Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 36, No.

6
Paper ID JTE101732
Available online at: www.astm.org

Hai-nian Wang,1 Xi-jun Liu,2 and Pei-wen Hao3

Evaluating the Shear Resistance of Hot Mix

Asphalt by the Direct Shear Test

ABSTRACT: The shear strength of hot mix asphalt (HMA) was evaluated with a direct shear device in this research. The indirect unconfined
compression test was adopted to calculate the cohesion and the angle of friction of HMA mixtures. The influence of asphalt content, loading rate, and
testing temperature on the shear strength of HMA mixtures was also investigated. The shear resistance properties of asphalt mixtures were investi-
gated by a direct shear device using five gradations (i.e., two intermediate-graded and three large-stone mixtures). The results show that the shear
strength is highly related to rutting resistance of the HMA mixture at a high temperature. Testing parameters have great influences on the cohesion
component and low influences on the angle of friction. The shear strength of asphalt mixtures has good correlations with the dynamic stability
through wheel-tracking tests. The angle of friction is susceptible to the mixture gradations and their design methods. The well-interlocked gap-graded
mixtures have greater friction angles than the continuously dense-graded mixtures.
KEYWORDS: asphalt mixture, shear strength, direct shear test, test method

Introduction
Permanent deformation (rutting) is a major distress in hot-mixture
asphalt (HMA) pavements. Many analytical and experimental re-
search projects have indicated that the shear strength of HMA mix-
tures is related to the rutting resistance performance of the HMA
pavements in the field. According to research conducted by Drakos
et al. [1] in which they measured the magnitude and distribution of
stresses at the tire-pavement interface, the high shear stresses in-
duced by radial tires result in critical stress conditions and thus lead
to the permanent deformation of pavement. Fwa et al. [2] presented
a method using the cohesion 共C兲 and the angle of friction 共␸兲 of
HMA to predict the rutting depth. The C-␸ model demonstrated
effectiveness and feasibility after using laboratory wheel-tracking
tests on three different mix types.
Researchers have used different laboratory devices and testing
methods to evaluate the shear strength of HMA mixtures. Most of
the common devices or methods used in rutting resistance studies
are the Superpave shear tester (SST), the repeated shear at constant
height (RSCH) test, and the simple shear at constant height (SSCH)
test [3–5]. However, these test devices are expensive and the test
procedures are very complex and sometimes, even the relationship
between laboratory test results and field rutting depth is not satis-
factory [4]. El-Naby et al. [6] introduced a test facility, shear
strength test facility, which was used to assess the shear perfor-
mance of HMA mixture. Four different types of HMA mixtures
were investigated in their research. Their testing methods proved a
correlating relationship between the shear strength and the tensile
strength. In addition, Wang et al. [7] used the triaxial apparatus to
Manuscript received March 4, 2008; accepted for publication July 17, 2008;
published online August 2008.
1
Ph.D., Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
2
Master of Science, Pavement Engineer, Huangpu Bridge Construction Com-
pany, Guangzhou 510735, Guangdong, China.
3
Professor, Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Minis-
try of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, China, e-mail:
haopw@yahoo.com.cn
evaluate the shear properties of two cubical asphalt mixture speci-
mens subjected to multistage loading. In the triaxial test, some me-
chanical parameters such as the volumetric creeping properties, re-
silient response, plastic deformation response, and dilatancy of
asphalt concrete under general stress states were also investigated
[7]. Furthermore, Chen et al. [8] developed the uniaxial penetration
test to characterize the shear resistance property of HMA mixtures
which indicated the uniaxial penetration test was able to provide
consistent results for the selected mixtures. However, these de-
scribed techniques are not simple and require sophisticated equip-
ment that is not available for many research or engineering centers,
thus, it tends to limit the use scopes of these approaches to evaluat-
ing the shear resistance property of HMA mixtures.
Objective and Scope
The objective of this study is to present a simple method to evaluate
the shear strength of asphalt mixture using a direct shear testing
device. The effects of testing parameters on the shear performance
of HMA were also investigated. In addition, the experimental pro-
cess contained five different graded mixtures in the study.
Methodology
Direct Shear Testing Device
The direct shear testing device used in this project is shown in
Fig. 1. It consists of two hollow cylinders with an equal diameter
and height. The two cylinders can be moved along a uniform plane
under loading, thereby inducing a uniformly distributed shear
stress at the middle part of a test specimen. The diameter and height
of the cylinders were fabricated according to the size of the asphalt
mixture specimen. In this study, two diameters of 101.6 mm and
152.4 mm specimens were used in the laboratory testing.
The direct shear testing device is based on the MTS (material
testing system) 810 testing package. The loading magnitude and

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2 JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION

TABLE 1—Properties of asphalt.

