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fulanos:

The interest in the development of a more general deformation theory which is fundamental
in the structure and dynamic analysis of rotate beam. There are many examples in
mechanics which can be modeled as rotating cantilever beams. Propellers have become
larger and thinner, particularly in connection with aircraft designed for vertical take-off and
landing and as a consequence are more susceptible to vibration and flutter troubles;
helicopter blades are subject to numerous vibration, divergence, and flutter problems; and
turbine and compressor blades fail frequently because of some vibration
phenomena. Compared to the beams in the stationary state, the natural frequencies and
mode shapes vary significantly with the rotating speed caused by the additional bending
stiffness of the beam. The first works are attributed to Southwell and Gough [1]. Later, a
modest literature has accumulated based on the different analytical method [2-4].

The non-rotating beam cases have are shown in Figure 1(a). The first two cases refer to
uncoupled bending and uncoupled torsion of beams without twist (\ref{2}, \ref{3}). The third
case is that of coupled bending in two directions and torsion of a twisted beam, wherein the
elastic and mass axes are noncoincident (\ref{4}); the subcase where no twist is present has
also been given extensive treatment. Additional treat on general theory of pretwisted
beams are also given in refe 2 to 4

The rotating-beam cases which have been treated with the inclusion of centrifugal forces are
shown in Figure \cite{}. The first case, that of pure flapwise bending of an untwisted beam,
has been considered by several investigators as \ref{5}, \ref{6} and \ref{7}. Pure torsion of
untwisted rotating beams combined bending in two directions is treated by various means
which include both vector and matrix methods, for example \ref{8}.
Figure 2 represents the coupled bending in two directions and torsion of a twisted rotating
beam where the elastic axis, mass axis, and tension axis are not necessarily coincident and
has been treated by \ref{4}
This paper derives and presents the equations which govern the free uncoupled flexural and
torsional vibrations of untwisted beam rotating at uniform speed. Consideration is given to
effects of elastic hinge at the root and of a concentrate mass at the tip.
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\noindent\textbf{CLASSICAL THEORY}
%====================================

Consider a uniform beam with length $L$ rotating at a constant angular velocity of $\omega$
around axis $Z$ (Fig \ref{}) where in a $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ is a system of global coordinate
axes with the origin at the center of rotating hub with radius $R$, while $x$, $y$ and $z$ is a
system of global coordinate axes with the origin at the root of the beam. The $x$-axis being
along the length,$y$-axis along the width and the $z$-axis along the thickness of the beam.
The mid-plane of the beam is inclined with respect to the plane of rotation at an setting
angle $\theta$. By using Lagrangian equation of motion and considering the Euler-Bernoulli
beam theory:
%
Results and Discussion

The parameters values are the same of [10] are shown in Table 1:

Parâmetros Valores
Ω(𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) 500
𝐸 (𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2 ) 10𝑒6
𝐿 (𝑖𝑛) 5
𝑙 (𝑖𝑛4 ) 1.333 ∗ 10−8
𝐴 (𝑖𝑛2 ) 4 ∗ 10−4
𝜌 (𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛3 ) 0.283
𝑟 (𝑖𝑛) 0
Table 1-Parameters values for numeric analysis.

Using a third order polynominal and ten elements for various values of the angular velocity
1/2
𝜌𝐴𝐿4 𝑚𝑡
parameter, 𝜂 = Ω ( ) , tip mass parameter, 𝜇 = 𝜌𝐴𝐿, in vibration out of the plane of
𝐸𝐼
1/2
𝜌𝐴𝐿4
rotation case we obtain values of vibration frequency parameter, 𝛼 = 𝜔 ( ) , presents
𝐸𝐼
in Table 2:
𝜂 𝜇=0 𝜇=1 𝜇 = 10 𝜇 = 102 𝜇 = 103 𝜇 = 104
0 3.5160 1.5572 0.5413 0.1730 0.0547 0.0173
5 6.4495 5.5219 5.1649 5.0567 5.0332 5.0301
10 11.2025 10.4871 10.1665 10.0761 10.0613 10.0596
12 11.2024 10.4868 10.1639 10.0686 10.0516 10.0497
Table 2-Frequency parameters for uniform cantilever beam (R=𝜃=0).

As can be seen in the results of Table 2, the increase of the speed of rotation leads to higher
values of the frequency parameters because there is an increase in the centrifugal stiffness
matrice (4) and mass stiffness matrices (5), and as also can be seen, the effect of the tip mass
on the stiffness matrix is dependent on the value of the rotational speed whereas its effect on
the inertia of the system is not. Additionaly, table 2 shows that for the parameter rotation
speed between 0 and 10 the value of tip mass significantly influences the frequency
parameters, but for greater values of rotation speed the increase of tip mass slightly changes
the values, converging to a common value.

Conclusions

the study shows, using a finite element model, the vibration behavior of a cantilever beam for
diferente tip mass values subjected to different speeds of rotation. When the speed of
rotation is low, the effect of tip mass in the mass matrix is greater than in stiffness matrices
and the vibration frequency decreases. For high rotational speeds, the effect of tip mass on
stiffness matrices increases resulting in higher values for vibration frequency. For higher mode
vibration frequencies, there is a cross-over between the frequencies of beams carrying
different tip masses.

References

[1] R. Southwell, F. Gough. The Free Transverse Vibration of Airscrew Blades, British A, R.C
Reports and Memoranda, No. 766, 1921.
[2] R. T. Yntema. Simplified Procedures and Charts for The Rapid Estimation of Bending
Frequencies of Rotating Beams, NACA TN 3459, 1955.
[3] E. Kosko. The free uncoupled vibrations of a uniformly rotating beam, Institute of
aerophysics, University of Toronto, 1960.
[4] J. C Hoboult, W. B. George. Differential equations of motion for combined flapwise bending,
chordwise bending, and torsion of twisted nonuniform rotors blades, National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics Tecnical, Note 3905, 1957.
[5] S. V. HOA. Vibration of a rotating beam with tip mass, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.
67, 369-381, 1979.
[6] D. H. Hodges. Vibration and Response of Nonuniform Rotating Beams With Discontinuities,
Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 24, No. 5, 43-50, 1979.
[7] A. D Wright et al. Vibration Modes of Centrifugally Stiffened Beams, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore. 97331, 1982.
[8] R. Ganguli. Finite Element Analysis of Rotating Beams, Springer, 2017.
[ ] F. J. Shaker. Effect of axial load on mode shapes and frequencies of beams, NASA TN D-
8109, 1975.
[ ] A. Bokaian. Natural frequencies of beams under tensile axial loads, Journal of sound and
vibration, Vol. 3, 481-498, 1990.
[ ] S. Putter, H. Manor. Natural frequencies of radial rotating beams, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 56, 175-185, 1978.
[ ] T. R. Kane, R. R. Ryanand, A. K. Banerjee. Dynamics of a cantilever beam attached to a
moving base, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 10, 139-151, 1987.
[10 ] D. H. Hodges, M. J. Rutkowski. Comments on Vibration of a Rotating Beam With Tip
Mass, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.72, 547-549, 1980.

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