a
biofilm, as well as general heterotrophic bacteria that are often important in
biofilm formation and maintenance, amongst others. To prevent corrosion or
biofouling caused by these organisms, biocides are commonly added to the
production fluids.
Some concern has arisen that common oilfield biocides may be inherently
corrosive at high end use concentrations and could cause general corrosion in
the assets they are protecting from MIC. Accordingly, it is important to
understand the risk of MIC, souring, and biofouling versus general corrosion
from the biocides themselves. To examine the killing efficiency of oilfield
biocides versus their corrosive potential, laboratory work was undertaken with
five biocide products including:
Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), glutaraldehyde,
glutaraldehyde / alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) mixture, 5-
chloro-2- methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one/2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
(CMIT/MIT), and a cocodiamine (quaternary amine).
Each biocide was evaluated at four different concentrations ranging from 10-
100,000 ppm of product. Killing efficiency was determined via bacterial kill
studies, while wheelbox and bubble cell testing examined corrosion rates.
Corrosion rates varied quite substantially from one biocide to the next,
especially at high concentrations. Some biocides were found to be only mildly
corrosive even at high dosages, while other biocides were much more
corrosive at high concentrations. In general, it was observed that biocide
corrosivity is directly related to the dosage of the biocide, with higher dosages
correlating with higher corrosion rates. On the other hand, biocides were
shown to be effective at killing common oilfield bacteria at relatively low
dosages. This data suggests that biocides can be effective at killing bacteria
at concentrations that do not cause significant amounts of general corrosion.
Additionally, the common practice of batch treating biocides minimizes contact
time between the biocide and the metal surface, which is in turn expected to
minimize any corrosion that would otherwise be attributed to the biocides
themselves. Taken together, this data would suggest that the benefit of
biocide treatment to prevent MIC and biofouling substantially outweighs any
potentially negative impact on corrosion.

IPC2010-31595
AN OPERATOR’S PERSPECTIVE IN EVALUATING COMPOSITE REPAIRS
Satish Kulkarni Chris Alexander
El Paso Pipeline Group Stress Engineering Services, Inc.
Houston, Texas Houston, Texas
satish.kulkarni@elpaso.com chris.alexander@stress.com
ABSTRACT
For more than a decade composite materials have been used by
pipeline operators to repair damaged pipelines. To validate the
performance of composite repair materials, numerous research
programs have been conducted. The recent introduction of
standards such as ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24817 have provided
industry with guidance in using composite materials concerning
factors such as the minimum required repair thickness,
recommended performance tests, and qualification guidance. Up
until now, operators have developed individual requirements for
how composite materials can be used and under what
circumstances their use is deemed acceptable. To compliment these
internal guidance standards, several operators have elected to
conduct independent investigations to evaluate the benefits derived
in using composite materials for reinforcing specific anomalies such
as gouges, dents, girth welds, and wrinkle bends. This paper
provides insights that can be used by operators in evaluating the
use of composite materials in repairing damaged pipelines with an
emphasis on incorporating the current industry standards.

IPC2010-31618

EVALUATING A CORROSION ASSISTED PIPELINE RUPTURE L. N.

Pussegoda and V Semiga
BMT Fleet Technology Ltd
Technology
Kanata, Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT
An in-service failure was associated with an NPS 12, 6.35 nominal wall API 5L X42
grade pipe. This segment of the pipeline had been in service since 1957 and had a tar
coating. The pipe was manufactured by piercing followed by rolling/extrusion to
produce a seamless pipe. The pipeline has always carried refined petroleum products.
The rupture event was captured by pressure history records that recorded an
overpressure experienced during a sudden valve closure event. The section of pipe
removed included portions of the upstream and downstream pipe sections to carryout
a failure investigation. The paper presents the findings from the investigation.
The paper presents the observations from inspection and experimental testing carried
out on the removed pipe section. These included NDE, fracture surface examinations
and destructive examination such as metallography that helped in obtaining
information on the reduction in the resistance of the material to withstand the in-
service pressure conditions. The above observations together with results from
mechanical testing was used to estimate failure pressures based on a “deterministic”
primary flaw size, using assessment methods (ECA) applicable to the failure case
under consideration.
The investigation of the failure indicated that the major contributing factors were: (a)
the corrosion feature at the failure site that reduced the remaining wall thickness
below 2mm, and the overpressure caused by the valve closure down stream in the
vicinity of the failure site. Pipe specification checks from material removed from the
section of the failed pipe, indicate that the pipe meets the API 5L X42 specification
requirements.

IPC2010-31646
STATISTICAL PREDICTIVE MODELLING: A METHODOLOGY TO PRIORITIZE
SITE SELECTION FOR NEAR-NEUTRAL pH STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
Edgar I. Cote, M.Sc., P. James Ferguson, P. Eng. Nauman Tehsin, M. Eng.
Eng. Senior Integrity Engineer, Intermediate Integrity
Senior Integrity Engineer, CIMARRON Engineering Ltd. Technologist,
CIMARRON Engineering
Ltd.
300, 6025 - 11th Street S.E.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
T2H 2Z2
Edgar_Cote@cimarron.ab.ca
300, 6025 - 11th Street S.E.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2H
2Z2
James_Ferguson@cimarron.ab.ca
CIMARRON Engineering Ltd.
300, 6025 - 11th Street S.E.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2H
2Z2
Nauman_Tehsin@cimarron.ab.ca