Properties Esso Binzhuo

Penetration 共0.1 mm兲, 100 g, 5 s, 25° C 67 69
Ductility, cm, 15° C ⬎100 ⬎100
Soften point, °C 48.2 47.7
Density, g / cm3, 15° C 1.035 1.001
Wax content (Distillation method), (%) 2.5 1.8
Thin film oven test Weight loss, % 0.05 0.2
163° C, 5 h Penetration ratio, % 77.6 62
Ductility, cm, 25° C ⬎100 ⬎100
Ductility, cm, 15° C 90.3 88.2
FIG. 1—Direct shear device for asphalt mixture.

rate, the strain and stress control mode, and data acquisition and
reporting are implemented through the MTS equipment in this
study.

Calculation of Shear Parameters C and ␸

In this paper, the unconfined compressive strength test and direct
tensile test were taken as one kind of triaxial test, the confined pres-
sure of which is zero. Two Mohr’s circles can be drawn through
these two tests, as shown in Fig. 2. The cohesion C and the angle of
friction ␸ of the tested asphalt mzixture can be determined accord-
ing to the Mohr-Coulomb principle. Based on the fact that the di-
rect tensile test of asphalt mixture is not easy to perform, the indi-
rect tensile test was adopted as a substitute in this study though its
stress situation was a little complex.
From Fig. 2, the following equations were obtained:
FIG. 2—Mohr circles for unconfined compressive strength test and indirect ten-
sile test.

TABLE 2—Physical properties of limestone aggregate.

Properties Value
Aggregate crushing value, % 21.7
Los Angles abrasion, % 26.1
Bulk density, g / cm3 2.723
Water absorption, % 0.85
Flat and elongation, % 7.5
Adhesion 5
Dust content, % 0.21
Filler’s density, g / cm3 2.686

TABLE 3—Gradations of asphalt mixtures

Sieve Size (mm) 37.5 31.5 26.5 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Percent AC-16 100 100 100 100 97.5 82.5 68 52.5 41 29.5 22 16 11 6
passing BL-16 100 100 100 100 95 80 61 35 23 17 12 8.5 7 6
by SP-31.5 100 95.2 89 81 73 62 51 39.5 28.8 21.1 15.6 11.4 7.6 4.6
weight BL-31.5 100 91.4 86.1 73.8 65.6 54.3 44 29.3 20.9 14.6 10.4 7.8 6.2 4.1
(%) VL-31.5 100 89.2 70.7 68.4 56.7 53.5 42 24.4 18 13.7 10.8 8.8 7.4 4.4
Notes: AC-16= The 16 mm NMAS traditional Chinese gradation defined in Chinese asphalt mixture design specification.
BL-16= The 16 mm NMAS Bailey gradation designed using the Bailey method.
SP-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS Superpave™ gradation.
BL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS Bailey gradation designed using the Bailey method.
VL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS gradation designed by the volumetric method.

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 WANG ET AL. ON SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT 3

冦 冧
␴c − ␴t
sin ␸ =
␴c + ␴t
C (1)
cos ␸ =
␴c + ␴t
4
where C is the cohesion of asphalt mixture; ␸ is the angle of fric-
tion; ␴c is the compressive strength obtained from the unconfined
compressive strength test; ␴t is the tensile strength obtained from
the indirect tensile test.
Equation 1 can be rewritten as follows:

