Technology and Livelihood Education Entrepreneurship Module 2: Environment and Market ‘Che of your greatest dreams in fe isto become a successtul entrepreneur. Asa person, you are capable of developing your character and personality and how to respond fo some business challenges and opportunities. You can make things happen by identtying the opportunities around you. You may ask yourself these questons: ‘What do people need? What procucte and services are available in the market today? an they be improved? How are they made or delivered? Can things be done better? cheaper? ‘aster? cleaner? Can a product which is used for specific purpose be also Used for some other purposes?” ‘You sbuly find answers to these questions as you decide to do the frst step in launching a business enterprise. Be cautious however. that you should develop a habit ‘of identifying opportuntiae around you. Only then, you will ind the aetivily both exciting andeasy.2 @ cerone yr tori SS Essential Question How dooe one eolect an enireproneurial activity? Content Standard ~The leamer demonstiates understanding of envronment and market that relates with the career choice, Performance Standard ~ The leamer formulates @ business idea based on the analysis of the environment and market Guide Questions: 41. How does one determine the product to be produced or services to be offered and delivered to the target market or customets ina particular community? 2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity? 3. How can one respond effectively to a business enterprise? Helio there! Are you ready to assess yourself if you are ready to| generale potential business ideas? Let's ty by answering the| ‘succeeding pre-asseasment. Pre-ascessment 4. The fellowing ere examples of peoples’ basic needs, except a. Recreation b. Clothing cc. Shelter d. Food 82. Whe of the following should be considered fist by a prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location for histher store? ‘a. Types of merchandise bb. Accesso! the target customers cc. The atbactiveness of the store layout 4. The prevailing prices of goods in the area 3. Thong plans to put a “digi-print’ studio in the'r locality. Which of the following will help hin determine a successful plan for sating up of his business? ‘a. Survey of consumer associations b. Checking for similar business to avoid competition fe. Getting feedback on the quality of eervioa 4. Conduct a SWOT analysis 4. Ceasar studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to — identify his would be “suki” predict his biggest buyer. select his favoriie costumers. determine whom to sell his produet or service aoge 5. When an entrepreneur improves and ater products to make it more appealing to terget consumers, he/she is doing an-——— of the produet. a. alteration ». invention . innovation 4. improvisation Lesson 1 Needs and Wants of People Everyone has his or her own needs and wanls. However, people have diferent concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every individual eannot do without ina society. These include: 1, Basie commodties for consumption 2. Clothing and other personal belonging, 3. Shelter, sanitation and health 194, Education and relaxation Basic needs ate essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas. ‘Wants are desres, luxury and extravagance thal signify wealih and an expensWve way of living. Wanls or desites are considered above ell the basic necessities of lif ‘Some examples aro the eagernece oF the paseion of every individual which ara non: basic needs lke: fashion accessories. shoes, clothes, traveling around the world. eating in an exclisive restaurant; watching movies, concer, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, pertune, living in Impressive hommes, and others. Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some ‘other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of people, their needs, wants, liestyle, culture and tracition, and social orientation that they belong, Lesson 2 Generating Ideas for Business Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business. 1. Examine the existing goods and services. Ave you satisfied wih the product? What do other people who use the product say about if? How can t be improved? There are many ways of improving @ product from the way itis made to the way itis packed and sold? You ean also improve the materials used in cating the product. In addition, you intioduce new ways of using the product, making it more useful and adapiable to the customers’ many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an novation. You ean ‘aso do an invention by intioducing an entirely new product to replace the old one. Businees ideas may clea be generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside by the communiy. Very often, these products are sold in a form that can stll be enhanced or improved. 2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers, institution, and communities are missing i terms of goods and 20services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment. ‘Cther needs are not that obvious because thay can only be felt in the luture, in the event of certain developments in the community. For example, a town will have te electrlication facility n the next six manthe. Only by that time wil the entrepreneur could think of electrcally- powered or generated business such as xerox copier, computer service, dicta printing. etc. Examine how the needs are being satistied. Needs for the products and services are referred to as market demand. To satisly these needs is to supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or service, and these may ba people or inslitutins such as other businesses, establishments, cowganzations, or government agencies. ‘Thore ie.a very good businese opportunity when there & absolutely no supply to pressing market demand. Businesses or industries in the lecalty also have needs for goods and services. ‘Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as seling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materias or kil are available in abundanee in your area. A business can ba started out of avalable ‘aw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and ‘manufacturing them into ‘inished produc's. For example. in 2 copre-producing ‘own, there will be many coconut husks and shells available