ABSTRACT
Pipelines are subjected to both residual and applied tensile stresses, and can form
near-neutral pH SCC (transgranular stress corrosion cracking) if the pipeline is
exposed to a conducive environment and is made from a material that is susceptible to
SCC. This transgranular SCC is an ongoing integrity concern for pipeline operators.
As part of an SCC Integrity Management Program (IMP), it is necessary to perform
integrity assessments and prioritize segments of the pipelines to manage the SCC
threat.
Ultrasonic crack detection in-line inspection tools have proven capable of locating
SCC, but reliability of these tools is not absolute and the reduced probability of
detection of subcritical flaws limits options for proactive management.
Hydrostatic retesting is a very effective program for removing near-critical axial
defects, such as SCC, but does not provide useful information as to the location of
SCC along the pipeline.
NACE Standard RP0204-2004 (SCC Direct Assessment Methodology or SCCDA)
outlines factors to consider and methodologies to employ to predict where the SCC is
likely to occur, but the standard acknowledges that there are no well-established
methods for predicting the presence of SCC with a high degree of certainty. The trend
in probabilistic modelling has been to focus on establishing deterministic relationships
between environmental factors, tensile stress and SCC formation, and growth; these
models
have achieved varying degrees of success.
The Statistical Predictive Model (SPM) was previously developed to predict the
likelihood of occurrence of near-neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) for the
NPS 10 Alberta Products Pipeline (APPL). SPM Phase 5 uses selected predictor
variables representing tensile stress, environmental, pipe-related, corrosion control
and operational relevant factors to determine the Probability of Occurrence of SCC.
Regression techniques were used to create multivariable logistic regression models.
The results for each model are checked at locations where SCC is known to be present
or absent to assess predictive accuracy, then used to prioritize susceptible segments
for field excavation. The relative strength of individual predictor variables provides
insight into the mechanism of near-neutral pH SCC crack initiation.

IPC2010-31658
CORROSION OF PIPELINE STEEL IN THE PRESENCE OF ALTERNATING
 CURRENT AND THE NEW CP RECOMMENDATION
A. Q. Fu Y. F. Cheng
Dept. of Mechanical & Manufacturing Dept. of Mechanical & Manufacturing
Engineering University of Calgary Engineering University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada

ABSTRACT
The alternating current (AC)–induced corrosion of a cathodically protected X65
pipeline steel was studied in a high pH, concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate solution.
Results demonstrated that the corrosion rate of the steel increases with the AC current
density, and AC interference could increase the pitting corrosion of the steel. In the
absence of AC interference or at a low AC current density, i.e., 20 A/m2, a cathodic
protection (CP) potential of –950 mV(Cu/CuSO4 electrode, CSE), which is 100 mV
more cathodic than –850 mV(CSE) recommended by National Association of
Corrosion Engineers (NACE), provides a full protection over the steel. When the AC
current density is higher than 20 A/m2, the NACE-recommended CP is incapable of
protecting the pipeline from corrosion. A new CP standard is thus developed for
recommendation to industry to avoid AC corrosion of pipelines.

IPC2010-31659
MONITORING OF COATING DISBONDMENT BY A SCANNING KELVIN
PROBE TECHNIQUE
A. Q. Fu Y. F. Cheng
Dept. of Mechanical & Manufacturing Dept. of Mechanical & Manufacturing
Engineering University of Calgary Engineering University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada

ABSTRACT
The coating disbondment and corrosion of a X65 pipeline steel under coating were
studied by scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) measurements. The effects of immersion
time and wet-dry cycle on the Kelvin potential profile and the corrosion behavior of
the steel were investigated. Kelvin potential measured on “intact” area is shifted
negatively with time, indicating an increasing water uptake under the “intact” coating.
There is a more negative Kelvin potential on disbonded area than that on “intact”
area, which is attributed to corrosion reaction of steel occurring under the disbonded
coating. During wet-dry cycle, the thickness of solution layer trapped under
disbonded coating decreases due to evaporation of water, causing a negative shift of
Kelvin potential. It is associated with the reduction of oxygen solubility in the
concentrated solution during drying of electrolyte.

IPC2010-31668
 Understanding Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals from Gouges
Lynann Clapham*+, Vijay Babbar*, Jian Dien Chen*, and Chris Alexander**
*Applied Magnetics Group, Department of Physics, Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Ph. (613) 533-6444, fax (613) 533-6463, email: lynann@physics.queensu.ca
**Stress Engineering Services Inc., Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT
The Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) technique is sensitive both to pipe wall geometry
and pipe wall strain, therefore MFL inspection tools have the potential to locate and
characterize mechanical damage in pipelines. The present work is the first stage of a
study focused on developing an understanding of how MFL signals arise from
pipeline gouges. A defect set of 10 gouges were introduced into sections of
12”diameter, 5m long, end capped and pressurized X60 grade pipe sections. The
gouging tool displacement ranged (before tool removal) between 2.5 to 12.5mm.
Gouges were approximately 50mm in length. The shallowest indentation created only
a very slight scratch on the pipe surface, the deepest created a very significant gouge.
All gouges were axially oriented.
Experimental MFL measurements were made on the external pipe wall surface
(pressurized) as well as the internal surface (unpressurized). The early results of the
experimental MFL studies, and a hypothesis for the origin of the MFL axial signal
“dipole” are discussed in this paper.