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Charlie K Pregler
Abstract
This project was completed for a qualitative research methods class in the fall semester at
Fort Hays State University. Examining leadership challenges at DFW homeless shelters was
picked because of an inquiry regarding existing research. Upon finding a shortage of research in
the area, it was determined to be a place where a study could potentially further research. The
research was conducted using semi structured interviews at various homeless shelters in the
DFW area. The findings were coded using the In Vivo process. This method uses words from the
participants own langue to represent a larger concept. The second cycle coding used thematic
coding. In this process themes were used to describe the first cycle In Vivo coding. Grouping
together in like themes. Then using a matrix display to align codes for analytic purposes. The
findings resulted in several themes in which the data can be better understood. With the
understanding of the overlying themes the data can be extrapolated and used to benefit current
Table of contents
Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction of the Topic and Justification ................................................................................................... 3
Review of Literature ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Context and Sample ................................................................................................................................ 10
Data Collection and Analysis.................................................................................................................. 11
Researcher Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................ 15
Findings ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 1.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Standards for Validation and Evaluation .................................................................................................... 20
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Purpose statement
The purpose of this report is to examine leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area
What are some key leadership challenges facing personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?
Secondary questions
What are some ways leadership challenges are dealt with by personnel of metro-area homeless
shelters?
What are the most successful ways of overcoming the challenges leadership in homeless shelters
face?
What are some key attributes of leadership in shelters and nonprofit organizations?
Homelessness is one of the biggest mixed bag issues in America. One concept of the
issue is that the problem is large and growing. “A new count indicates that Dallas
County homeless population has increased dramatically to a record 9,124.” (Horner, 2006) While
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other studies are showing the problem as small and overstated. “Samples are generalized beyond
the demographic distinctiveness of the homeless population, and the prevalence of personal
disabilities and deviant lifestyles among homeless people.” (Phelan, & Link, 1999) Another
concept under dispute is that the current healthcare system is the cause of many homeless
suffering from various conditions and not getting proper treatment. While some studies show
even in countries with free healthcare the issue remains. “This finding may also have broader
implications for the general homeless adult population (nonveterans), suggesting that efforts to
provide the homeless with health insurance coverage (e.g., expansion of Medicaid) may increase
their access to health services but may not substantially reduce.” (Tsai, & Rosenheck, 2013)
Mixed information concerning the homeless is plentiful. However there has not been a
great deal of study done in the area of leadership in homeless shelters and nonprofits. Using
various databases such as Academic Search Premier, Core, Google and PsychINFO, JSTOR I
was unable to find a great deal of research surrounding leadership in shelters or nonprofit
organizations, in regard to homeless. Areas that I was successful at finding research was with the
individuals attending the shelters. “The purpose of this qualitative study with homeless youth
(ages 18-24) was to understand their involvement in decision-making within agency and
community settings.” (Ferguson, & McCoy, 2011) There was also various studies conducted that
considered homeless shelter procedures. These studies touched on the subject of leadership.
However never truly brought to light many leadership traits, qualities, or types. “Open-ended
questions regarding barriers and effectiveness of the shelter referral procedures.” (Ponce, et al,
2017) Other areas of research are dealing with causation of homelessness. (Robertson, &
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Greenblatt, 2013) this book takes a national perspective on the issue. It then goes in detail issue
by issue. Some of which are alcoholic, domestic violence, youth runaways and homeless
Audiences will benefit from the research I conducted in a great deal of ways. Right now,
little is known about how leadership is effective or ineffective in shelters. Little is known about
the challenges they face. We also know very little about what traits make the individuals in the
leadership overcome the challenges or fall to them. This can benefit the end user in a variety of
ways. Information is critical in bettering the ever-growing population of homeless both in DFW
as well as everywhere else in the world. It is a true passion to discover ways we can alleviate the
issue and better help our communities. To date the issue is very much alive in every major city in
USA. The research has been done with a case study approach. In doing so, with a commitment
to better the community in ways of expanding upon existing successful individuals. This required
a great deal of interviews and compiling of research from various information sources. Most in
person interviews I will conducted in the cities of Fort Worth and Dallas (DFW).
