Class11th BREATHINGEXCHANGEOFGASES PDF

Breathing and Exchange of Gases
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
 Earthworm- moist cuticle
 Arthropoda- trachea or book lungs
 Mollusca, aquatic Arthropoda- gills
 Amphibia- lungs, moist skin
 Reptiles, birds, mammals- lungs
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 External nostrils
 Nasal cavity chamber
 Nasopharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 alveoli
STEPS IN PULMONARY RESPIRATION
 Breathing or pulmonary ventilation

 Diffusion of gases( O2, CO2 ) across the alveolar
membrane.
 Transport of gases in blood.
 Diffusion of O2 from blood into tissues and CO2 from
tissues into blood.
 Utilisation of oxygen in tissues
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
INSPIRATION
 Occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is less than

atmospheric pressure.
 Contraction of diaphragm muscle which move
downward that increases volume of thoracic chamber.
 Contraction of intercostal muscles causes ribs and the
sternum to move upward and outwards increasing
thoracic chamber.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
INSPIRATION
 Increase in thoracic volume causes decrease in intra-

pulmonary pressure, as a result air rushes into the
lungs i.e. inspiration.
EXPIRATION
 Occurs when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than
atmosphere.
 Relaxation of diaphragm and moves upward.
 Relaxation of intercostal muscles causes ribs and
sternum to move inward and downward decreasing
the volume of thoracic chamber.
EXPIRATION
 Air pressure in thoracic cavity increases above
atmospheric pressure.
 Air rushes out of lungs i.e. expiration.
EXCHANGE OF GASES
 Alveoli are site of gaseous exchange.
 Gases (O2, CO2 ) are exchanged by diffusion basing
on their pressure or conc.
 Thickness of membrane and solubility of gases are
two major factors that affect rate of diffusion.
 The thickness of membrane is about 0.2 mm.
 The factors are favourable for (i) oxygen into blood
from alveoli (ii) carbon dioxide from blood into
alveoli.
TRANSPORT OF GASES IN THE BLOOD
(a) transport of oxygen
 97 of O2 is transported by RBC in the form of

oxyhaemoglobin.
 3% of O2 is carried in dissolved form in plasma.
 O2 binds with iron part of Hb in a reversible manner
to form oxyhaemoglobin and each Hb molecule can
carry 4 O2 molecule.
(a) Transport Of Oxygen
 HighPO2, low PCO2, H+ conc. and low temp. favour

binding of O2 with Hb.
 OxyHb dissociates at tissue level where reverse
condition is found.
 100 ml blood can transport 5 ml oxygen.
(b) Transport of carbon dioxide
 100 ml blood transport 4 ml carbon dioxide.
 It is transported in 3 forms.
 (i) dissolved form-(5-7%)
 (ii) as carbaminohaemoglobin in the RBC.
 (iii )in the form of bicarbonate in RBC and plasma.
(b) Transport of carbon dioxide
*Dissolved form in plasma

(i) 5-7 % of CO2 is carried in dissolved form in the
plasma.
*As carbaminohaeboglobin
(ii) about 20- 25 %of CO2 combines with amine
radical of globin part of Hb and forms
carbaminohaemoglobin.
(c) As Bicarbonate
 RBC has high conc. Of the enzyme carbonic
anhydrase combines CO2 +H2O = H2CO3
 Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and
bicarbonate ions.
(c) As Bicarbonate
 Some bicarbonate ions diffuse into cytoplasm (in
exchange of Cl-) and are carried in the form of
sodium bi-carbonate.
 The remaining bicarbonates ions in the RBC are
carried as potassium bicarbonate.
RELEASE OF CO2 IN ALVEOLI
 At alveoli Po2 is high andPco2 is low, O2 binds to Hb.

 This oxygenation provides H+ and promotes the
release of CO2.
RELEASE OF CO2 IN ALVEOLI
 The reactions catalysed by carbonic anhydrase occur

in reverse direction.
 Since oxyHb cannot carry as much CO2 as deoxyHb,
carbaminoHb also dissociates and release CO2.
 As PCO2 becomes higher than that of alveolar air,
CO2 diffuses from the blood capillaries into alveoli.
DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Asthma
 Emphysema
 Occupational respiratory disorders
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
 TV
 IRV
 ERV
 RV
 IC
 FRC
 EC
 VC
 TLC
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Class11th BREATHINGEXCHANGEOFGASES PDF

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Breathing and Exchange of Gases

 Breathing or pulmonary ventilation

 Occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is less than

 Increase in thoracic volume causes decrease in intra-

 97 of O2 is transported by RBC in the form of

 HighPO2, low PCO2, H+ conc. and low temp. favour

*Dissolved form in plasma

 At alveoli Po2 is high andPco2 is low, O2 binds to Hb.

 The reactions catalysed by carbonic anhydrase occur

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