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Question 6
Table of Contents
1. Choice of Materials ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Use of Material for Flyover: Concrete........................................................................................... 3
1.2 Benefits of Concrete ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Sustainability of Concrete ............................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Specifications: Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (Ggbs) ....................................................... 6
Sustainability Benefits of Ggbs use-separately ................................................................................... 6
1.5 Preventive approaches of repair at regular intervals would ensure ....................................... 6
1.6 Preventive and Remedial Approaches: Maintenance Strategy .................................................... 6
2 Method of Construction | Incremental Launching .............................................................................. 8
2.1 Benefits ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Erection Method and build-ability of Flyover| Classical ............................................................... 8
2. Critical activities ................................................................................................................................ 10
Description of Construction Phases, Expectation of Duration and Integration of Design activities 10
2.1 Description of Work .................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Work Sequence ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Resources .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Prevention measures .................................................................................................................. 13
2.5 Budget Cost Summary................................................................................................................. 13
3 Construction Waste, Embodied Energy and Carbon Emission .......................................................... 15
3.1 Measures to minimize Construction waste ................................................................................ 17
Planning......................................................................................................................................... 17
Implementation ............................................................................................................................ 18
Review ........................................................................................................................................... 18
Improvements ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Embodied energy and Carbon Emission: .................................................................................... 19
Carbon emission............................................................................................................................ 19
Embodied energy .......................................................................................................................... 20
4. Procurement Method and Contract: Justification ............................................................................ 23
4.1 Cost Led Procurement................................................................................................................. 23
4.2 Justification ................................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Contract to be used for the CLP .................................................................................................. 28
4.4 Justification ................................................................................................................................. 28
5 References ......................................................................................................................................... 29
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Barrier Coating application to RC structures. .................................................... 7
Figure 2: Deterioration in RC structure ................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Preventive approach (silane application) vs Remedial Concrete activity ...... 8
Figure 4: Incremental launching (the launching nose casting the segment on to the
span).......................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Gantt Chart depicting the full work sequence for the construction phase
(A406) Flyover ....................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: Stages of Life Cycle with outputs to be measured (EPA 1993) .................... 15
Figure 8: Showing the CLP process from inception to Hand over ................................ 26
Figure 9: Showing the key areas of focus in detail from Inception to selection. ......... 27
Figure 10: Showing the design stage in the procurement method (CLP) .................... 27
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1. Choice of Materials
Initially it was decided to construct a steel bridge but after further consideration of the
site investigation and the constraints related to the fast and more sustainable
construction of the bridge it was decided to construct a concrete bridge. However, the
initial details of the material used for steel are as follows.
High strength steel- easy to transport, light weight and makes welding easy.
Robustness
The reliability and limit state for end of life use provide greater sustainability. The
robustness of concrete is also a positive factor as the development of alternate load
paths in the structure provides a strong and robust defence system against
progressive collapse in case of an untoward incident.
To prevent such collapse in the buildings, different measures are made to resist
progressive collapse.
“The ability of a structure to withstand events like fire, explosions, impact or the
consequences of human error, without being damaged to an extent disproportionate
to the original cause”.
Methods such as the ‘alternative load path’ and ‘segmental segregation’ are used to
prevent such progressive failures. Bridges more often use the segregation of
segments method to avoid the collapse. In case of a failure in one of the columns of
the bridge, the segmental segregation method stops the effect of the failure of the
damaged part of the bridge to reach the undamaged part. The hinges placed at the
column to section (segment) connection help separate the progressive failure to reach
the other undamaged parts.
Sustainability of concrete is also a plus point when constructing a bridge. The life of a
concrete bridge is proven to be long along with minimum maintenance required
(application of silane after certain number of years)
Stone: Granite and limestone are prime examples of natural stones and are widely
used for construction projects of bridges. The materials are able to resist erosion
caused by water and wind. They are the key factors for the sustenance of the
structures for their long life while also requiring very less or no maintenance.
Recycled aggregates: The recycled materials from the previous construction sites
are used to obtain the recycled aggregate. Less transportation of the aggregate is
ensured by making the most of the aggregate at the site. The recycled aggregate
produced at a main plant ensures the use of landfill space is reduced. This reuse of
the concrete debris helps to reduce the environmental impact.