as “waste’ products. ‘These can be collected and made into coco rags/doormat and charcoal bricks ‘and sold profitably outside the community. Agroup of people in your neighborhood may have some special exile that can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province possess loom weaving skill that have been passed on from cne generation to the next ‘generation. Some communities there cet up weaving businesses 'o produce barkets, as well as decoratve liems and va‘ious souvent items tor sale 10 tourists and lowland communities, Business ideas can come from your own skile. The work and experience you may have in agricultural arts, industial ers, nome economies, and ICT classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the neaded skils which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in ineome- generating aactivities. With your sklle, you may algo tinker around with variaue things in your ‘spare time. Many products were invented this way. 5. Read magazines, news atticles, and other publications on new products ‘and techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up now businoss ideas from Newsweek, Reader's Digest, Business Magazines, Go Negosyo, KAB materals, Small indusiy Journal. The Intemet serves as a Ibrary where you ‘may browse ard surf on possible businesses. It will also quide you on how to put the right product inthe right place, at the right prce, at the right time. Listing of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available from ‘banks or local non-government organizations. Lesson 3 Selecting the Right dea (Once you have embarked on identilying the business opportunites, you will eventualy see that there are many possibilties that are available for you. It is very unlikely that you wil nave enough resources lo pursue all af them at once. ‘Wheh one will you chocee? ‘You have to select the most promising one trom among hundreds and one ideas. It wil be good fo do this in stagoe. In the first stage, you eoreen your ideas to narrow them down to aboul tive choices. In the next stage, trim cown the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide which business idea worth pursuing, In sereening your ideas, examina each one in terms of the following fectors: 1. How much capital is needed to put up the business? 2. How big is the demand for the produst? Do meny pecple need thie product and wil continue to need it for @ long time? 3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the need (competition or demand)? How much of the need ie now being met (eupply)? 4, Do you have the background and experience needed to run tis particular business? 5. Wil the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable government regulation? 6. Is the business in lina with your interest and expertise? 2Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones {rom emong your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing. Lesson 4 Environmental Scanning ‘There is a need to conduct envronmental scanning to Hentity the needs ‘and wanteot people, the niche for your business mission, and to give altention to lends and Issues. This may also serve as an evaluation of ihe ype ot the entrepreneurial activity appropriate in the community, Environmental scanning Is defined as a process o! gatiering, analyzing, and dspensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental ‘scanning process ental obtahing bath factual ard subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating. Envirenment in the community can be viewed according to ite technological, poltical, aeanomie, and social aspects. For example, h the pact, ecole in the community used personal computers bul the transmission of evelopment in terms of technology was Interrupted because people were not ‘satisfied with what they have today. They stil look for the changes in ther life and the corresponding in their enviconment. As a future entrepreneur, you must be well-versed in this kind of advencement and progression of your environment particularly in tectnolagy so {as to secure the success of your luture business. Always think of something new, something novel, authentc, reinvent the existing ones, and ereste your new version of goods/products. and services. For instance, your ovin hair straightening is herbal, while in the other salons itis made of synthetic chemicals. This kind of changes being made will effect the existing principles in business ene industries ‘hat can be easily adapted to the changes in producing the products/services to mee! the needs and wants of people in the community. 2FIRM UP Your Understanding In gandrathg bitirests’déa, ypoushoulditestribetttyovhahtune of atindss is suited to y producteigoods and services you are planning to ofer will be patronized within the ‘easy reach by your target marketsiconsumers. Bear in mind these simplerules for successful SWOT analysis. Be roalictic about tho etrengthe and woaknecces of your businase when conducting SWOT enalysis. ‘SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your bushess Is today, ard whete it could be in the future. SWOT should ahvays be spectic. Avoid any grey areas. ‘Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition ie. better than of ‘worse than your competition. Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis, SWOT is subjective. 8. DEEPEN Your Understancing People keop on searching for new things, new trende, and new issues. For these reasons, an enirepreneur hurriedly responds to these needs ‘and wants of people, As generations come and go, another set of new trends will come or wil ‘exist. In order to edept to the rapid changes in the business environment, the ‘existing industries need to improve thelr preducls and services. But how ean you ‘generate business ideas with those stiong competitors? There are three main sels of decisions that you need 10 make - what (0 produce, how 10 produce, and how to share or sel out the product to the market. 24Activity 1 Mini survey Directions: Conduct 2 mini survey in your immediate community. Gather pertinent data on population across age brackels as suggested in the matiix |_Age Bracket | Population | Needs Wants 2 Toys, coloring books, J Wooden toys, dlossy pajama ‘coloring books, etc. fashionable pajama ‘each age group, indicate their probable needs and warts. 