Rizal Technological University: College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
April 19, 2018
Engr. Rs L.Lagrimas
Professor, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Rizal Technological University
Mandaluyong City, Philippines
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
We, the fourth-year students of Rizal Technological University pursuing a degree in

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering are currently
enrolled in the subject Project Study (ECE 421).
We are writing to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as an adviser for
our thesis. We believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly
enrich our work.
Thank you for your consideration. We are hoping for a favorable response regarding to
our request.
Respectfully yours,
Researchers
VINCENT Y. CASERES
ROAVIMA SILVER D. ESOCTA
ANNE MARY F. FABREGAS
Conforme:
__________________________
ENGR. RS L. LAGRIMAS
Professor, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Traffic Violators Monitoring Using RFID: Beating the Red Light
A Proposal Project Study Presented

to the Faculty of Electronics and Communications
Engineering and Technology Department & the College of Engineering &
Industrial Technology
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Bachelor in Electronics and Communications Engineering
Presented by:
Caseres, Vincent Y.
Esocta, Roavima Silver D.
Fabregas, Anne Mary F.
Dr. Wilfredo L. Timajo
APRIL 2018
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
RFID or Radio-Frequency Identification based monitoring systems are
not new to the world of technology, it is now widely used in the industry. This kind
of monitoring system will help create faster ways to identify items, provide
efficient equipment lending and provide added security. Along the roads, where
there are a lot of irresponsible and unaware motorists and pedestrians, incidents
of traffic jams and road accidents are timely and relevant mostly along the roads
of Metro Manila due to ineffective monitoring systems at times. The Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA) is an agency in the Philippines which performs
planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the process exercise
regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide services
within Metro Manila without reducing the autonomy of the local government units
concerning purely local matters.

In line with one of these services, specifically traffic management, the
agency has the authority to implement all traffic enforcement operations and
policies. If an MMDA traffic enforcer witnesses a traffic violation, he/she can
issue violation receipts or tickets to the erring motorist.
‘Beating the red light’ is an example of traffic infraction that the agency
apprehends. This violation is incurred when a motorist runs through an
intersection if the traffic light has already turned red. The violation may fall under
reckless driving or disregard of traffic signs – depending on the speed of the
vehicle.
There are a lot of factors as to why motorists would run a red light. It
might be that these motorists are trying not to be late for office or an
appointment, or they’re catching a flight, or there are no cars and they think
they’re safe to pass especially during wee hours of the morning. These people,
of course, know that this is wrong, but why do they still do it? Mainly because
there are no traffic enforcers present to apprehend them.

Maybe these motorists are lucky enough to evade the law one time or
another, but repercussions are inevitable. Accidents abound because of traffic
violations like ‘beating the red light’. These accidents range from a minor collision
with another vehicle to death of pedestrians, passengers or the drivers
themselves.
In the likely event, though, that a traffic enforcer is present and a
motorist commits the infraction, the violator has no choice but to pull over and be
issued a violation receipt by the enforcer. But then there is the concept of
‘kotong’, wherein the enforcer would ask for money instead of issuing a ticket for
the violator. This current system of the MMDA for apprehending ‘beating the red
light’ violators greatly contributes to corruption, perpetuates bribery and cannot
apprehend violators for situations when traffic enforcers are absent.
So, what this paper provides an enhancement to the current system of
the agency from manual apprehension to computerized identification of violators.
The developed system is a plate number recognition system for ‘beating the red
light’ violators. A miniature prototpye of the study will be done by the
researchers.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 GENERAL
The manual apprehension system of MMDA does not provide evidence
in the occurrence of the event, relies only on the eye of the enforcer and
only has thin deployment of enforcers.
 FAILURE TO MONITOR THE VIOLATORS
The manual apprehension system of MMDA for ‘beating the red light’ is
not very flexible. It does not provide evidence of the occurrence of the
event making it hard to prove that such a violation happened. Violators
can easily get away from this. In this system also, the traffic enforcers only
use their naked eye which could be subject to high percentage of error like
misreading of the plate number of the vehicle. This can be due to factors
like the vision of the enforcer, over-speeding of the car which makes it
hard for the enforcer to read the plate number or the quality of the plate
number. Also, the system only provides thin deployment of traffic
enforcers. The coverage is only limited to certain areas.
 TRAFFIC JAM
As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections
along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully
stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially cause a traffic jam or traffic
snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and
engaging in road rage.
 ROAD ACCIDENTS
The use of RFID on monitoring of ‘beating the red light’ violators
minimizes the accidents among commuters and pedestrians caused by
such violation.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the important variables involved in such device? What
problems will hinder the performance of the reader?
2. Where should the RFID reader be placed?
3. How effective is the RFID tracking monitoring system?
4. How much power does the device consume?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Since the current apprehension system of the MMDA for ‘beating the
red light’ violators are all manual, the issues of corruption and unavailability of
traffic enforcers at certain intersections come about. Examples of when
corruption happens are: when a traffic enforcer compels a violating motorist into
giving money instead of issuance of violation receipt, and when the enforcer
uses more subtle approach of dropping subtle remark indicating his/her
preference of receiving money. So, with the reduced number of traffic enforcers
needed at every intersection mainly due to the presence of the proposed system
integrated with red-light cameras, opportunities for corruption are lessened.