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Launching segments deck post tensioning would not be applied until the deck
would be fully launched[1].
Figure 4: Incremental launching (the launching nose casting the segment on to the
span)
There shall be no need for temporary mid span props as the spans are only 30m
long (mid-span props are used only when the spans exceed the typical length of
45-50m by approximately 15-30m).
A constant elevation necessary for incremental launching is satisfied.
A constant curvature requirement would be satisfied by two separate incremental
launching processes from the point where the curvature of the flyover changes.
1
Broad meadow Estuary Bridge in North of Dublin, Ireland used combination of post-tension and un-tensioned
reinforcement which led to saving of up-to 35% in weight of prestessing steel.
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2. Critical activities
Figure 5: The Gantt Chart depicting the full work sequence for the construction
phase of the A406 Flyover
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The Gantt chart above describes the construction phases of the A406 flyover. After
the setting out has been carried out and the site is clear for construction, the fencing
of the site starts. The construction process begins by the piling process for the
columns and the abutments. Only after the piling has been completed the
construction of the abutments is started. In order to save time, the design activities
and the order of materials is integrated with the construction of the abutments. This
would ensure that nothing is built before designing it. As the design process keeps
ahead of construction, it would make sure that no inconvenience is faced due to the
early build process. This is significantly important as it would also induce and
increase the construction waste consequently.
Lead times such as the time taken for the manufacturing stages of the different
materials and component that are needed to complete the project. The lead times
are considered early in the planning of the project and the placement of the orders is
done simultaneously with the construction process of the abutments.
The precast section (deck) for the flyover is fabricated off-site while after design
consideration have been set out. The precast ex-situ fabrication helps save time.
Before the construction process of the abutment ends the fabrication of the section is
already started off-site.
After this the hydraulic pump and the small cranes are delivered on site. The timing
of the delivery of the ex-situ fabricated section is done in a way that least time is
wasted. The launching of the prefabricated segments is carried out with the help of
the hydraulic pump that pushes the segments forward with the help of the launching
nose (see figure 4).
Launching segments deck post tensioning would not be applied until the deck
would be fully launched. An internally pre-stressed deck would be used.
There shall be no need for temporary mid span props as the spans are only 30m
long (mid-span props are used only when the spans exceed the typical length of
45-50m by approximately 15-30m).
2.3 Resources
Supervision
The General Foreman
Site Manager
Labour
50 Joiners
150 labourers
3 crane operators
3 Hydraulic Pump operators
Significant Hazards
Vehicles and moving plants
Work at height
Falling objects from significant heights
Working with concrete:
Eye contact with concrete.
Mould oil.
Power tools.
Allowance for professional and planning fees would be set at 20% and 10% of the
highway construction costs respectively.
Rates based on 2014 tender prices for civil engineering work were used to estimate
costs. Also, the costs estimated for the construction of the works (anticipated) in 2014
are considered.
The output price index (OPI) is used to estimate the 2014 costs.
The budget cost for the construction of the A406 Flyover including material cost, legal
charges, planning fees, construction cost, labour that comprises of the joiners,
labourers, crane operators, hydraulic pump operators, etc.., is estimated to be around
35-40 million pounds. This would also include the allowances that are mentioned
above.
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The construction process and the use of materials should be more efficient and
recycling of materials should be encouraged to ensure the reduction of construction
waste.
By ensuring such steps the landfill can be minimized and carbon emissions reduced.
One more method of reducing carbon emission is the use of reinforced concrete with
timber, or natural fibres.
Use of natural gas over coal should be preferred. This would help the low emission of
coal as natural gas has a lower carbon content.
The cumulative impact on the environment would be assessed and estimated from all
the stages in the product life cycle.
Removal of raw materials from the earth marks the start of the life cycle of a product
Manufacturing
The manufacturing process involves the transformation of the raw materials into a
product. The manufactured goods are then transported to the consumer after the
product has been fabricated.
Converting raw material to a usable form and getting it ready for fabrication and then
distribution consumes a lot of energy and fuel. As discussed earlier, the use of fuel
with a lower carbon content can also help reduce carbon emissions.