Review of Literature
Intro
The focus of this literature review is to frame the current climate of leadership issues
regarding homeless shelters. Exploring the vast amount of research already done and outlining
the findings. Following the trends of the current research and looking for shortcomings of current
research is the scope of this research. Leadership in homeless shelters experience unique
problems, in which they need unique solutions too. These unique problems often are very
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different than a typical leadership position in for profit and non-for-profit companies.
Understanding of this can help progress the knowledge and perhaps progress the effectiveness of
Leadership, the individual in the driver seat of homeless shelters. They face challenges
unique to the homelessness arena. Examples of research currently completed has a laser like
focus on the underlying issues surrounding the culture and its issues. “Leadership must
effectively attend to these softer issues that also affect organizational performance” (Westcott,
2014). The many various studies and research that has been conducted in a manner, seeks to
understand the why as well as the underlying causes and through the underlying causes we can
understand the situations that leadership face. (Robertson, & Greenblatt,2013) this book takes a
national perspective on the issue. It then goes in detail issue by issue. Some of which are
alcoholic, domestic violence, youth runaways and homeless families. These issues continue on in
the homeless shelters and then become issues for the leadership to solve. Alcohol for example
requires the implementations of programs in the shelter setting. “The purpose of this qualitative
study with homeless youth (ages 18-24) was to understand their involvement in decision-making
within agency and community settings.” (Ferguson, & McCoy, 2011) The issues that bring
individuals to the shelters are the issues that the leadership will face while housing and helping.
Studies also dig into some various issues of shelters in regard to their interworking.
“Roosevelt-based nonprofit homeless shelter has once again underpaid its employees for the
second time in four years” (Jacqueline, 2015). Other challenges that the leadership in homeless
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shelters face are economic, biologic, and mental stability. Biologic problems range from fever
outbreaks to tuberculosis. The high risk for acquiring occupational TB necessitates the
development of TB surveillance protocols for homeless shelter staff” (Vonesch, et al., 2012).
“An outbreak of Q fever in a homeless shelter in Marseilles” (Brouqui, Badiaga, & Raoult,
2004). One study in particular looked at the experience that leadership shapes for individuals in
the shelter. “The sample generally felt positively toward and supported by the shelter and staff.
For example, over two-thirds (67%) reported liking staff, almost 84% had friends at the shelter,
and 81% reported that staff at the shelter helped them and their family” (Lynn, Cynthia, et al,
2014). Leadership must be aware of the consequences of any changes at all times.
“Although many shelter administrators may recognize the harmful effects of smoking, their
concerns about the potential negative consequences that may accompany shelter-wide smoking
bans” (Businelle, et al, 2015). Smoking is just one policy that was looked at. Another source
covered sex offender research and policy’s leadership at shelters are implementing.
“Specifically, the current study assesses policies regarding RSO access to homeless shelters in a
four-state region, focusing on the effect of structural, procedural, and geographic factors, as well
Post positivism theories are used throughout many of the studies conducted to determine
Pragmatism was another common theory used in trying to find solutions for homeless
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One concept of the issues is that the problem is large and growing. “A new count
indicates that Dallas County's homeless population has increased dramatically to a record 9,124.”
(Horner, 2006) While other studies are showing the problem as small and overstated. “Samples
are generalized beyond the currently homeless population, leads to overestimations of the
the prevalence of personal disabilities and deviant lifestyles among homeless people.” (Phelan, &
Link, 1999)
Another concept under dispute is if the current healthcare system is the cause of many
homeless suffering from conditions and not getting proper treatment. (Horner,2006,) While some
studies show even in countries with free healthcare the issue remains. “This finding may also
have broader implications for the general homeless adult population (nonveterans), suggesting
that efforts to provide the homeless with health insurance coverage (e.g., expansion of Medicaid)
may increase their access to health services but may not substantially reduce.” (Tsai, &
Rosenheck, 2013) This has large implications for the leadership of shelters. It directly impacts
the amount of funding they are able to receive and utilize. It’s also a very important cog in the
greater leadership issues. Leadership is faced with the task of catering to the needs in shelters.