The issue of unavailability of traffic enforcers in manual apprehension
system is also a great opportunity to show how the system is of great help in
maintaining traffic management and policies at road intersections. With the
developed system, even in the absence of a traffic enforcer, management of
traffic and apprehension of erring motorists are still in operation.
Although, in employing this system, the need for traffic enforcers is
greatly lessened, they are still expected to be monitoring at some areas – the
reason practically being so that in cases of manual overrides of the traffic
situation or emergencies, they are quick to respond.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT
 Connection of the devices
 Materials needed
 RFID tag
 RFID reader
 Drivers’ Car
 Equipment and Devices needed

PROCESS
 Programming
 Construction of Prototype
 Series of testing
 Consultations
OUTPUT
 PC or LAPTOP
 CAR INFORMATION
 NAME OF OWNER
 PLATE NO.
 VEHICLE REGISTRATION
 AUTO INSURANCE
 DATE AND TIME OF VIOLATION
 TRAFFIC LIGHTS
THEORY
RFID belongs to a group of technologies referred to as Automatic
Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). AIDC methods automatically identify
objects, collect data about them, and enter those data directly into computer
systems with little or no human intervention. RFID methods utilize radio waves to
accomplish this. At a simple level, RFID systems consist of three components:
an RFID tag or smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna. RFID tags contain
an integrated circuit and an antenna, which is used to transmit data to the RFID
reader. The reader then converts the radio waves to a more usable form of data.
Information collected from the tags is then transferred through a communications
interface to a host computer system, where the data can be stored in a database
and analyzed at a later time.
The proposed study will go as where the RFID Tag/s on the equipment
will passes by the RFID Reader to identify the car information and its driver.
Then, it will be stored as data on the system to be able to keep the track of the
car. The system will store in a PC or Laptop where the drivers record about
his/her violation (beating the red light) that will be up-to-date. The system is able
to give the record of the driver who violate. The data will be collected and the
system will be stored in a computer.
The following are variables involved in the process:
1. RFID TAG
An RFID tag is comprised of an integrated circuit (called an IC or chip)
attached to an antenna that has been printed, etched, stamped or vapor
deposited onto a mount which is often a paper substrate or Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET). The chip and antenna combo, called an inlay, is
then converted or sandwiched between a printed label and its adhesive
backing or inserted into a more durable structure.
2. RFID READER
This device will provide the connection between the tag data and the
enterprise system software that needs the information. The reader
communicates with tags that are within its field of operation, performing
any number of tasks including simple continuous inventorying, filtering
(searching for tags that meet certain criteria), writing (or encoding) to
selected tags, etc.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1. The developed system is integrated with RFID Reader that
uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags
attached to objects.
2. The developed system RFID tags contain electronically stored
information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's
interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as
a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader.
Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader,
so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method
for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).
3. Only the plate numbers regularly issued by the LTO for cars, vans and
trucks is processed by the proposed system. Commemorative, diplomatic
and government plates are not included.

