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Lecture 1a
Second, and more importantly, microscopic positions and velocities are generally not useful
for determining how macroscopic systems will act or react unless, for instance, their total
effect is integrated.
Extensive properties are additive. Thus, if the system is divided into a number of sub-
systems, the value of the property for the whole system is equal to the sum of the
values for the parts. Volume is an extensive property.
Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter present. Temperature and
pressure are intensive properties.
Specific properties are extensive properties per unit mass and are denoted by lower case
𝑉
letters. For example: 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚 = 𝑣
Specific properties are intensive because they do not depend on the mass of the system.
The properties of a simple system are uniform throughout. In general, however, the properties
of a system can vary from point to point. We can usually analyze a general system by sub-
dividing it (either conceptually or in practice) into a number of simple systems in each of
which the properties are assumed to be uniform.
It is important to note that properties describe states only when the system is in equilibrium.
Figure: Equilibrium
Page 3 of 4
Lecture 1a
Note that even if a system has returned to its original state and completed a cycle, the state of
the surroundings may have changed.
Quasi-Equilibrium Processes
We are often interested in charting thermodynamic processes between states on
thermodynamic coordinates.
A form of this equation which is more useful in fluid flow problems is obtained if we divide
by the molecular weight, M:
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇, 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑜
𝑅
where R is 𝑀, which has a different value for different gases due to the different molecular
weights.
2
P – pressure [Newtons/m ]
3
V – volume [m ]
n – number of moles of gas [mol]
T – the temperature in Kelvins [K]
𝒐
𝑹 – a universal constant