For example, an individual with dementia will need to be cared for or watched more closely.
Each condition puts the leadership team into different unique challenges.
What should be done verses what is being done to help or eliminate the issue.
“Homelessness (USICH) began working with states and localities to create ten-year plans to end
homelessness. Over the last 6 years alone, USICH reports a 33% reduction of veteran
reduction in unsheltered homelessness among families.” (Hodge, & Horton, 2017) While a
conflicting report shows the problem increasing. “Recent reports suggest an estimated 650,000
individuals across the United States and Canada are homeless on any given night [1, 2].
Compared with the general population, homeless individuals have poorer health status and a high
prevalence of physical and mental health problems [3–5]. As a result, they experience high rates
What enables individuals to overcome leadership challenges with regards to homeless nonprofit
What are some key leadership challenges facing personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?
What are the ways to increase success of leadership and in turn increase homeless care quality?
What are some trends of leadership success derived from both nonprofit and shelters in the
homeless theater?
What are the most successful ways of overcoming the challenges leadership in homeless shelters
face?
A case study of to examine leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area
Methods
The research examined leadership challenges at (DFW) Dallas, Fort Worth area homeless
shelters and non-profits. “Data collection activities include locating site/ individual, gaining
access, and developing rapport, sampling purposefully, collecting data, recording information,
minimizing field issues, storing data securely.” (Creswell, Poth, 2018, p. 149) I conducted the
study in a case study style. It is the most appropriate qualitative study technique, as it can
ways to collect data. Semi Structured interviews was my primary way to collect data. Questions
were both thematically or what questions. I also included dynamically or how questions. These
Interviews have the best chance of allowing me to answer the research question. “What enables
individuals to overcome leadership challenges?” As well as the secondary questions, “What are
some ways to increase success consistently identified by case study participants?" What is a
common trend of leadership success in shelters and nonprofit organizations?” The interview
choice of semi structured will allow interaction and more in depth qualitative research to occur
over traditional structured interviews. Other data collection strategies were from observation of
The organizations I selected to include in my study are in Tarrant County. The first one
deals primarily with Transitional & Permanent Temporary & Long-Term housing for persons w/
organization was chosen because of how large an operation it is. The organization provides a
great deal of leadership examples and interview opportunities. Another site in Tarrant County
provides 24-hour Domestic violence hotline for women and their children. They operate
domestic violence shelters in the heart of Tarrant County. Another site was also chosen because
of how large a shelter it is. This shelter has a niche in the shelter community as the organization
seeks to help domestic violence victims. This will provide a good contrast from other shelters
who do not have specific goal. For contrast a youth Services organization was chosen because
they provide temporary emergency shelters for runaway or homeless youth of the age 10 - 17.
This again shines a light on a very different shelter experience dealing with minors. The
leadership there will be able to give a different perspective on the primary and secondary
questions. Lastly an organization that provides emergency services for the homeless living in
Tarrant County offering breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day for those in need. This is another
large operation who seeks to help not only create a safe place to sleep but a meal as well. This
creates additional challenges for the leadership team that simple shelters who only provide
shelter do not have. In each of the above organizations I reached out to them about the research
proposal. Each one has agreed to participate and were willing to sign an informed consent
document.
I used A Priori determination determine what samples that will be used. I looked to find
leadership in nonprofits and shelters with employees of over five members. The leadership I
have chosen are either the owners or leadership that has a great deal of control of the
Interviews were the primary method of data collection. Confidentiality and anonymity
was of the upmost concern for me. Of the individuals included in the research no names or
detailed information will be provided. Individuals will be made aware of the studies goals and
were given opportunities to excuse themselves at any time during the study. I remained at the
mercy of the individuals being interviewed as too what methods they are willing to allow me to
use. If they allow me to record and give consent, then it will be used only for my data reflection.