4. Vehicles without plates or for registration are outside the scope of the
system.
5. Cases like when two vehicles are caught by the RFID Reader where one
of them committed the violation while the other came from the right
direction (the road where the traffic light is green) will be under certain
investigations by the authorities towards the violator.
6. The case of when a traffic enforcer is compelled to manually override the
flow of traffic at an intersection and this act disrupts the technicalities of
‘beating the red light’ is not also within the scope of the proposed system.
7. If a plate number is dilapidated or obstructed to the point that it’s virtually
improbable to recognize, then the proposed system is not expected to
perform well.
8. Performance of the system is dependent on the quality of the image
caught by the RFID.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies that the
researchers considered necessary to understand the topic of the study. Related
literatures are classified as foreign and local. A synthesis of reviewed literature
and studies citing the similarities and differences are presented at the end of the
chapter.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
The demonstration of the first continuous wave radio generation and
transmission of radio signals by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson in 1906 signaled the
beginning of modern radio communication and, subsequently, radio frequency
identification (RFID). RFID is the convergence of radio broadcast technology and
radar, although many of its early developments are not widely known due to the
military significance of this technology. Most documented histories of RFID
technology trace its development to the radio based identification systems from
World War II when the British Air Force used radar to distinguish Allied aircraft
from enemy aircraft. Commercial development of RFID began in the late 1960s.
Arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID was in the
development of electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft.
Although this system could only detect the presence or absence of a tag, the
tags themselves could be made cost-effectively and provided an effective anti-
theft measure — an important application in the early commercialization of the
Technology. Research and development by academic institutions, government
laboratories and private companies led to applications for animal tracking,
vehicle tracking and automated manufacturing.
By the mid-1990s, implantable RFID tags that were initially used to track
laboratory animals were being marketed to veterinarians and animal shelters to
identify pets. RFID is now used for hundreds of applications including theft
prevention, personnel access systems, automated parking, traffic management
and library book tracking, along with the monitoring of assets in supply chain
management.
RFID technology fundamentals RFID systems consist of four main elements: the
RFID tags, the RFID reader, the antennas and computer network used to
connect the readers. The tag itself is the building block of RFID, each containing
an antenna and a small chip that contains a radio receiver and a modulator to
send a signal back to the reader. Tags come in a variety of shapes and sizes
allowing them to be implanted into animals and humans, and they can be
powered by the incoming radio signal (passive tags) or by a small battery (active
tags). The advantage of an active tag is that its reading range and reliability is
greater than that of a passive tag; however, passive tags can be much smaller
and cheaper to produce and should, in principle, work indefinitely.
RFID tags can also either be promiscuous in that any RFID reader (also known
as an interrogator) can communicate with it, or secure where the reader requires
an authentication credential in order for the tag to respond. RFID readers work
by sending a pulse of radio energy, which is measured using oscillation
frequency and power, to a tag and monitoring the tag’s response. Certain
frequencies require a license to broadcast using this part of the spectrum, though
most RFID systems use the so called unlicensed spectrum, which does not
require a radio license. Low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ultra-high
frequency (UHF) bands are used within RFID systems depending on the
application. For example, the FDA has adopted the HF band for RFID systems
that are used to monitor prescription drugs.

In a simple RFID system, the reader’s energy pulse acts simply as an on-off
switch for the tag. In more complex systems, the pulse can include commands to
the tag, such as instructions to read or write memory for more advanced
monitoring.
RFID asset management
• Retention of the history of an asset and audit trail of the asset’s lifecycle.
• Tamper alert messaging for unauthorized movement of assets that would
void equipment qualification in a regulated environment.
• Monitoring of laboratory temperature and humidity with audit trail and
alerting mechanism.
• A web-based enterprise system that provides total laboratory asset
management.
The benefits of an RFID system compared with traditional barcode and ERP
asset management systems.
Historically, inventory lists were maintained to monitor asset depreciation or as
part of various financial or laboratory management systems. Lack of information
or incorrect information about location, status and usage can, however, cause
delays in laboratory operations or lead to excess inventory of costly assets.
Often, information is available, but is stored in different physical locations,
systems or databases. As a result, the ability to defend a laboratory during a
regulatory audit can become difficult. If the integrity of documentation, such as
service and maintenance logs, installation qualification (IQ), operational
qualification (OQ) and performance qualification (PQ) records is compromised,
then regulated laboratories are under risk of non-compliance. If documents
pertaining to maintenance, qualification and change management a controlled
environment for are stored in one compliant database, defense of the laboratory
becomes much easier from a holistic perspective. Integration of RFID technology
with compliant database architecture represents a significant step forward in
managing laboratory assets “well”, and in a compliant manner.
Features of an RFID-based asset management solution include:
• Real-time management of individual assets or groups of assets.
• Location of assets, locally, regionally or globally.
• Provision of current instrument status including service history.

RFID and the pharma industry
RFID and the pharma industry RFID can increase the safety and visibility of
pharmaceutical products — from raw materials, through to manufacturing and
patient consumption — by allowing the tracking and tracing of medications at the
item level at each stage of the supply chain, preventing theft and effectively
facilitating management of product recalls to ultimately assure pharmaceutical
integrity. As such, the FDA has recommended the use of RFID tags to better
integrate and improve the safety of US medical supply chains.
For the analytical laboratory, managing and tracking high-end and portable
equipment and associated documentation is a core requirement of laboratory
management systems. Doing this ‘well’ with minimal resource and manual
intervention and in a compliant manner is the key to successful application of
RFID in the laboratory. Current systems used in pharmaceutical, biotech and
other regulated environments include simple hard copy inventory lists,
spreadsheets, barcoding systems and enterprise resource program (ERP)
systems. Historically, inventory lists were maintained to monitor asset
depreciation or as part of various financial or laboratory management systems.