冦 冊冧
␴c + ␴t
C= cos ␸
4

冉
(2)
␴c − ␴t FIG. 3—C and ␸ with asphalt content of AC-16.
␸ = arcsin
␴c + ␴t
rate, and testing temperature. Meanwhile, the BL-16 mixture speci-
mens were also used to study the influences of testing temperature
in this research.
Materials
Two 60/ 80-penetration grade asphalt binders were utilized in this Asphalt Content
study. The Esso asphalt was employed in the intermediate-graded
mixtures and the Bingzhou asphalt (made in China) was adopted in For the AC-16 mixture, though the obtained optimum asphalt con-
the large-stone mixtures. The properties of asphalt binders are tent is 4.5 %, specimens were fabricated with the asphalt content of
shown in Table 1. 3.5, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 %. The testing temperature was set to
The physical properties of limestone aggregate used in this re- 60° C, which was kept in equivalency to the common wheel-
search are shown in Table 2. tracking test. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the results of direct shear
Five mixtures, including two intermediate-graded and three tests, indirect tensile tests, and unconfined compressive strength
large-stone mixtures, were adopted in the experimental test; their tests indicate that the C, ␸ and shear strength are correlated with the
gradations are shown in Table 3. Two intermediate-graded mixtures asphalt content.
(16 mm nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS)) were Chinese Figures 3 and 4 show that as the asphalt content increases, the ␸
conventional AC-16 mixture and BL-16 mixture, which were de- values decrease while the shear strength 共␶兲 and the cohesion 共C兲
signed based on the Bailey method [9]. Three large-stone mixtures increase to one peak value and then decrease. At a low content of
(31.5 mm NMAS) were referred to as the SP-31.5 mixture based asphalt binder, the asphalt provides insufficient cover to coat aggre-
on Superpave™ method, the VL-31.5 mixture developed by the gate particles, thus resulting in a decrease in the cohesion and an
volumetric method, and the BL-31.5 mixture based on the Bailey increase in the angle of friction. At a high asphalt content, the
method, respectively. coated asphalt binder on aggregate particles makes the cohesion
The AC gradation, a kind of continuously dense gradation, is larger and the angle of friction correspondingly smaller. The mix-
defined in the Chinese asphalt mixture specification and widely ture exhibits the greatest shear strength when the optimum match-
adopted in Chinese asphalt pavement [10,11]. The Superpave™ ing of C and ␸ is achieved. In addition, the extra asphalt binder
method gives some requirements on control points and restricted
zones for the aggregate gradation and is also one kind of continu-
ously dense gradation [12]. The Bailey method, developed by Mr.
Robert Bailey of the Illinois Department of Transportation, is
mainly concerned with the aggregate interlock in an asphalt mix-
ture, thus this type of mixture has a strong bond between asphalt
binder and aggregate and thus exhibits high temperature stability
[9]. The volumetric method is generally based on the volumetric
properties of an asphalt mixture, such as the voids in mineral ag-
gregate (VMA), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), and voids in
coarse aggregate (VCA). The gradation designed by the volumetric
method often is considered as one kind of gap gradation [13]. The
optimum asphalt content of the asphalt mixture was obtained by the
Marshall method in this study.

Influence of Testing Parameters

AC-16 mixture specimens were particularly used for analyzing the
influences of testing parameters such as asphalt content, loading FIG. 4—Shear strength with asphalt content of AC-16.

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4 JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION
FIG. 5—C and ␸ with loading rate of AC-16.
makes the mixture skeleton looser, thus decreases the values of C,
␸ and the shear strength. Previous research discovered that the mix-
ture will have the greatest cohesion and shear strength at the opti-
mum asphalt content [14,15]. This is inconsistent with our findings
that the shear strength and cohesion of an asphalt mixture achieve
the greatest values when the asphalt content is a little lower than the
optimum one. However, in this study, the result is consistent with
the fact that rutting depth generally decreases as the asphalt content
is properly reduced [16].
Loading Rate
For the AC-16 mixture, the specimens with the optimum asphalt
content were tested at the loading rates of 5, 10, 20, and
50 mm/ min. The testing temperature was also set to 60° C. Figures
5 and 6 indicate that the values of C, ␸ and shear strength are cor-
related with the loading rate.
The results show that as the loading rate increases from
5 mm/ min to 50 mm/ min, the C, ␶ and ␸ increased by 30.9, 30.2,
and 0.9 %, respectively. Since the asphalt mixture has an obvious
viscous property at this test temperature, with the increase of the
loading rate, the mixture has a very limited time to release the
stress, thus inducing a greater cohesion; in addition, the aggregate
particles have a limited time to generate the spatial rearrangement
FIG. 6—Shear strength with loading rate of AC-16.
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FIG. 7—C and ␸ with testing remperature of AC-16.
during the loading process; therefore, their interlocking property is
more remarkable and makes a larger angle of friction than those
from the small loading rate. As a result, the shear strength of the
asphalt mixture increases with the increase of the loading rate. For
instance, at a high temperature weather, if the vehicle speed is slow
(i.e., a small loading rate on the asphalt pavement), more damage
on the asphalt pavement would be found as the resistance of the
shear strength in the asphalt mixture decreases noticeably. More-
over, the results show that the slow increasing rates of C, ␸ and ␶
are found as the loading rates are greater than 20 mm/ min.
Testing Temperature
Three testing temperatures (15, 25, and 60° C) were employed in
the study, as the 60° C temperature is often adopted to test an as-
phalt mixture’s high temperature performance (wheel-tracking
test), and the 15 and 25° C temperatures are commonly adopted to
study the fatigue property of the mixture at the intermediate tem-
peratures in the Chinese specification. The loading rate value of
50 mm/ min is widely adopted in other testing methods, such as
Marshall stability test and some triaxial compression tests. The C,
␸ and shear strength values of AC-16 and BL-16 mixtures are cor-
related with testing temperature as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. The re-
FIG. 8—Shear strength with testing temperature.
 WANG ET AL. ON SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT 5

