Basic Building Blocks of Embedded System

Microcontroller: CPU, I/Os, Memory,

Interrupts, Timers, Communications

Industrial Process
Sensors (Transducers) and Actuators
 Resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs):
RTDs are sensors used to measure
temperature by correlating the
resistance of the RTD element
with temperature

Industrial Process
http://www.smartsensors.biz/intl/en/analogue-temp-compare.php
 Sensor Output: Voltage, Current, Resistance
Vout = ±10V, 10V, ±5V, 5V, 1V, 05V
Microcontroller Input:
Vin= 3.3V, 5V or 0-to-5V)
Physical
Variable:

Temp
Humidity

Load:
Motor
Lights

Digital or Anlog Output from the microcontroller:

• Microcontroller output: 3.3V, 5V with 2-20mAmp, Current,
• Load: 230/120VAC/10VDC/24VDC and 1, 2,5 100 Amps

Signal conditioning circuit in the input (SCC)

• To reduce or amplify or level shifting the sensor output to make it
compatible with the microcontroller digital input (3,3V or 5V) or
analog input (0-3.3V or 0-5V.
• To transfer it from I-V or R-V so that the microcontroller can read it
Signal conditioning in the output (driver circuit, such relays)
• to provide interface with high voltage load such 230/120VAC or
10VDC/20VDC
• As well as high load current (more than the GPIO 3-25mAmps )
 Operational Amplifiers (“Op-Amp")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
A component level diagram of the common 741 op-amp. Dotted lines outline: current mirrors(red);
differential amplifier (blue); class A gain stage (magenta); voltage level shifter (green); output stage (cyan).
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
Operational Amplifier Real Value
Ideal Features:
 Input Impedance = ∞ 10MΩ
 Output Impedance = 0 Few Ωs
 Voltage Gain = ∞ 500,000
 Bandwidth = ∞ 10MHz

 Perfect Balance = Vout = 0 V- = V+

 There is no drift. Offset 100µV,

𝜇𝑉
5
𝐶
 Arithmetic Operations:
- Add (summer).
- Sub (differential).
- Integration.
- Differentiator.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaOF2SNktRY
The two basic types of operational amplifiers are called:
 Inverting and.
 Non-inverting.
 Follow

http://www.mccdaq.com/PDFs/specs/Signal-Conditioning.pdf
 The gain equals the ratio between the feedback and input resistor values.

Gain= Vo/Vin
Gain= Vo/Vin + 1
Av = (Rf /Ri) +1 = 11.
Voltage Comparator
http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/70329/LINER/LT1167C.html
 Rectifiers, how do they work.
A rectifier consists of 1 or more diodes and a reservoir capacitor,
a.k.a. smoothing capacitor. It is used to change A.C. (Alternating
Current) voltages into D.C. (Direct Current) voltages.
• The upper picture shows a half-wave rectifier,
• The bottom picture a full-wave (bridge) rectifier.
The full-wave rectifier has a higher efficiency and lower
ripple voltage as the reservoir capacitor is charged more
often as both halves of the sine wave are used.

https://diyaudioheaven.wordpress.com/tutorials/power-supplies/rectifiers/
Before Regulation After Regulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSzVs7_aW-Y
Active Band Pass Filter
Dropout Voltage

Need
heat
sink

No
Need
heat
sink