8-19 Considere un depésito de energia térmica a 1 500 K que puede suministrar calor a razén de 150 000 kJ/h. Deter- mine la exergfa de esta energia suministrada, suponiendo una temperatura ambiente de 25 °C. 8-25 Una planta de generacién eléctrica usa agua liquida geotérmica a 150 °C a razon de 210 kg/s como fuente de calor, y produce 5.1 MW de potencia neta en un ambiente a 25 °C. Si 7.5 MW de la exergia que entra a la planta con el agua geotérmica se destruyen dentro de la planta, determine a) la exergia del agua geotérmica que entra a la planta; b) la eficiencia segtin la segunda ley, y c) la exergia del calor rechazado por la planta. 8-32 Un dispositivo de cilindro-émbolo contiene 5 kg de refrigerante 134a a 0.7 MPa y 60 °C. El refrigerante se enfria ahora a presi6n constante hasta que existe como liquido a 24 °C. Si el entorno esté a 100 kPa y 24 °C, deter- mine a) la exergfa del refrigerante en los estados inicial y final, y b) la exergia destruida durante el proceso. 8-34 Un recipiente rigido esta dividido en dos partes iguales mediante una mampara. Un lado del recipiente contiene 4 kg de agua liquida comprimida a 200 kPa y 80 °C, y el otro lado se pone al vacio. Ahora se quita la mampara, y el agua sc expande para Ienar todo el recipiente. Si la presién final del recipiente es de 40 kPa, determine la exergia destruida durante este proceso. Suponga que el entorno est4 a 25 °C y 100 kPa. 8-38 Un dispositivo aislado de cilindro-émbolo contiene 0.05 m? de vapor saturado de refrigerante 134a a una presion de 0.8 MPa. El refrigerante se deja expandir ahora de manera reversible, hasta que la presién cae a 0.2 MPa. Determine el cambio en la exergfa del refrigerante durante este proceso y el trabajo reversible. Suponga que el entorno esté a 25 °C y 100 kPa.8-43 Un recipiente rigido aislado esta dividido en dos partes iguales por una mampara. Inicialmente, una parte contiene 3 kg de gas argon a 300 kPa y 70 °C, y el otro lado esta al vacio. Ahora se quita la mampara y el gas llena todo el reci- piente. Suponiendo que el entorno esté a 25 °C, determine la exergfa destruida durante este proceso. 8-52 Entra refrigerante 134a a una valvula de expansién a 1200 kPa como liquido saturado y sale a 200 kPa. Determi- ne a) la temperatura del R-134a a la salida de la valvula de expansién y b) la generaci6n de entropia y la destruccién de exergia durante este proceso. Considere Ty = 25 °C. 8-57 Entra aire, de una manera estacionaria, a una tobera a 200 kPa y 65 °C con una velocidad de 35 m/s, y sale a 95 kPa y 240 m/s. La pérdida de calor de la tobera al entorno a 17 °C se estima en 3 kJ/kg. Determine a) la temperatura de salida y b) la exergia destruida durante este proceso. 8-67 Se condensa refrigerante 134a en un sistema de refri- geraci6n rechazando calor al aire ambiente a 25 °C. El 134a entra al condensador a 700 kPa y 50 °C, a raz6n de 0.5 keg/s, y sale a la misma presidn como liquido saturado. Determine a) Ja tasa de rechazo de calor en el condensador, b) el COP de este ciclo de refrigeracion si la carga de enfriamiento en estas condiciones es 6 kW, y c) la tasa de destruccién de exergia en el condensador. 8-78 Aire ambiente a 100 kPa y 300 K se comprime isentré- picamente en un dispositivo de flujo estacionario hasta | MPa. Determine a) el suministro de trabajo al compresor, b) la exer- gia del aire a la salida del compresor y c) la exergfa del aire comprimido después de que se ha enfriado a 300 K a una pre- si6n de 1 MPa.7.11 Refrigerant 134a vapor initially at 1 bar and 20°C fills a rigid vessel. The vapor is cooled until the temperature becomes —32°C. There is no work during the process. For the refrigerant, deter- mine the heat transfer per unit mass and the change in specific exergy, each in kJ/kg. Comment. Let T) = 20°C, pp = 0.1 MPa. 7.12 As shown in Fig. P7.12, two kilograms of water undergo a process from an initial state where the water is saturated vapor at 120°C, the velocity is 30 m/s, and the elevation is 6 m to a final state where the water is saturated liquid at 10°C, the velocity is 25 m/s, and the elevation is 3 m. Determine in KJ, (a) the exergy