TABLE 4—Performance of asphalt mixtures

Asphalt Tensile Retained Strain Energy

Content Strength Marshall Marshall Density, KJ/ m3, Dynamic Stability,
Gradation (%) Ratio (%) Stability (%) Stability (KN) −10° C cycles/mm, 60° C
AC-16 4.5 91.8 90.7 11.2 6.9 4220
BL-16 5.0 93.2 93.6 8.3 9.3 5136
SP-31.5 4.0 85 93.4 22.7 1.8 2383
BL-31.5 3.8 92 97.4 20.0 1.2 3535
VL-31.5 3.7 96 89.2 20.3 1.6 3583
Notes: AC-16= The 16 mm NMAS traditional Chinese gradation defined in the Chinese asphalt mixture design
specification.
BL-16= The 16 mm NMAS Bailey gradation designed using the Bailey method.
SP-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS Superpave™ gradation.
BL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS Bailey gradation designed using the Bailey method.
VL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS gradation designed by the volumetric method.

sults show that testing temperature has a remarkable influence on
the shear strength of an HMA mixture. For the AC-16 mixture, the
cohesion at 60° C is only about 11 % and the shear strength is 10 %
of that at 15° C; for the BL-16 mixture, the cohesion at 60° C is
only about 9 % and the shear strength is 9.9 % of that at 15° C. The
angles of friction of the two mixtures have only a slight decrease.
Since asphalt binder is very sensitive to the change of temperature,
the viscosity of the asphalt binder decreases significantly as the
testing temperature increases, as a result, the cohesion of the as-
phalt mixture decreases. Consequently, the shear strength of the
mixture decreases significantly as the testing temperature in-
creases. Since the Bailey mixture has a higher stone content, its
aggregate has better interlocking, and its ␸ is much higher than that
of the continuously dense-graded mixture, so its shear strength is
relatively higher.
As shown in Figs. 3–8, the testing parameters have significant
influence on the shear properties of asphalt mixtures, especially for
the cohesion and shear strength, but they only affect the angle of
friction slightly. However, the angle of friction is remarkably af-
fected by the change of mixture gradation, shape, and angularity of
aggregates [17].
Shearing Properties of Asphalt Mixtures
The specimens, using two intermediate-graded and three large-
stone gradations, were fabricated at optimum asphalt content and
evaluated by several tests such as the Marshall stability test at
60° C, retained Marshall stability test, Lottman test, wheel-tracking
test, and bending test at a low temperature. For each of these tests,
eight specimens were tested and the biggest and smallest tested val-
ues were removed. The arithmetic average values of engineering
properties of each mixture are given in Table 4.
In Table 3 it can be seen that the engineering properties of the
mixture made with BL-16 (intermediate-graded mixture) show
greater values than those of the mixtures made with AC-16 (con-
tinuously graded mixture) except the Marshall stability. For the
large-stone mixtures, BL-31.5 and VL-31.5 also exhibit better high
temperature shear resistance performance than the SP-31.5 mix-
ture. The shear properties of five gradation mixtures are given in
Table 5 through the conducted direct shear test.
The shear strength and the dynamic stability of the five mixtures
are in Fig. 9.
The mean test results of the shear strength and the dynamic sta-
bility of the five mixtures are shown in Fig. 9(a), and the raw test
results are shown in Fig. 9(b).
According to the Pearson correlation analysis by SPSS v12 [18],
the statistical correlation coefficient value between the shear
strength and dynamic stability is 0.908 (shown in Table 6) with the
0.01 level of significance. This means that the shear strength is
highly related to the dynamic stability. Thus, the results show a
good high-temperature performance of the mixture used in this
study.