Lack of information or incorrect information about location, status and usage can,
however, cause delays in laboratory operations or lead to excess inventory of
costly assets. Often, information is available, but is stored in different physical
locations, systems or databases.
As a result, the ability to defend a laboratory during a regulatory audit can
become difficult. If the integrity of documentation, such as service and
maintenance logs, installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ)
and performance qualification (PQ) records is compromised, then regulated
laboratories are under risk of non-compliance. If documents pertaining to
maintenance, qualification and change management are stored in one compliant
database, defense of the laboratory becomes much easier from a holistic
perspective.
Integration of RFID technology with compliant database architecture represents a
significant step forward in managing laboratory assets “well”, and in a compliant
manner.
FOREIGN STUDIES
RFID is a wireless automatic identification that is gaining attention and is
considered by some to emerge as one of the pervasive computing technologies
in history. As the technology grows very rapidly, RFID has received considerable
worldwide attention and widely used in monitoring and tracking ranging from
human identification to product identification. Previous research has successfully
indicated that RFID has been increasingly expanded in various fields such as
retail supply chain, asset tracking, postal and courier services, education,
construction industry, medical, and etc. (Roberts, 2006) The work presented by
Tan and Chang (2010) who had developed an RFID based e- restaurant system
to change the traditional restaurant services which is considered as passive. The
utilization of RFID is to improve the service quality which is customer-centered
that enable waiters to immediately identify customers via their own RFID-based
membership card. It can also provide customized services such as enhanced
dining table service; pay the bills, instant transmission of customer orders to
kitchens and flexibility of managing payments of bills and discounts.
However, the designed and developed RFID-based sushi management system
to help a conveyor belt sushi restaurant to achieve better inventory control,

responsive replenishment, and food safety control, as well as to improve its
quality of service. (Ngai et. al., 2008).
In the perspective of animal tracking or livestock monitoring management
system, developed FARMA project which combined with RFID technology and
mobile wireless networking to track animal and the data in repository which
contains animal data records. The purposes of the system are to identify animal
in case it gets lost and identify some basic information about particular animals.
(Vouldimos et. al., 2010)
Similar works were done and developed a livestock monitoring system using
RFID. An RFID tag is used and attached to each livestock to monitor its
movement in and out as well as the basic information about any particular
animals. (Nor Suryani Bakeri et. al., 2007 and Ahmad Rafiq Adenan et. al., 2006)
The use of RFID also could assist in customs clearance process by reducing the
delay time. According to the authors, the use of RFID can improve the efficiency
of cargo process and reduce the inventory and labor cost. The work presented
based on the mathematical model of the customs clearance process delay and
the network of customs delay is reconstructed based on the use of RFID. RFID
also has been successfully applied in global postal and courier services in
monitoring the parcel delivery. (Hsu, Shih and Wang, 2009)
One of the well-known courier service company is DHL which has been using
RFID in their services since 1988 and carried out 20 trials on active and passive
technology and successfully proved it improved the service and reduce the costs
(EPC Global, 2005). The application of RFID in global market in postal and
courier services contribute 650 billion per year and Europe was the leader in
utilizing RFID in postal and courier services (Zhang, et. al., 2006). High quality
service lead to customer satisfaction, increase market share, and enhance
profitability of service organizations. ((Zhang, et. al., 2006) & (Hoffman and
Bateson, 1997))
Some people have done a study to investigate the possibility of using RFID as a
tool for improving service quality in hospitality industry and primarily concern in
tourism industry. (Oztaysi, Baysan, and Akpinar ,2009)
In monitoring of asset tracking, an effective and efficient managing the tracking of
medical- assets in healthcare facilities can be performed by the means of RFID.
Oztekin et. al. (2010) has done a study using enhanced maximal covering
location problem along with critical index analysis metric to optimize the design of
a medical-asset tracking system constrained by a limited number of RFID
readers. Results indicate that the proposed technique has improved by 72%
compared to the currently utilized expert placement strategy. Yan and Lee (2009)
developed RFID application in Cold Chain monitoring system to track the cold
chain product flowing in supply chain, ensure the products’ quality and comply
with relevant provisions during transportation. The system executes in real-time
environment and can track the location and monitor the temperature of cold-
chain products to ensure the quality.
However, according to the author has done a research regarding the application
of RFID in retail supply chain at a brink-and-mortar supermarket to investigate
the advantages and challenges with the early RFID applications in terms of
technological issue such as standardization, challenges on the data, network and
application layers. (Loebbecke, 2005)
They designed and developed of a context aware notification system for
university students using RFID. The system aims to deliver urgent notifications to
the intended students immediately at their respective locations. (Haron, et. al.,
2010) A quite similar work was done which integrates RFID and biometric sensor
to track students in a boarding school of their location at the selected restricted
area. (Herdawatie et. al., 2010)