at the initial state, (b) the exergy at the final state, and (c) the change in exergy. Take Ty = 25°C, po = 1 atm and g = 9.8 m/s’. [— Saturated ZAR vapor at 120°C Saturated iquid at 10°C 6m 3m 7.5 Determine the specific exergy, in kJ/kg, at 0.6 bar, — 10°C of (a) ammonia, (b) Refrigerant 22, (c) Refrigerant 134a. Let Ty = O°C, po = | bar and ignore the effects of motion and gravity.7.17 One kilogram of helium initially at 20°C and 1 bar is con- tained within a rigid, insulated tank. The helium is stirred by a paddle wheel until its pressure is 1.45 bar. Employing the ideal gas model, determine the work and the exergy destruc- tion for the helium, each in kJ. Neglect kinetic and potential energy and let J) = 20°C, pp = 1 bar. 7.19 One kilogram of Refrigerant 134a is compressed adiabat- ically from the saturated vapor state at — 10°C to a final state where the pressure is 8 bar and the temperature is 50°C. De- termine the work and the exergy destruction, each in kJ/kg. Let Ty = 20°C, py = 1 bar. 7.49 Air enters a counterflow heat exchanger operating at steady state at 22°C, 0.1 MPa and exits at 7°C. Refrigerant 134a enters at 0.2 MPa, a quality of 0.2, and a mass flow rate of 30 kg/h. Refrigerant exits at 0°C. There is no significant change in pressure for either stream (a) For the Refrigerant 134a stream, determine the rate of heat transfer, in kJ/h. (b) For each of the streams, evaluate the change in flow exergy rate, in kJ/h. Compare the values. Let Ty = 22°C, pp = 0.1 MPa, and ignore the effects of motion and gravity.7.55 Steam at 3 MPa and 700°C is available at one location in an industrial plant. At another location, steam at 2 MPa, 400°C, and a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s is required for use in a certain process. An engineer suggests that steam at this condition can be provided by allowing the higher-pressure steam to expand through a valve to 2 MPa and then flow through a heat exchanger where the steam cools at constant pressure to 400°C by heat transfer to the surroundings, which are at 20°C. (a) Determine the total rate of exergy destruction, in kW, that would result from the implementation of this suggestion. (b) Evaluating exergy at 8 cents per kW-h, determine the annual cost of the exergy destruction determined in part (a) for 8000 hours of operation annually. Would you endorse this suggestion? Let Ty = 20°C, py = 0.1 MPa. 7.70 Inthe boiler of a power plant are tubes through which wa- ter flows as it is brought from 0.8 MPa, 150°C to 240°C at es- sentially constant pressure. The total mass flow rate of the wa- ter is 100 kg/s. Combustion gases passing over the tubes cool from 1067 to 547°C at essentially constant pressure. The com- bustion gases can be modeled as air as an ideal gas. There is no significant heat transfer from the boiler to its surroundings. Assuming steady state and neglecting kinetic and potential en- ergy effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the combustion gases, in kg/s. (b) the rate of exergy destruction, in kJ/s. (c) the exergetic efficiency given by Eq. 7.45. Let Ty = 25°C, py = 1 atm.7.71 Liquid water at 95°C, 1 bar enters a direct-contact heat ex- changer operating at steady state and mixes with a stream of liquid water entering at 15°C, | bar. A single liquid stream ex- its at | bar. The entering streams have equal mass flow rates. Neglecting heat transfer with the surroundings and kinetic and potential energy effects, determine for the heat exchanger (a) the rate of exergy destruction, in kJ per kg of liquid exiting. (b) the exergetic efficiency given by Eq. 7.47. Let To = 15°C, po = 1 bar. 7.37 Water vapor enters a valve with a mass flow rate of 2.7 kg/s at a temperature of 280°C and a pressure of 30 bar and undergoes a throttling process to 20 bar. (a) Determine the flow exergy rates at the valve inlet and exit and the rate of exergy destruction, each in kW. (b) Evaluating exergy at 8 cents per kW - h, determine the annual cost associated with the exergy destruction, as- suming 7500 hours of operation annually. Let Ty, = 25°C, po = 1 atm. _ MP3 — Cp) =-— (747) m(en — fs)