TABLE 5—Strength test results of asphalt mixtures 共60° C兲

Contribution Ratio
Indirect for Shear Strength,
Unconfined Tensile %
Shear Strength, Compressive Strength,
Gradation MPa Strength, MPa MPa C, MPa ␸,° C ␸
AC-16 0.431 0.446 0.0756 0.0918 45.243 21.3 78.7
BL-16 0.442 0.360 0.0553 0.0705 47.184 15.9 84.1
SP-31.5 0.351 0.388 0.0672 0.0807 44.790 23.0 77.0
BL-31.5 0.365 0.328 0.0491 0.0635 47.673 17.4 82.6
VL-31.5 0.374 0.385 0.0565 0.0737 48.097 19.7 80.3
Notes: AC-16= The 16 mm NMAS traditional Chinese gradation defined in the Chinese asphalt mixture design
specification.
BL-16= The 16 mm NMAS the Bailey gradation designed using Bailey method.
SP-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS Superpave™ gradation. BL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS the Bailey gradation de-
signed using Bailey method.
VL-31.5= The 31.5 mm NMAS gradation designed by the volumetric method.

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6 JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION

FIG. 9—Dynamic stability with shear strength of asphalt mixtures.

The C, ␸ and their contribution ratio to the shear strength of
asphalt mixtures are shown in Fig. 10.
The contribution ratio is defined as follows:
C
Cc =
␶ tures (the AC-16 and SP-31.5 mixtures). For the mixtures designed
C mixture affects its shear properties. For example, with the increase
C␸ = 1 −
␶ of NMAS, the asphalt content of the mixture decreases remarkably,
where, Cc is the contribution ratio of the cohesion to the shear
strength of the asphalt mixture, C␸ is the contribution ratio of the
friction angle to the shear strength of the asphalt mixture.
The C is highly influenced by the properties of asphalt type, as-
phalt content, filler/asphalt ratio, and the proportion of fine aggre-
gates. For the several NMAS mixtures, the continuously dense-
graded mixtures (AC-16 and SP-31.5 mixtures) have greater
proportion of fine aggregates than the well-interlocked gap-graded
mixtures (BL-16, BL-31.5, and VL-31.5 mixtures); thus their cohe-
sion contributes more to the shear strength than the friction angle.
TABLE 6—The Pearson correlation between dynamic stability and shear
strength
Variables Shear Strength
Dynamic Pearson correlation 0.908a
Stability Number of samples 30
a
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
FIG. 10—C, ␸ and their contribution ratio to the shear strength of asphalt
mixtures.
In addition, since the ␸ of the mixture is more susceptible to aggre-
gate angularity, mixture gradation and design method, the well-
interlocked gap-graded mixtures (BL-16, BL-31.5, and VL-31.5
(3) mixtures) have greater ␸ than the continuously dense-graded mix-
by the Bailey method, the results indicate that the NMAS of the
(4)
thus the cohesion of BL-31.5 is smaller than that of BL-16, while
their angles of friction do not have noticeable differences. Gener-
ally, the angle of friction contributes an 80 % increase in the shear
strength of mixtures. Additionally, as shown in Fig. 10, the ␸’s con-
tribution ratio is a little higher than 80 % for the well-locked gap-
graded mixtures and a little less than 80 % for the continuously
dense-graded mixtures.
Conclusions
1. The shear property of an asphalt mixture is influenced by
such testing parameters as asphalt content, loading rate,
and testing temperature. These testing parameters show the
remarkable influences on the cohesion C and the slight in-
fluences on the angle of friction ␸.
2. The wheel-tracking test results show that the shear strength
of asphalt mixtures has positive correlation with the
dynamic stability.

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3. The ␸ value of the mixture is susceptible to its gradation
and design method. The well-interlocked gap-graded mix-
tures have greater ␸ value than the continuously dense-
graded mixtures.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the funds of the Natural Science Found
Committee (NSFC) of China (No. 50578016).
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WANG ET AL. ON SHEAR RESISTANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT 7
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