LOCAL LITERATURE
From RFID Journal, RFID is identified as generic term for a technology
that uses radio waves to identify people or objects. Several methods of
identification are made, but the most effective is to store a serial code that serves
as an identifier of a person or object, and other information, on a chip attached to
an antenna. The chip and the antenna together are called RF tag. The antenna
enables the chip to transmit the information to an RF reader. The RF reader
converts the radio waves into digital information that can then be passed and
converted by computers to be used. There are two varieties of tags, one is a
passive tag and another one is an active tag. Active RFID would function with the
aid of a battery while passive RFID uses the radio frequency energy transmitted
from the reader to power the tag. Active RFID can be used from monitoring
objects over larger areas. These include scanning of several packages through
dock doors or collection of real-time data in a warehouse. Active RFID tags have
a storage capacity of 128 K bytes with a larger range of communication and the
capacity to collect data from multiple tags at a very fast pace. Passive RFID can
be used for applications for a low-cost option and limitations in terms of data
storage. It can be used where large amounts of data are not required and there
is constrained asset movement like identification cards of students and

employees. Both Active and Passive RFID can be used for in several
applications of supply chains. (RFID Journal, 2002).
LOCAL STUDIES
Mapua Institute of Technology Streamlines Library Processes with
Automated UHF RFID Solution Service Provider ClarIDy Solutions, Inc. Relies on
CSL to Deliver UHF RFID Readers and Antennas for Automatic Library Project
HONG KONG, CHINA--(Marketwired - Jun 9, 2014) - Today, Convergence
Systems Limited (CSL), a global provider of passive RFID products and active
RTLS equipment, announced that the Mapúa Institute of Technology in the
Philippines has transformed its library services with a unique Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) RFID solution from CSL and ClarIDy Solutions, Inc. Mapúa
Institute implemented the IDSmart™ library solution early this year at its
Intramuros campus in Manila in order to significantly enhance library processes
to better serve its faculty and students. According to Taiwanese service provider
ClarIDy Solutions, Mapúa was the first school in the Philippines to install this
UHF RFID solution, which uses CSL UHF products at Self-Service Stations, Self-
Return Stations and RFID Security Gates. "The objectives are to improve the
workflow processes in our libraries, to solve inventory problems, and to save
time," said Emerald L. Lansangan, Mapúa's chief knowledge officer. "With this
efficient UHF RFID system in place, faculty members and students can now
expect faster and shorter queues when borrowing and returning library materials,
and librarians are free to focus on assisting our students with their research
queries." ClarIDy is a total solution provider with years of experience in hardware
design, project integration and library domain know-how, offering total UHF RFID
solutions for library applications. The IDSmart™ system incorporates ClarIDy
custom RFID book tags carefully concealed in the books and encoded with the
library's existing automation system. With these tags, the library books can be
quickly and easily inventoried, checked in and checked out using a portable
inventory reader, self-service library check-out station, self-return station or book
drop. In addition to improving reader service and work processes throughout the
library, security also is enhanced with RFID Security Gates at the building exits.
"Convergence Systems Limited was an ideal provider for the UHF library
initiative since they provide a variety of high-performance RFID readers and
antennas," said Megan Wu, global sales and marketing manager of ClarIDy
Solutions. "We are excited to work with CSL and appreciate their support on the
Mapúa Institute of Technology Library project." "In addition to providing greater
efficiency and cost savings, this solution also offers real-time statistics of library
patron visits, and real-time inventory reports can be generated instantly using
CSL readers with Internet connectivity," said Jerry Garrett, managing director,
Convergence Systems Limited. "Increasingly, libraries are switching to UHF
RFID frequencies because the UHF tags cost less than HF tags, and the read
ranges for UHF are much greater than those offered by HF technology."
Due to the success of this UHF RFID system, the Mapúa Institute plans to install
this library solution at its Makati City campus as well. Also in Lyceum of the
Philippines - Laguna, an institution of higher learning, inspired by the ideals of
Philippine President Jose P. Laurel, was founded by Dr. Sotero H. Laurel and Mr.
Feliciano L. Torres last January 18, 2000. Its vision is to be the leading institution
not only in the CALABARZON but also in the Asia pacific region. Presently the
library of Lyceum of the Philippines-Laguna is using a traditional system wherein
students and employees will have to write their names in the log sheet for their
attendance in the library. With the current system, the librarian has a hard time in
determining the statistics of thle library users. Moreover, it is hassle for the users
to log in the logbook and most of the time they forgot to log in. This continuously
observed situation led the proponent to investigate and find ways on how to
address the need of technology. The application of radio frequency identification
would be a good solution. As a summary, both foreign and local literature
discusses the successful of RFID applications in various fields as discussed
above, it shows that its application is endless. This explains the RFID application
in tracking of laboratory equipments movement to ensure its availability. It also
aims at helping the lab administrator in monitoring the equipment from lost or
misplaced. The monitoring of equipments movement is not only being monitored
by the lab administrator but also by the top management through online
databases. The foreign studies gives an overview on the projects made possibly
by different people that are related to this study which is monitoring equipments
with the use of RFID. RFID has been used in different fields such as in
production, food, parcels, medical supplies, poultry, it has been used by alot of
people however it is not too noticable by people who lacks knowledge about
RFID. RFID has been used in human identification to product identification
(Roberts, 2006), E-Resturants (Tan and Chang, 2010), Livestock Monitoring
Management System (Vouldimos et. al.,2010; Nor Suryani Bakeri, et. al., 2007;
Ahmad Rafiq Adenan et. al.,2006), Cargo Services (Zhang et. al., 2006), Retail
Supply Supermarket (Loebbecke,2005), Tracking Medical Assets (Oztekin et. al.,
2010). The local literature presented an overview of investigations that have