Additionally, the names will be stored with a key in a separate location than the core data. This
will ensure a breach of network will not allow a data leak in anyway. All recordings and written
data will use a key system in which interviews will be disguised behind a code name. The first
cycle coding was done using In Vivo process. This method uses words from the participants own
langue to represent a larger concept. The second cycle coding used thematic coding. In this
process themes were used to describe the first cycle In Vivo coding. Grouping together in like
themes. Then using a matrix display to align codes for analytic purposes.
The opening statement will be as follows. I Charlie Pregler am conducting this research
for purposes of a research class at Fort Hays State University. By choosing to be in this study
you will help contribute to knowledge of leadership practices among organizations serving in the
Final Research Paper 13
homeless arena. I am looking specifically at the opportunities for improvement in the homeless
care through best practices in leadership. By participating you will be given a copy of the
research findings in which you can see and apply the findings. It is my hope that the information
will benefit you in how the organization operates and perhaps influence positive change for your
organization. If at any time you feel uncomfortable with the research and no longer wish to be a
part of it, you are welcome to excuse yourself at any time. All information associated will be
destroyed accordingly. Your confidentiality is of upmost importance and I will keep that as a top
priority. You have been selected because of your leadership ability in the organization you
operate or are affiliated with. You are the change agent in which true progress is being made
through.
Question One,
Question Two,
Question Three,
Follow up, Why did you join the team or create the shelter or nonprofit?
Follow up, What was your drive or deciding factor in helping the homeless?
Question Four,
arena?
Follow up, How would the users of your faculties describe you?
Question Five,
Question Six,
The interview section was semi structured meaning not every interview was the same. I
gave interviewees an opportunity to explain or talk about different aspects of the leadership and
organization that are not included in the structured format. This occured after opening statement
and continue through and past closing statement. It seeks to keep an open dialog with the
interviewee. I will also enable the interviewee to contact me through phone or by mail in which
Researcher Reflexivity
My personal bias in the study will revolve around one’s passion to serve as well as one’s
passion to help those in need. I strongly believe the leadership at the nonprofits and shelters are
there for a very specific reason. That being to help others in need. I don’t believe that the
leadership like in many traditional facilities has the goal of making money through products and
services. It is a much different drive for individuals who are helping others. I have volunteered at
several shelters as well as seen many aspects involving the homeless situation including ride
along with law enforcement in the areas most effected. I will not let this blind me in this
research. Nor will I let it lead the research facts astray. What will be provided, will strive to be an
unbiased look into the operation and leadership within the shelters and non-profits. I seek to pull
back the curtains and look at the nuts and bolts that make for effective organizations.
Findings
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The findings of the research conducted revealed a great deal of the interworking of
homeless shelters in my pursuit to answer the following questions, what enables individuals to
overcome leadership challenges, what are the ways to increase success of a leadership in
homeless shelters and nonprofit organizations, what is a common trend of leadership success in
shelters and nonprofit organizations? The majority of the answers to the questions came from
semi structured interviews. For the anonymity of the leaders who participated and the
establishments they work for all will be referred to in numerical ordered by shelter and leader.
Table 1.1
Teaming related
Surprising information
Success of leadership
Sub Theme Money
Sub Theme-Relationships
Sub Theme Services
Teaming related
Using In Vivo Coding I was able to find interesting concepts and trends hidden within the
questions asked to each participant. The first theme that I found was related to teaming. It
showed a great number of teaming related content. “I want to be someone people can trust.”
