Populations require water for domestic and municipal usages; as an input in productive

activities: agriculture, industry (including energy production) and services activities.

The "basic” domestic use are usages of drinking, food preparation, domestic hygiene and the
collective usages at the community level (heating, fountains, pools etc.). Per capita domestic
demand of water increases as general levels of well-being and aspirations rises; in addition
demographic factors contribute heavily to shape water requirements.

Population growth is a direct determinant of increases in water demand for domestic uses.
Urbanization, in particular, through increased population density and the concentration of
demand, can make a serious constraint on local resources. Two major categories of issues can
be identified, namely:

1. Water scarcity in a general sense, i.e. actual or impending insufficiency of per capita
resources, which may constrain the development of an economic base; this also
constrains the well-being of the population and its very growth, mainly through
poorer health, higher morbidity and mortality, and more intense out-migration than
would otherwise be the case.

2. Water pollution, by affecting human health, has impacts both on work productivity
and on demographic variables that determine population growth.

The water supply system once constructed serve at least 30 year’s future population. If water
treatment unit and other components are designed on the basis of present population it will
not be able to serve future population. In this case city will face above mentioned problems.
That’s why, population forecasting becomes an important tool to estimate design population
to avoid any problems related with water demand.
 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT

AIM: To determine the amount of chloride present in given sample of water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Burette with Burette stand and porcelain tile, Pipettes with
elongated tips, conical flask (Erlenmeyer Flask), Standard flask, Beaker.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:Silver nitrate (N/71), Potassium chromate, Sample.

INTRODUCTION: Chlorides are widely distributed as salts of calcium, sodium and

potassium in water and wastewater. In potable water the salty taste produced by chloride
concentrations is variable and dependent on the chemical composition of water. The major
taste producing salts in water are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The salty taste is due
to chloride anions and associated cations in water. In some water which is having only 250
mg /L of chloride may have a detectable salty taste if the cat-ion present in the water is
sodium. On the other hand, a typical salty taste may be absent even if the water is having very
high chloride concentration for example 1000 mg IL.

This is because the predominant cation present in the water is not sodium but either calcium
or magnesium may be present.

PROCEDURE:Sample Titration

1. Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution. Fill the
burette with silver nitrate solution of 0.0141 N. Adjust to zero and fix the burette in
stand.
2. Take 20 mL of the sample in a clean 250mL conical flask.
3. Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow colour.
4. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the colour changes from yellow
to brick red i.e., the end point.
5. Note the volume of Silver nitrate added (A).

Blank Titration

1. Take 20 mL of the distilled water in a clean 250mL conical flask.

2. Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow colour.
3. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the colour changes from yellow
to brick red i.e., the end point.
4. Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water (B).

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:
Observation:

Observation Table

Volume of Burette Reading (mL) Difference

Sample No.
Sample (mL) Initial Final (mL)

Calculations:

(𝑽𝑨−𝐕𝐁)∗𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲∗𝟑𝟓.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Chlorides (mg/l) =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