2sold 56-65 years old A clivity 2 Screening business ideas Directions: After fling out the chart above, try to list down all the probable business opportuniies which you may wish to venture in, Remember io consider the idee and eugyestione diecuseed in Leccon 2. Uso the cuggested matiix bbalew to indicate your choice. Wite your answers in your notebook. Example: Selling wooden toys Positive Factors Negative Factors Stengihs | Opportunities | Weaknesses Threats KR ‘TRANSFER Learning Now thal, you have all the information, are you ready to test your ability to generate your own business idea? If your answer is yes, start ‘slugying the sample vienily map of a community with a population of two 26thousand people A new housing project will be consiructed adjacent to Dang Hari St, close 1o Old Moline St., its mein road. This housing project targets the homeowners who are young couples wth two kids. In this activity, you need to answer the questions that may lead to the ‘gonoration of a probablo business. Your answors to thoes quostione will sorve as the bases in formulating your own business ideas. Who do you think are your target consumersmarkets? Whereis the most ideal location to situate your business? Which products or services would appeal to your target consumersimarkets? 4. Gen you say that you have seized te most feesible business oppertunity? aPost-ceeesement 1 ‘The following ere examples of peoples’ base needs, except, a. Recreaton b. Clohing © Shelter d. Food ‘Which of the following should be considered frst by a prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location for his her slore? ‘Type ot merchandise ‘The acoass of the target customers ‘The altractivaness of the store layout The prevaling prces of goods in the area ‘Trong plans to put a “digl-print’ studio in their locality. Which ofthe following willhelp hin determine nis plan for a success setting up of his business? a. Survey of consumer associations b. Checking ior similar business to avoid competition ©. Gotting feeddack on the quality of eervice 4. Conduct a SWOT analysis Ceaser studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to~ 1. identify his would be “suk b. predict his biggest buyer. c. select his favorite costumers. 4. datermine whom te sell his product or service. ‘When an entrepreneur improves and alter products to make it more appealing to tergot consumere, heishe ie doing an el the product. 'a. aeration b. invention «. innovation 4. Improvsaton eyDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DepED K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum ‘Technology and Livelihood Education ‘Content Standard [ Performance Standard ieee case eer Teer eran ae understanding of besiccenecp's, | quay and marteble sateen ee compelencis h computer systems ee eyes end networks installation and diagnose and trouble Sole eee ahd the TESDA Taining Fegulaon MODULE 3: INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Numbor of Sessions (Time Allotment): 69 Hours (2 Quarters) | ETE)Welcome to the noxt level of your modular training in Computor Hardware Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course. In ths module you will have a great deal of understanding of Instaling ‘Computer Systems and Networks, At the end of this module you willbe able to apply tho knowledgs and skile on installing computor hardware, oporating systom, software components and networks. Those skils are essential for you to pass the ‘National Certification il in Computer Hardware Servicing. In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for ‘easy understanding. Aiter carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the abtvities, showing evidences of leaming and tinally answering the summative test, then you will have a considerable knowledge and skills in installing computer ‘systoms and networks oscontial to be successful in computor hardware senicing ac ‘one of the career option i ICT. Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start ‘exploring new things inthis module.In this medule, there will bo three (@) major topies that you will encounter: (1) pian and prepare for instalation; (2) install hardware and software componenis and ‘operating systems; and (3) conduct test on the instaled computer sysiem. The three ‘major topics contain sub-lopics that discuss the details on installing computer systems and networks. This module contains what to KNOW. what to PROCESS, what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as wel as what lo TRANSFER. The ‘competencies for this module are: LO 1. Plan and prepare for installation ‘© Observe Occupational Health and Salely policies and procedures in pianning tor inctallation activity in eceordance with requirements * Familare wih computer hardware, software component and other peripherals in accordance with established procedures on correct operation and safey policies Consult aopropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with ‘others who are involved in the aotivty * Obiain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with ‘etablished procedures + Check the materials received against job requirements, LO 2 Install equipmentdevices (hardware, software components and Peripherals) and operating systems + Follow OHS procedures in instaling devices, systems, networking devices, and peripherals = Comply with the requirements in instaling devices/systems, neworking devices, and peripherals + Inciall computor systems, notworking devices and poriphorals in accordance with Job requirements ‘+ Perform installaion of devices and variety of operaing systems in accordance: with customericlient's requirements ‘+ Obiain approval. irom appropriate personnel before implementing contingency procedures + Respond to unplanned events or conditions in accordance 1o established procedures Check the quality of the work undertaken in accordance with the established procedures aLOS. Conduct test on the installed computer system Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests Check circuits and sysiems being isolated using specified testing procedures Test devices, systems andior installation to determine its conformity with the requirements Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensue conformity with the requirements ‘Acoomplish technical reports on the tests conducted. Follow procedures in forvarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or autharily on the