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(Homeless Organization Three, Leader Two). Looking further into the global teaming example
we start to pull key things associated with high levels of teaming. “Homeless It takes charisma
and a solid understanding of people to achieve good results” (Organization One, Leader Two,
2017, October 10). This helps paint the picture and gives a better understanding of the research
question, “What are the ways to increase success of a leadership in homeless shelters and
nonprofit organizations.” Further examples of teaming related answers were impactful to the
findings. “This goes back to being mindful and building trust. We all are working towards
something great. So, the culture needs to be very trusting in each other. We achieve this by being
Obstacles to success
Another very prevalent theme was obstacles to success. In this theme it was discovered a
very prevalent number of interviews displaying consistent obstacles to success. “For us the
problem is not filling up our spots. It’s in making the tough choices of who we can help because
of our size. Who you have to turn away on a cold or hot night due to space restrictions”
(Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Another example is context from
the same interview. “I know however that resources are only so big. So, it’s hard to envision
something like that when you have been doing this for so long and know the limitations set forth
by resources” (Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). The theme is
further continued throughout other interviews as well. One of which demonstrating that it is not
only the resource of money and space but also employees. “Not enough of me to go around.
Feeling like I wear so many hats that my hair might start failing out” (Homeless Organization
One, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). Another interview shows a similar theme of hours worked.
“My weakness comes as a result of too many hours serving the cause” (Homeless Organization
Final Research Paper 18
One, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). Another example of the issue demonstrated during an
interview. “This comes with challenges ranging in nature from inadequate funds to inadequate
training” (Homeless Organization Two, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). In the end the theme
pointed towards funding being the root of this particular aspect. “Budget is the biggest.
Everything that you do has a dollar sign attached to it.” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader
Success of leadership
The theme of success of leadership tended to go in one direction in all interviews. That
being seeing success by how will others are served. “Helping increasingly more people each
year” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). This appeared in many
forms some of which were sub themes within the theme. One was simply by building
relationships.
Sub Theme-Relationships
“It’s from there we can build an amazing relationship” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader
One, 2017, October 10). Sometimes the theme emerged in the form of results from helping
others. “Everyone is working towards the same thing. Helping others overcome bad spots in their
lives” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader Two, 2017, October 10). The overall theme was
pointed towards how successful leadership is being gaged by how well they help others.
“positive change to enable us to do more. To help more” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader
Surprising information
Final Research Paper 19
An emerging theme that came from the interviews was surprising information.
Information that stands out from the status que or norm. The first being rooted in the sub theme
of money related issues. One of which that caused on occasion homeless individuals being
turned away because of space limitations. “It’s in making the tough choices of who we can help
because of our size. Who you have to turn away on a cold or hot night due to space restrictions”
(Homeless Organization One, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Lacking proper funding showed
surprising information about staffing situations. “You must find the individuals who can
overlook the pay issue and work in some of the hardest conditions. It’s a tough sell” (Homeless
Another discovery was a sub theme of surprising information. This involved the vast
amount of services offered to the homeless. These services ranged from consoling, to nutrition.
“I was provided help and guidance. More than just a place to stay. Help to get out from the need”
(Homeless Organization Three, Leader One, 2017, October 10). Another example of the services
offered came from the question, “Define success”. “I have been able to get many programs up
and running to help the homeless. Some of which are nutrition services and substance abuse
programs. Each one helping individuals achieve a wholistic healing experience” (Homeless
Expected information
Another theme that came from the interviews was expected information. This is the
opposite of surprising information and needs to be included to show the stark differences. One of
Final Research Paper 20
the expected things going into the study was knowing the passion that people have for helping
the homeless. It emerged in the interviews that individuals in this field of work are not there by
accident. Rather a mindful and deliberate choice to help others. “Where do you see yourself in
four years? Right here” (Homeless Organization Four, Leader One, 2017, October 10). To build
upon this theme the idea of a hard worker is expected. “My greatest strength is that I’m a hard
worker” (Homeless Organization Three, Leader One, 2017, October 10). This is also displayed
by the amount that the individuals want to help others. “The most common trend is having a
passion for helping people. Making this a temporary home for people. Somewhere they can feel
safe and loved. This is the trend” (Homeless Organization Two, Leader Two, 2017, October 10).
