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The hot topic series describes a test program and the result targeted towards evaluating corrosion inhibitor performance in
CO2/H2S environments. After preliminary screening of the inhibition characteristics and performance of 5 corrosion inhibitors
(designated A,B,C,D & E) under simulated CO2/H2S environment in a high temperature, high pressure flowing autoclave, the best
two corrosion inhibitors (corrosion inhibitors A & B) were selected for further flow loop testing under simulated North Sea
Overview
This hot topic series describes a test program and the results targeted towards evaluating corrosion inhibitor performance in CO2/H2S
environments. After preliminary screening of the inhibition characteristics and performance of 5 corrosion inhibitors (designated A, B, C, D, &
E) under simulated CO2/H2S environment in a high temperature, high pressure flowing autoclave, the best two corrosion inhibitors (corrosion
inhibitors A & B) were selected for further flow loop testing under simulated North Sea pipeline service conditions.
The worst case pipeline service conditions (90% synthetic field brine/10% hydrocarbon (depolarized kerosene) environment with H2S (partial
pressure 0.075 psia [0.5 KPa]) and CO2 (partial pressure 75 psia [0.5 MPa]) were simulated at 300 F. (149 C.) in a laboratory flowloop and
the performance of the selected corrosion inhibitor formulations A & B on API 5L X-65 carbon steel and 0.5 percent Cr X-65 steel were
evaluated at two concentrations (100 ppm and 250 ppm by volume).
The corrosion rates were monitored at stirred (reservoir), laminar and turbulent flow regimes at wall shear stresses corresponding to a range
of velocities (4.2, 5.3, 6.3, 7.0, 7.9, 13.1, 15.4, 17.4 and 21.1 ft/sec) using linear polarization (LPR) and weight loss techniques.
The test results indicated the following:
Provided the proper concentration of corrosion inhibitor is applied continuously, carbon steel can be satisfactorily inhibited under
laboratory test conditions that simulate pipeline worst case corrosion conditions.
Corrosion inhibitor "B" was not as effective as corrosion inhibitor "A" requiring about 2.5 times as much "B" as "A" to accomplish the
same level of corrosion control under these simulated laboratory test conditions.
The results of this corrosion inhibitor evaluation program do not support the use of 0.5 Cr X-65 material over X-65.
The flowloop test data obtained at higher wall shear stresses indicated, within the limits of the wall shear stress parameters, there was
little or no effect on the corrosion inhibitor film being laid down continuously on the metal surface.
Introduction
The results presented in this hot topic are the second phase of a study performed to evaluate the feasibility of using inhibited carbon steel
rather than duplex steel as a major material of construction in a proposed North Sea pipeline.
In the first phase of this study, the results of high temperature-high pressure flowing autoclave tests established that it was possible for
commercially available corrosion inhibitors to be thermally stable at 300 F. (149 C.) as well as provide >90 percent corrosion inhibition to
carbon steels (X-65 and 0.5% Cr enhanced X-65) under laboratory test conditions simulating conditions predicted for the proposed North Sea
pipeline (see Tables 1 and 2).
In this hot topic the results of the Phase 2 studies are reported. In this study, the two best performing corrosion inhibitors from Phase 1 were
tested in a flow loop apparatus to evaluate their performance under varying conditions of flow over a longer period of time. The performance
of these two corrosion inhibitors was determined on both X-65 and 0.5% Cr enhanced X-65 specimens at inhibitor concentrations of 250 and
100 ppm. Data was measured for static, laminar and impingement flow conditions.
Maximum flow conditions for the flowloop tests were established at 10 ft/sec based on a flow regime calculated using the Briggs and Brill (B-
B)1, as well as the Taitel-Dukler (T-D) models. The Briggs and Brill model predicted the occurrence of intermittent slugs with a liquid film
velocity of 6.2 ft/sec. On the other hand, the Taitler-Dukler model, which is considered by the authors to be more representative, indicated
annular flow and no slug flow in the pipeline. A velocity of 10 ft/sec liquid velocity was selected as a very conservative flow rate parameter for
the flow loop tests. The wall shear stress ( ) due to a liquid flow velocity, v, in the field pipeline was calculated as follows:
= f /2
2
Table 2
HT-HP Autoclave Tests
Corrosion Inhibitors Evaluations
Table 3
North Sea Pipeline Flowloop Test
Corrosion Inhibitor Evaluation - Flow Regime Data
Note: Tau [wall shear stress} value calculations based on a velocity of 10 ft/sec
Calculated Data - Flowloop Apparatus
Percent TAU TAU RHO I.D. Velocity MU Reynolds Friction Velocity Flow
TAU Pa Lbs/sq/ft [Kg/cu.m.] [cm] [m/s] [poise] No. Re factor [f] [ft/sec] Rate
[gpm]
100 41.78 0.872 967.61 1.27 2.13 0.002825 92738 0.019 6.99 4.28
40 16.71 0.349 967.61 1.27 1.28 0.002825 55790 0.021 4.21 2.58
60 25.07 0.523 967.71 1.27 1.61 0.002825 70016 0.02 5.28 3.23
80 33.42 0.698 967.71 1.27 1.91 0.002825 82947 0.019 6.26 3.83
120 50.14 1.047 967.71 1.27 2.4 0.002825 104373 0.018 7.87 4.82
Table 4
SYNTHETIC BRINE COMPOSITION
North Sea Synthetic Brine Composition
Constituent Desired Mixture - mg/L Actual Mixture -
mg/L
Barium - Ba 50 50
Sulfate - SO4 20 20
Table 5
Alloy Analyses of LPR Electrode Materials for Flow Loop Test
Chemical Properties
ALLOY HEAT Al C Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo Ni P S Si Ti other
Table 3
North Sea Pipeline Flow Tests
Corrosion Inhibitor Evaluation - Flow Regime Data
Percent TAU TAU RHO I.D. Velocity MU Reynolds Friction Velocity Flow
TAU Pa Lbs/sq/ft [Kg/cu.m.] [cm] [m/s] [poise] No. Re factor [f] [ft/sec] Rate
[gpm]
100 41.78 0.872 967.61 1.27 2.13 0.002825 92738 0.019 6.99 4.28
40 16.71 0.349 967.61 1.27 1.28 0.002825 55790 0.021 4.21 2.58
60 25.07 0.523 967.71 1.27 1.61 0.002825 70016 0.02 5.28 3.23
80 33.42 0.698 967.71 1.27 1.91 0.002825 82947 0.019 6.26 3.83
120 50.14 1.047 967.71 1.27 2.4 0.002825 104373 0.018 7.87 4.82