test conducted In ordor to mastor tho above listed compotoncis, you must bo knowledgoabio of the topies under what to KNOW, perioim ectiites required under what 10 PROCESS, accomplish additional meaningful tasks under what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND and finelly show some evidences of your learning by transferring what you have leamed in adiferent context under what to TRANSFER, You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous ‘experiences about computer hardware servicing. ‘SKILLS TEST rection: Listed below are some of the most important skils that you must gain in order to render qualiy service when you enter the real worl! of Computer Hardware Servicing. Read the skils carefully. Write °YES" it you are familiar with the ‘kill and “NO” if not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your notebook, {cai open a computer case. ‘Skis in Computer Hardware Servicing YES [NO Tan connect the mause | Tean connect the monitor {can apply occupational health and safety presautions while working. ard Tenn rove the aysiemfan — ian detach fre power supply om tre stom unit [know haw to remove the RAM rem the metharboard Tean vemove the hard drive from the system unit Tan install the power supply. [Tenw how to inetall the matherboard Tan install the internal drives in a system unt know howto attach RAI in the memory socket T can install CD DVD dives. 2Throw Faw to islallan operating system know how to configure a hardware components and ts related software TTknow the procedires in testing the nslaled computer components ‘The following topies will enable you tobe familiar with planning and preparing for installation, install equipment and devices, and conduct test onthe installed computer system. All you need to do is to read carefully all the topics and apply the: skills you've gained through the distinct activities provided in this module. LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR INSTALLATION This lesson is intended to develop your skills in planning and preparing for installation of computer devices end operating system. A the end of this lesson you areexpected to: ‘+ Observe OHS polisios and procedures in planning for instalation activity in ‘accordance with requirements + Familariza with computer peripheral’ devices/systeme in accordance with established procedures correct operation and salety ‘© Consult appropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with others who are involved in the activity + Obiain materials necessary to complete the work in accardance with established procedures + Check the materials received against job requirements, | 2What to KNOW) OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Policy - An Information and communication technology (ICT) student should know how to behave when working in the computer laboratory, as well as implement a safe way of accomplishing every task. Safety practices should be leamed early and always edheres in working with any electrical and electronic device, including personal computers and its perpheias. This is for your protection as well as to the people working with you, 2‘and for the devices that you are using. The besis for this process begins wih ‘Occupational Health and Safety Policies. ‘Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a planned system of working to prevent Iiiness and injury where you work by recognizing and identifying hazards and risks. Health and safely procedure is the responsibilty of all persons in the computer and technology industties. You must idently the hazards where you are working and decide how dangerous they are. Eliminate the hazerd or modify the tisk that it presents. ‘Occupational Health and Safety standards Each student has a responsibilty to their colleagues and the'r organization 1o report and act upon any poteniial workplace hazard, Students need fo be aware of the type of hazards that are possibly present in their work environment. Procedure 1. Identify the hazard 2, Clear the area close to thehazard 3. Parition the hazard off or clearly identify the area to protect other people from harm 4. If the hazard is easily and safely cleared, thendo so 5. Report the hazard (0 the appropriate person (such as teacher in charge, principal etc.) to obtain assistance 6. Following clearing of the hazard fill out the correct documentation to assist in identfying improved practice to reduce turthar incidence of hazarés. All hazards must be reported using Accidental Report form. This enables Us 10 track the kinds of hazards we have in our workplace, and take action where necessary to make it safer forall student and clients. Accident reports Forms are used to give specific details win regards to the accdenss happened in the laboratory during experiments, ‘Accidont ropoits contain the following details: Name of the person injured Date and time o' the accident ‘Type of injury First aid given ‘Action taken to prevent further accidentsAccident report sample form Date: Form No: Accident Report Form Fim. No: Name: YiSee: ‘Type of Injury Cause of Injury Remedy Hazardous substances Hf the workplace hazard appears to be dangerous to staff and dents and protessional assistance is required: ‘A. Call the supervisor or manager and advise them of the problem and the urgency of the matter. B. Depending on the r'sk it may beccalled as en evacuation. C. Follow the evacuation procedure. D. The supervisor or manager will call In the tire brigade or specialized personnel who will deal with the spit Fire exits All fio oxits should bo kopt clear of from obetacios. All studonts havo a responsibilty to make sure that chairs, empty boxes or any other type of obstacle are rot placed in or near fire exit doorways. All corridors also need to have equipment stored on ene side only to ensure that in the event of an emergency there is a clear exit Fire Safety Procedure Each work area has 2 designated fire warden, who in the event of a fire will take ‘charge. They are recognized by the wearing of a red herd hat. asyou find the fire 1+ Assess the danger prior todoing anything + itis safe to move assist anyone in the vicirity of the fire away from danger. + If itis possible close the door to thetire area. + Call for assistance. Verbally call FIRE, FIRE, in a loud and clear voice. + Break thegass section af the fre alert cal point. + Call to the switch; ensure