Personality traits are ways in which the individual discloses how they want to be perceived.
“Strong, independent caregivers. We all look to make people’s lives better. Each of us has
different backgrounds and experience that enables us to give unique help to those visiting us”
Validity and evaluation of qualitative research is concerned with the accuracy of the
findings as well as consistency with other researchers. This all adds up to the overall reliability
of the research. “Writers have searched for and found qualitative equivalents that parallel
Research can easily show skewed results if the researcher is not careful to fully
understand their own personal stance. It can become a self for filling prophecy in which the
researcher overlooks information or highlights things that might steer the research into the
Final Research Paper 21
rough draft. I used member checking, in which I went back to the participants in the study to
ensure that the findings of the study are what was reflected in the research outcome. I also made
sure that the answers given in the moment were updated as the study progressed, and I received
extra feedback. Two ways of making sure is to use peer reviews and triangulation method.
Triangulation method being one of validation. “Triangulation of data, sources, methods, and
investigators to establish credibility.” (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 256) Other validation strategies
include “Clarifying researcher bias, member checking, rich, thick description, and external
audits” (Goertzen, 2017) Making sure that the data and outcome is repeatable or at least in line
with other studies conducted determines if the research is reliable. The strength of the study was
based upon the sample size and location. This can also be viewed as a limiting factor or
weakness of the study as well. With the small sample size and limited field time the results can
vary in a larger study. Also, the area was limited to one metroplex and could be a micro
reflection of the area rather than a macro reflection of leadership challenges in homeless shelters.
Several themes emerged from the research which were teaming, obstacles to success,
success of leadership, surprising information, and expected information. Each of these themes
helps better answer the research question, “What are some key leadership challenges facing
personnel of a metro-area homeless shelter?” Each theme offering up a piece to the question.
Starting with Teaming related an overarching link between good teaming behavior and
successful organizational performance. A further reaching study could be conducted in the area
of inquiry connecting teaming focused homeless shelters to shelter size and effectiveness.
Final Research Paper 22
The second prevalent theme was the obstacles to success. This theme is somewhat of an
inverse to the success of leadership. In which it shows the challenges faced by the leadership.
The study reviled that a large portion of the issues was an underlying result of funding issues.
This then branched out into complex issues dealing with staffing, space, training and resources.
A future study could measure the impact of various funding levels compared to effectiveness and
quality.
The theme of success of leadership was broken down into two sub themes. One being
relationships and the other being how well others are served. Defining success at a qualitative
level leaves the question to prospective. From the prospective of the interviewed individuals the
theme was clear that a measure of success was in relation to how well others were served. This
also influenced the sub theme of building long lasting relationships with the homeless.
What the various themes showed was a basic understanding of what success is. Then
some themes show what can be done to improve success. While others show what needs to be
done to avoid success. The themes are much like ingredients for a recipe of success. This
research unveiled the teaming aspect to success and has answered some questions in the field of
inquiry. While answering some it has also discovered several others. Benefitable further research
in connecting teaming focused homeless shelters to shelter size and effectiveness, and the impact
of various funding levels compared to effectiveness and quality. The research can be used to
effectively see how current homeless shelters could improve their leadership effectiveness and
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Final Research Paper 25
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Appendix:
provides acclaimed full-text journals, magazines and other valuable resources.” Keywords used,
Google Scholar, “Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly
literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses,
books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online
Final Research Paper 28
repositories, universities and other web sites.” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless
Psych Info, “A world-class resource for abstracts and citations of behavioral and social science
JSTOR, “Is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students.” Keywords used, Homeless
FHSU Library, “Library is a university partner in delivering accessible quality education and
developing engaged global citizens and leaders.” Keywords used, homeless leadership, homeless
ABI/ INFORM, “The collection features thousands of full-text journals, dissertations, working