been conducted on how schools can benefit from the use of RFID based
Monitoring System as a lever to improve the accuracy of inventory data records.
The implementation of this technology can also lead to other types of benefits
such as the reduction of information asymmetries and the incentive problems
arising between a downstream and an upstream party; the acquisition of
advanced knowledge about actual lead times experienced in the laboratories; the
increase in equipment system security, etc.
The Plate Number Recognition System is an application to be used for identifying
beating the red-light violators in Metro Manila. It takes in information of cars
passing by the main streets of Manila as inputs to be processed. This is done by
analyzing the data, frame by frame, and retrieve the frame where possible
violation occurred.
Apart from this paper’s proposed system, there have been others that has
discussed and ventured on making their own Plate Number Recognition System.
One example would be a Malaysian Vehicle License Plate Localization and
Recognition System. The system is developed based on digital images and is
applied to commercial car park systems for the use of documenting access of
parking services, secure usage of parking houses and also to prevent car theft
issues. The localization algorithm is a mixture of morphological processes while
the recognition is attained by implementing the feed-forward backpropagation
artificial neural network.
Another system is an Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) by Plate Recognition
developed by Serkan Ozbay and Ergun Ercelebi. Their system’s algorithm
consists of 3 parts: extraction of plate region, segmentation of characters and
recognition of the plate characters. Edge-detection algorithm, smearing algorithm
and statistical based template matching are what the system uses for the major
parts respectively.
License Plate Number Recognition proposed by Garcia-Osorio, Diez-Pastor,
Rodriguez and Maudes is a system designed to work in not so restricted and
structured environment. The application can identify plate numbers
independently of its size, orientation, position or lightening condition.
A Novel Fuzzy Multilayer Neural Network is used in a different License Plate
Recognition application. This system undergoes three stages in recognizing
license plates.
First Stage: plate is detected inside the digital image

Second Stage: characters are extracted by means of horizontal and vertical
projections
Third Stage: fuzzy neural network is used to recognized the license plates
The system proves to be robust as compared to other license plate recognition
systems.
An application used for recognizing Persian license plates is called a Farsi
License Plate Recognition system. This application undergoes the same stages
as the other systems of the same functions. This system has been tested on 400
vehicle images with the rate of success recognition of 95%.
Another localized number plate recognition system is one developed for
Indonesian vehicles. It is developed to increase the efficiency of several traffic
related services like automated parking, traffic light surveillance, electronic toll
collection, and vehicle surveillance for police uses. Unfortunately, the system
does not perform up to its expectations. It still requires a lot of human supervision
and input, and it depends heavily on the training set used.
One paper proposes a robust system to recognize plate numbers by multi-
frames learning. It uses a morphology-based method to extract contrast features
to find possible candidates for license plates. After locating the region of the
license plate, the scheme of shape contexts is used to recognize the characters
in the plate. Basically, it is a Recognition of Vehicle License Plate from a Video
Sequence.
The use of license plate recognition systems in e-Government has been proven
helpful. And this is what Wu, et al, have confirmed in their research. They have
also dealt with the issue on how to apply license plate recognition in e-
Government in order to improve performance.
Another distinct way of recognizing license plates is by using decision trees.
Janota, et al, implemented this way in their proposed system. The system also
focuses on processing only one captured vehicle. The algorithm used in this
system finds holes and arcs to recognize characters. The system has also been
prototyped in C++ language.
One last related application to this paper’s proposed system is the one
developed by Vazquez, et al. They also use multilayer neural network to identify
the symbols of the number plate, just like the previous applications. It also
consists of two processes: the training and recognition processes. The training
process is the stage where the application learns to 8 identify symbols from
number plates. The recognition process, on the other hand, is the stage where
the application actually identifies the characters in number plates.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion on the research methodology of the
study, research instruments, procedures of data gathering and statistical
treatment which will be used for accurate data gathering and interpretation.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The figure below shows how the materials and devices will be placed. The
RFID Reader is placed near the traffic light in such a way that the reader
functions once the traffic light turns “RED”. The RFID Tag is carried by the
vehicles and will be recognized once the driver beats the Red Light. The car
information associated in the vehicle will be as:

1. The first step will be initialization of pins of the Arduino module. This will
constitute the designation of pins for the variables which will be
encountered in the entire operation.
2. Next process is the initialization of the reader. Here, to make sure the
reader is well prepared for reading.
3. After initializing the reader, the reset is initialized too.
4. Once the materials had undergone initializations, they are ready for
detection of the tags. The system updates usually every after 1000ms .
5. For instance, a vehicle carrying an RFID Tag in it crosses the limit once
the traffic light turns “RED”, and the magnetic field in the designated area
turns on. When the field detects an RFID Tag, the RFID Reader
recognizes the tag and then sends data to the system software that allows
the reader to operate and communicate with RFID tags.
6. The data collected from tag reads to shown, sent, stored, etc. so that
users can make informed decisions and take actions.
7. The data are decrypted in the tag from the system upon reception.
INSTRUMENTATION:
The following instruments and modules will be used in designing the
project study.
1. RFID TAG
An RFID tag is comprised of an integrated circuit (called an IC or chip)
attached to an antenna that has been printed, etched, stamped or vapor
deposited onto a mount which is often a paper substrate or Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET). The chip and antenna combo, called an inlay, is then
converted or sandwiched between a printed label and its adhesive backing or
inserted into a more durable structure.
2. RFID READER (ARDUINO UNO )
This device will provide the connection between the tag data and the
enterprise system software that needs the information. The reader
communicates with tags that are within its field of operation, performing any
number of tasks including simple continuous inventorying, filtering (searching for
tags that meet certain criteria), writing (or encoding) to selected tags, etc.
3. WRITER (ARDUINO ATmega)
This device will be the storage of the information from the rfid tag.
4. ANTENNA
This will be used for reception of data once an RFID Tag is sensed by the
RFID Reader.
5. HOST COMPUTER SYSTEM
The system will be used to display the information of the violators
associated with their license.
6. TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM
Once the traffic light turns “red”, the RFID Reader turns on and the
monitoring of violators starts. The monitoring temporarily stops once the traffic
light is no longer in “red light”.
7. IoT (Internet of things)
Is a system that are provided with unique identifiers and has the ability to
transfer data over a network without human to computer interaction. The data
from the rfid system will be transfer to the other network using this system.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
a. DATA COLLECTION
The first stage will start once the traffic light is in “red light”, which is
the time when the monitoring starts. When the antenna in the RFID
Reader detects an RFID Tag, the data stored in the tag will be transmitted
to the reader. The RFID Reader is divided into two sections: the “Reader”
and the “Writer”.
The data received in the Reader will be encrypted in the Writer,
which prepares the data for transmission to the IoT (Cloud).
The data transmitted in the IoT will be decrypted and stored in the
computer system connected in the whole system. The computer system
will display all the needed information of the violators.
Q: How many read zones are needed and where will they be located?
A: In short, an RFID read zone should be located at every point it is
necessary to gather data (i.e. every point where reading RFID tags is required).
In some cases, a portal-type setup at a dock door to read items going in
and out may be the appropriate solution; in another, a single handheld RFID
reader may be the best fit in order to scan items within an inventory closet.
Moreover, installing read zones at various stages of a manufacturing process
allows a user to know exactly where any given (tagged) item is on the facility
floor. Some companies may only be interested in knowing if an item is in the
facility. In these cases, read zones would only be necessary at the facility’s
entrances/exits.
Ultimately, the amount of read zones required and where those zones
should be located depends on the type of application as well as the amount of
data needed to achieve the desired results.
Q: There are items in my facility that contain liquids/metals; does that
mean RFID will not work for me?
A: As with any RFID application, thorough testing is key. There are certain
methods and measures that can be put in place to mitigate potential interference
caused by metal and water (as well as other interference causing elements).
If a company has limitations within the facility, environment, or items being
tagged, it should not discount RFID as the solution entirely. Instead, limitations
should be noted and thorough testing should be executed in order to see if such
obstacles can be overcome using specific equipment or techniques. Each type of

item to be tagged will have different specifications that should be noted when
choosing the ideal tag. Some applications might require the use of several
different types of RFID tags in order to get the best results.