you know where the fire is, any other details that may be of assistance to the fre brigade. Details could be size of the fre, cause or type of fire, any people hurt or trapped, has anyone ‘ried to put it out + I'safe to do so, attack the fire with the correct extinguisher or fire hose. If tho designated firo officer is not prosent, someone quickly neods to tako responsibility and: Locate the source of the iro. Locate any people. Remove all people from the building ‘Once outside do a head count? Notify the authorities. Porsonal Safety While Working with PC's Computer equipment can be dangerous, and you or others can be injured or ‘even killed if you don''Lfolow proper safely guidelines when working along with PC’ ‘The following are some precautionary measures to take before working with any ‘computer equipment: ‘+ Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of boing shocked or soriously injurodin an olectrieal accident. * Do not work on components that are plugged into their poner source. + Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when itis tuned on. + Remove jewallies when working inside any computer related equipment. + Be surenot fo mix electronic components and water. 1. Group yourselves into six members. 2 Conduct a simulation on: “Applying OHS Policies and Procedures" 263. The petformance will be rated according to the following: Performance Criteria: Have shown five OHS policies n different areas Have shown four OHS policies indiferent areas Have shown three OH&S policies in different areas Have shown two OH&S policies in diforont areas Have not shown any OHS policies a 2Whatte Know) UNDERSTANDING CONPUTER ‘A computer is one of the mest brillant inventions ot mankind. Thanks to the ‘computer technology, we were able to achieve storage and processing of huge amounts of dala; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities: {or storing information. Due to computers. we have been ableto speed up daily work. ‘carty cut critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work. ‘Computers of the earlier years were of the $e of a large room and were required 10 consume huge amounis of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, ‘computers have shrunk o the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing power and size of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us look at the classification of computers. Ditforont Types of Computers Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog, digital and hybrid computers. Analog Computers: These ate aimost extinct today. These are diferent from a gital computer because an analog computor can porform several mathomatical ‘operations simuttaneousl. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and.utilizes mechanical or electrical energy. ”Source: ww somputerhaps cor Source: haps/enerptee-tbr2.atticcam Hybrig Compute Figure1. Diferent Types of Computer Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two slates, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to slates ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of Os and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computalion and have higher processing speeds. They are programmable. Digital computers are either general purpose computers or special purpose ones. Special purpose computers, as their name suggests, aro designed for ‘Speailic types of cata processing while general purpose computers are meent for ‘general use, Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of bath digital and analog ‘computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control bby conversion of analog signals to digtal ones. Classification of Computers The ioliowing are the classification of the different types of computers based (on their sizes ard functionalities: Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such 2s bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacties to host multiole operating systems and oparate as a umber of virtual machines and can substituie for several small servers. Minicomputers: In torms of sizo and processing capacty, minicomputers lio in between maintrames and microcomputers. Minlcomputers are also called md-range 28‘systems or workstations. The term began to be populerly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to clent machines in a ‘computer network. Thay have larger storage capacities and powerful processors. Funning on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like memory and ‘ime to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and resistant to crash. ‘Supercomputers: The highly celculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory ere best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ablity of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers. Haier Computer Hi omocer Nai Gonpuar Saeairactoneetnszen once raplsarn boxsets Sener Campter hiro Comper Saser wowapngdacan Stuns mnesmmbss en Figure? Classtiication of Computer 2»Microcomputers: A computer with a rricroprocessor and ts central processing urit it is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do. When cupplomeniod wit a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can bo caalle¢ personal computers. A monitor, a keyboa'd and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packeged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove, to be the best choice for single-user tasks. Personal computers come in different forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants (refer to Figure 3). Let us look at each of these types of conputers. Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spave paris of a desktop computer are readily available at telatvely lower costs. Power ‘consumption is not as erical as that in laptops. Deskops are widely popular tor daly Use in the workplace and households. Laptops: Similer in operation to desktops, leptop computers are miniaturized and ‘optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an esternal adapter that ‘charges tho computer batteries. Dsskop Lavtoo took Sauce nan decom Sores mnie Sauce wwe PDA “abet Computer ‘earatie Computer Sue wl Sauca wneiengsem con se enon Figured. Types of Personal ComputerNetbooks: They fall in the category of lapiops, tut ere inexpensive and relatively ‘smaller in size. They had a smalier feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to rogular laptops, at the time they came into the market Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be used as portable aucio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Buetcoth or Wi-Fi ‘communication. Tablet Computers: Tabets are mobile computers thal are very handy to use. They Use the touch screen technology. Tableis come wih an onscieen keyboard or use a stylus o° a digital pen. Apple's iPod redefined the class of tablet computers. Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and hurran health. Miliary and healih protessionals have incorporated wearable compute's into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged in ‘other activites, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. ‘Wearable computers do not have to be tuned on and off and romain in operation without user intervention. Direction: Identily the type of computer being deseribad in the following sentonces and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. These are mobile compuiers that are very handy to use. 2. They ate computers designed 10 provide services to dent machines in a ‘computer network. ‘They are also called mid-range systems or workstations. ‘Acomputer with a microprocessor and its cential provescing unt. ‘They fal in the category of laptops, but are nexpensive and relatively smaller in sze. 6. A type of computer which is intended be used on a single location 7. They use digital circuits and aro dosigned to operate on two states, namely bits and 1 8. Computers that have the capactes to nest multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small 9. Itis a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. 10.These computers can be worn on the body and are olten used in the study of ‘behavior modeling and human health. a(4g 2Whatto Now) COMPUTER SYSTEM, DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS, ‘As an aspiring computer technician, it is very important to know the system thal runs your computer and different devices attached to it. Each device plays an important role, without each ether computer system will net work properly. What is an Operating System? ‘The operating system ste most dt LS important program thal runs on a computer. Every genet popes dompuler nut Have an opereing system {o tun other programs. Operating systems porom basi tacks, such a¢ recognizing inout from the Keyboard, sending output tothe display screen, keeping treck offies an directories on the disc ax and. corioling peripheral devices such es dsk (>) ives end printers Rn For large eyetoms, ho operating eysom has w= even greater tesponsibities ana powers. Its Ike a trafic cop ~ t makes sue that diferent program and user running at he same ime co not interfere wih each other. The operating system is. also responsibe for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. 1n be classified as folows: Operating systems lows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of ‘concurrent users. Linux: Unis ‘Windows 2000 © Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. Linux Unis ‘Windows 2000 © Multitasking : Allows more than one program to tun concurrently. Unis ‘Windows 2000 and Windows multipoint © Multithreading : Allows diferent parts of a single progam to run ‘coneurrently. 2Linux Unix ‘Windows 2000 and Windows 7 © Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpos operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time. Operating systems ~—provide —a soitware platiormon which ‘other application programs can run. The application programs must be written to run (on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating sysiem, therefore, determines io a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the mest popular operating systems are DOS. OS/2. and Windows, but others are available, such as Linus. What are the devices of a computer? ‘The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical paris of a computer are called the hardware which is composed of different devices atiached to the ‘computer. ‘The ‘ollowing list represents a basic sat of devices found in most Personal Computers. 1. System Unit- The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chass's. It inclides the following parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion Sols and Cards. Figure4, Tower Type System Unit 32. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board- The main crcuil board of a ‘computer. Itcontains all the crcuits and componen's that run the computer. Figures. Modern Motherboard ‘3. CPU (Central Processing Unit)- The processor is the main “brain’ or “heart of a ‘computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed ‘and manages the flow of iniormation through a computer. Figure6. Examples of CPU (Intel Core 2 Duo and AMD Athlon) 4 Primary storage. (internal storage, main memory or memory) is the computer's working storage space thet holds data, instructions for processing and processed data (information) watting to be sent to secondary storage. Physically, primary storage is acellection af RAM chips.Two (2) Types of Memory a. ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even when the power is ON or OFF. . RAM — (Fandom Acpess Memory) RAM is volatle, mearing it holds data only when the power is on. When the power is off, RAMs contents are lost ‘SD Ram voy im Ras Ve ‘ Sodimam SD Ram, ef Sodinun DBR? Seam DDR Sofimmn DDR Figure 7Examples of RAM 5. Expansion Bus - A bus ic © data pathway botwoon ‘several hardware components inside or outside a ‘computer. Itdoes not cnly connect the parts of the CPU to ‘each other, but also links the CPU with other important hardware. Figure 8.Expension Bus 6. Adapters. Printed-crouil boards (also called hterlace cards) that enable the computer to use a peripheral device for which t does not have the necessary ‘connections oF circuit boards. They are often used 10. permit upgrading to a new citferent hardware Figure 9. Adapter (Network Adapter)7. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Installed in the back corner, of the PC case, next to the motherboard. I converts 120vac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other components in the PC. Figuro10. Power supply 8 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Also known as hard orive, is amagnetc storage device that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer, tho hard rive is usually configured as the C: crive and contains the operating system and applications Figure 11.Hard Dise 9. Optical Drive: An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. There are thee types o! optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) ‘ang Blu-ray Disc (BD). Figure12.CD ROM 10. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) - Designed to optically access data sioted on a DVD. A laser moves back and forth near the disk surface and acoasses data at a very fast rate. Figure 13.DVD ROM ‘What are the input and output devices of a computer? ‘The devices attached to a personal computer can be classified into two- the input ard output devices. Input Device is composed of a device that accepts data ‘and instructions from the user or from another computer system. While, outputdevice is any piece of computer hardware that displays results afier the computer has processed the input data that has been entered. ‘Two (2) Types of Input Devi 1. Keyboard Entry — Daiais inputted to the computer through a keyboard, Keyboard - The first input devine developed for the PG. Data is transferred 10 the PC over 2 short cable with 2 circular 6-pn Mni-din connector that pugs Into the back of the motherboard, Figure14. Keyboard 2 Direct Entry ~ A fom of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard. Diract-eniry devices create machine-readable data on paper, ‘or magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer's CPU. ‘Three Categories of Direct Entry Devices 1. Pointing Devices - An input device used fo move the pointer (cursor) on screen. # Mouse - The most common ‘pointing device’ used in PCs. Every mouse has two buttors and most have one or two soroll wheels. Figure1s. Mouse * Touch screen: A cisplay screen thet is sensttve to the touch of a finger or stylus. Used in myriad apptcations, including ATM machines, retail point oF-sale terminals, car navigation ang industrial controls. The touch screen became wildly popular forsmart phones and tablets, = 2 Figure16. Touch Screen Devces a+ Light Pen-A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or selact menu options. The user brings the pen to the desired point on screen and presses the pen bution to make contact i Figure 17. Light Pen + Digitizer Tablet - A graphics crewing iablet used for sketching new images or tracing od ones. Also called 2 “graphics tablet.” the user ‘contacts tho curlace of the device with a wired or wirslese pon or puck ‘Olten mistakenly called a mouse, the puck Is officialy the “tablet cursor. Figure 18. Digitizer Tablet 2. Scanning Devices- A device that can read text or ilustrations printed on paper and translates the information into a form the computer can use. b Figuret 9. Image scanner Fiqure20. Bar Code Reader3. Voice- Input Devices - Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for provescing, recording, or carrying out commands. Audio input devices euch ac Microphones allow users to speak to the computer In order to record a voloe message or navigate software. ‘oe ot) Figure 21. Microphones Output Devices 41. Computer Display Monitor- displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that dsplays the information is called the sareen or video olsplay terminal ‘Types of Monitor a CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (ORT) were the only type of displays for use: with desktop PCs. They are relatively big 14” to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15 bbs), cat Leo LED Source uurinascldoncim Source ynewecaphice com Sauce mealechcom Figure22, Types of Monitor b. LED Monitors — Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology hes baen used in laptops ‘or some time. It has recently been made commercially avaliable 2s monitors for desktop PCs. cry¢. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A cisplay and lighing technology used in almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, trom a tiny onvotf light to dighal readouts, flashlights, traffic ights and perimeter ighting. 2 LCD Projectors: utlize two sheets of polarizing material with a iquid crystal solution between them. An ‘lectic current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that Ight cannot pass through them. Each crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking the light FFigue23, LCD Projector 3. Smart Board - A type of display screen thet has a touch sensitive transparent ;panel covering the soreen, which i similar to a touch sereen. Figurez4. Smart Board 4. Printer - A dovice that prints text or ilustratons on paper. ‘Types of printer a) Ink-Vet or Bubble-Jet Printer - spays ink at a shest of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and graphics. ) Laser Printer - Uses the same technology 2s copy machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphies. ©) LCD and LED Printer- Similar to 2 laser printer, but uses iquid crystals or lght- ‘emitting diodes rather than a laserto produce an mage on the drum. ) Line Printer - Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at ‘one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-qually print.Ink- jet Printer Laser Printer LCD Printer a = Figure 28.Types of Printer (¢) Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensilve paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and ax machines. 5. Speakers - Used to play sound. They mey be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers alow | you to listen to music and heer sound eifects trom your j ‘computer. q f Figure 29 Speaker What is a Storage Dovico? ‘Aside from the devices attached on a PC. there are also the so called storage devices that perform a special task in computing system. Storage device is any ‘apparatus for recording computer data in a permanent or semi-permanent form, saBa BD OD 39° and 15° Poppy Disk Ccomse: bse Digital verssule ise ~= og = sternal Hard Dive ry Figure 30.Storage Devices ‘Types o1 storage devices Floppy diskelte- is a random access, removable data slorage medium thal can be used with personal computers. The term usually refers to the magnetic mecium housed in a rigid plastic cartidge measuring 2.6 inches square and about 2milimeters thick. Also called a"3.S-Inch diskette," itcan store up to 1.44 megabytes (MB) of data. ‘Compact disc (CD) ~ also called optical cisc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disk used to store digital information. The disc is read by the CD- ROM. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD}- an optical cise technology with a 47 gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute Jump drive and USB flash drive. is a plug.and play portable storage dovico that Uses flash memory and is lightwelgnt enough to aitach to a key chain. A USB crive ccan be usad in place of a floppy disk, Zip drive disk, or CD. Hard drive- is the main, and usually largest. data storage device in a computer. ‘The operating eystom, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk ctive. 32LS-120- is a drive which supports a special floppy diskette which can store up to +120NB of information as well as being backwards compatible and sill supporting the standard 1.44MIB floppy diskettes. Zip drive-is a small. portable disk drive used primarily for backing up and archiving personal computer files. & Direction: In the puzzle below, look tor the 10 hidden computer devices and determine whether it belongs to INPUT, OUTPUT or STORAGE DEVICE. REVEAL THE PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM coumGrriwkcTaAuenoeNE ZAMZWGWPXWAFYROVXUMY QUI PRYPTEXVIRDAWRORB AONRDCSSSILNAIQSMILX COHLQUTZGDCOFSEEIKOU ASLWNTRAOSQFAREHBGNO RYBEAEMJIXKPIIXECFET KWMIQEKISTORRETLOFFH LELTOMEHYASKSALIDGZKO MOUNDEMRWOQUHOVKTMIM WPTHERMKZWIUBIJAEATOE YBYVXEWPLOQYOVNHEZED RNFHTUBUGLSNPFIWNENG 1 2 3, 4 5, 6. 7, 8, 9. 10. 33Matching Type. Match column A with Column B and write your answer on a ‘separate sheet of paper. A. 1. It serves as the brein of computer. 2. Printed-circuit boards (also called intorfaco cards) that onable the computor to. use a peripheral device ‘Aiso called read/write memory asiall, portable disk drive used primariy for backing up files ‘The main circuit board of a computer . Aso called diskette +» Aats a8 a poiniing device Device that makes sounds, clips and any ‘audio materials bo heard. . Component that reads and record data in (CDs end DVDs. 10.it is a visual device that displays the informaton ‘To deepen your understanding with regard to the diferent components 1 devices of a computor, ullizo tho Intornct and the wobsito www.professormesser.com, view the video regarding parts of the computer. Use the URLs below: 1. htip:/wawprofessomesser. comfree-a-plus-training 220-80 V/an-overview-ot- motherboard-ypes/2. htp:/www.professormesser. comfree a plus training 220-80 1/an- overview of cpu-socket-types/ 4. htip:/ www professommessor.comtroe a plus-training’220-801/an-overviow-of- display-devce- types’ 5. htip:/www professomesser.comiree-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of po-nput-devices!+ Alter watching the videos, answer the following questions: 1. What are the different types of motherboard shown in the video? 2. What are the cifferent sizes of a motherboard? 3. What are the cifferent types of CPU? 4, Describe the dfereni types o! memory cited in the video. 5. What do you think is the most eificient monitor used in our computers nowadays? 6 oo aD Role Playing Give at least 5 input devices featured in the video presentation. ‘The class will be divided into 5 groups (depending on the dass sze), each group will have a minimum of 5 members and maximum of 10. Each member should have a special role pertaining to the devices of a computer ‘and thelr functions. Each group wil be tasked to showcase thelr talents in font of the class. Each presentation will be rated using the following criteria: PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD CRITERIA PERCENTAGE | SCORE ‘Accuracy (Accurate role and function of @ 30% device was accurately shown) Presentation (Organization or sequence 30% of the play, appropriate gestures was used) Clarity (Clearly delivered each toric) 30% ‘Teamwork (cooperation of each member) 10% Performance Rating 56|g What to KNOW) NETWORK ‘Annetwork consists of wo or more computers thatare linked in order to share resourcas (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or alow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or inirared ight beams. ‘There are three basic types of networks which includes the following: + Local Area Network (LAN) + Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined Io a relatively small area. It is generaly limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart. Ina typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the softwere that controls the network as well as the software that can bbe shared by the computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the tlie server, and they may have additional sottware on their hard dives. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer. le Area Network Wide Area NeWworks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, 0 te wold, Dedicated transoveanic cabling or satellie uplinks may be used to connect this type of network. Networking Devices Consist of, but are not limited to non-local priniers, woiketations, servers, webcams, data loggers, insttuments, dalin devices, and, in general anything that requires an Ethernet connection, These devices are supported on a best-effort basis limited by the staffing end equipment level available. 7Hub is a small, simpie, inexpensive deviee that joins multiple computers together. Many network hubs available today support the Ethernet standard. Other types including USB hubs also exist, but Ethemet is the type tracitionally used in home networking. Ethemet switch & a device thet gathers the signals from devices that ale connecied to i, and then Tegenerates a new copy of each signal. Brtige is a device fers dala tafe et a network i boundary Bridges redic the amount! tratic on a LAN f aG oundery. Bridges reduce the amount of trafic ona by dividing & into two segments. a @ ie Routers are small physical devices that join multiple neworks together Network galeway's an internetworking system capable of joining together two networks that use diferent base protocols. A network gateway can be | £553 B® implemented completely in software, completely in = hardware, or 2s a combination of beth Modem is a contraction of the terms modulator and demodulator. Modems perform a simple function: “They translate digital signals from a computer ino Sy analog signals that can travel acrose conventional —_— plone ines. The modem modulates the signal atthe ‘sending end and demodulates at the receiving end.