REFERENCES
Ahmad Rafiq Adenan, Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab.
Automated Animal Tracking System using Radio Frequency Identification Tags.
Proceeding of Computer Science and Mathematics Symposium 2006. KUSTEM,
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, 8 – 9 November 2006
EPC Global. RFID smart label practice experience. (2005-08-07) [2006-04-04],
http:/ / www.rfidi--nfo.com. cn/ report/ dissertation/ 2OoS08/ 1655.html
Haron, N. S., Saleem, N. S., Hassan, M. H., Ariffin, M. M. and Aziz, I. A. A RID
based Campus Context-Aware Notification System. Journal of Computing. Vol.
2. Issue 3.
Herdawatie Abdul Kadir, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Zarina Tukiran Mohd Razali
Mohd Tomari and Mohd Norzali Hj. Mohd. (2010). Fusion of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) and Fingerprint in Boarding School Monitoring System
(BoSs), Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions, Cristina Turcu
(Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-74-9, InTech, Available from: http:/ /
www.intechopen.com/ articles/ show/ title/ fusion-of-radio frequencyidentification-
rfid-and-fingerprint-in-boarding-school-monitoring system-b
Hsu, C-I, Shih, H-H, Wang, W-C. (2009). Applying RFID to Reduce Delay in
Import CargoCustoms Clearance Process. Computers & Industrial Engineering.
Vol. 57. pp. 506 –519.
Loebbecke, C. (2005). RFID Technology and Applications in Retail Supply
Chain: The Early Metro Group Pilot. 18th Bled eConference on eIntegration in
Action, June 6 – 8, 2005, Bled, Slovenia.
Ngai, E. W. T. and Lo, S. Y. Y. (2008). Development of an RFID-based sushi
management system: The case of a conveyor-belt sushi restaurant.
International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 112, Issue 2, pp. 630-645.
Nor Suryani Bakery, Ayob Johari, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Danial, Md. Nor.
RFID Application in Farming Management System. In Proceeding of 3rd
International Conference on Robotics, Vision, Information and Signal Processing
2007 (ROVISP2007), Penang, 28 – 30 November 2007
Oztekin, A., Pajouh, F. M., Delen, D., and Swim, L. K. (2010). An RFID Network
Design Methodology for Asset Tracking in Healthcare. Decision Support
Systems. Vol. 49, pp. 100 – 109.
Oztaysi, B., Baysan, S., and Akpinar, F. (2009). Radio Frequency Identify
(RFID) in hospitality. Technovation. Vol. 29. Pp. 618 – 624.
Robert, C. M. (2006). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Computers &
Security, Vol. 25. Pp. 18 – 26.

Tan, T-H, Chang, C-S. (2010). Development and Evaluation of an RFID-based
e-Restaurant System for Customer Centric Service. Expert System with
Applications. Vol. 37 Issue 9.
Voulodimos, A. S., Patrizakis, C. Z., Sideridis, A. B., Ntafis, V. A., and Xylouri, E.
M. (2010). A Complete Farm Management System based on Animal
Identification using RFID Technology. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.
Vol. 70. Pp. 380 – 388.
Yan, B. and Lee, D. (2009). Application of RFID in Cold Chain Temperature
Monitoring System. 2009 ISECS International Colloqium on Computing,
Communication, Control, and Management. Aug. 8 – 9, 2009. Sanya, China.

Rizal Technological University: College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Rizal Technological University: College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

April 19, 2018

We, the fourth-year students of Rizal Technological University pursuing a degree in

ROAVIMA SILVER D. ESOCTA

ANNE MARY F. FABREGAS

Traffic Violators Monitoring Using RFID: Beating the Red Light

A Proposal Project Study Presented

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Esocta, Roavima Silver D.

Fabregas, Anne Mary F.

Dr. Wilfredo L. Timajo

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

RFID or Radio-Frequency Identification based monitoring systems are

Development Authority (MMDA) is an agency in the Philippines which performs

planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the process exercise

regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide services

concerning purely local matters.

In line with one of these services, specifically traffic management, the

policies. If an MMDA traffic enforcer witnesses a traffic violation, he/she can

issue violation receipts or tickets to the erring motorist.

apprehends. This violation is incurred when a motorist runs through an

reckless driving or disregard of traffic signs – depending on the speed of the

there are no traffic enforcers present to apprehend them.

another, but repercussions are inevitable. Accidents abound because of traffic

with another vehicle to death of pedestrians, passengers or the drivers

In the likely event, though, that a traffic enforcer is present and a

light’ violators greatly contributes to corruption, perpetuates bribery and cannot

apprehend violators for situations when traffic enforcers are absent.

So, what this paper provides an enhancement to the current system of

the agency from manual apprehension to computerized identification of violators.

light’ violators. A miniature prototpye of the study will be done by the

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The manual apprehension system of MMDA does not provide evidence

only has thin deployment of enforcers.

 FAILURE TO MONITOR THE VIOLATORS

event making it hard to prove that such a violation happened. Violators

number. Also, the system only provides thin deployment of traffic

enforcers. The coverage is only limited to certain areas.

As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections

snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and

engaging in road rage.

The use of RFID on monitoring of ‘beating the red light’ violators

minimizes the accidents among commuters and pedestrians caused by

1. What are the important variables involved in such device? What

problems will hinder the performance of the reader?

2. Where should the RFID reader be placed?

3. How effective is the RFID tracking monitoring system?

4. How much power does the device consume?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

traffic enforcers at certain intersections come about. Examples of when

uses more subtle approach of dropping subtle remark indicating his/her

integrated with red-light cameras, opportunities for corruption are lessened.

The issue of unavailability of traffic enforcers in manual apprehension

maintaining traffic management and policies at road intersections. With the

developed system, even in the absence of a traffic enforcer, management of

traffic and apprehension of erring motorists are still in operation.

Although, in employing this system, the need for traffic enforcers is

reason practically being so that in cases of manual overrides of the traffic

situation or emergencies, they are quick to respond.

 Connection of the devices

 Equipment and Devices needed