All of the manufacturing and transportation activities to fill and distribute a finished
product shall be taken in to consideration to minimize the environmental impact
caused.
Use/Reuse/Maintenance/ Recycle
The use, reuse and maintenance activities are to be considered with due precision
when starting a project. The use of the materials should be done in the most efficient
manner and reuse of the materials on side should be maximised.
Implementation
The waste reduction and the waste management measures documented at the
planning stage must be implemented during the construction process and the effect of
these actions reviewed after regular monitoring.
The team should check the performance after reviewing the reports produced. This
would enable the team to magnify any opportunities to reduce waste.
Review
A review of the waste performance should be carried out after the sub-contractor has
carried out his work as it can have many benefits
The review can help to check the effective ness of the strategies applied during the
construction process.
The efficiency of the material usage can be measured by quantifying the ratio of
materials ordered and quantity un-used.
A target vs performance review can be carried out. At regular intervals, meetings
should be organised to review the performance. The key targets that are agreed at
the tender documentation stage should be a contractual obligation for the
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contractors. This would ensure that the performance of the project is examined
during construction phase.
Data Analysis-The building up of a picture of the efficiency of the materials usage
is very important. This can be done via getting the waste data through to clients,
sub-contractors and contractors. It would also help to analyse the effect of waste
reduction on profit and the over-all cost.
Suggestion for future improvements can also be developed if the data is used
correctly.
Improvements
Improvements can help us demonstrate best practice and commitment to
minimisation of waste.
The projects’ delivery for a lower cost can be achieved by improving performance
on waste minimisation.
The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), is an effective way of dealing with such a complex
and broad faceted issue. Beyond the simple occupancy, a broader assessment of the
buildings start-end of life use should be considered. Factors such as the design, use
and construction should be taken into account.
The extraction of various raw materials results in the emission of carbon. The
monitoring of the process of the manufacturing lies beyond the direct control of prime
contractors.
To establish and maintain a baseline that is appropriate for the standards of carbon
emissions
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Embodied energy
Engineers consider embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of
all construction materials when planning, designing and constructing a bridge.
Studies have been carried out on different forms of bridge structures to assess both
the energy consumed and the CO2 emissions generated in their construction and use.
The embodied energy comparison shown in Table 1 (see page 11) demonstrates that
across the range of bridge forms concrete construction consumes the least energy.
The same conclusion is reached when comparing CO2 emissions.
The embodied energy is total energy consumed while acquiring and processing of
materials (raw) which includes manufacturing, transportation and final installation
[Cleveland and Morris (2009)].
The United Kingdom construction industry is the largest consumer of natural resources
(over 400 million tonnes) of material consumed per annum. The total United Kingdom
carbon emissions other than the construction industry account for 90%. However, the
embodied energy can be minimised by undertaking the following steps:
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Materials such as concrete can be more desirably specified as concrete forms the
main material for the construction of this project. Thus, the embodied energy can be
minimised significantly by specifying materials such as concrete in this case.
In the design process, the usage of the slenderness of structure and can play a vital
role in the reduction of the embodied energy.
Also, the use of environmentally friendly methods in the construction and post
construction of the project will have a major impact in reducing the embodied energy.
The design should be carried out with the concept of deconstruction as the flyovers
are made with an end of life use of less than that of the materials they are constructed
of. The reuse of the materials can thus be enhanced to increase service life of the
structure.
The following steps are taken to ensure the goals are met:
3. Emission during the Construction Phase: Large projects commonly use heavy
machinery, temporary sites, transportation, etc. A better use and management of
such issues can help reduce carbon emissions significantly.
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4. Re-thinking the choice by clients and design of structures: Use of the locally
sourced and use of substantial concrete reinforced with timber can form an
enhanced way of reducing embodied energy and carbon emission.
A strategic brief provided by the client states the outputs and outcomes which then
gets response from the industry by receiving proposed solutions and committing to a
price and set of regulations and rules.
This method works on a key feature of its commitment to beat the cost ceiling from
the supply side. The supply chain teams are engaged by the client early on in the
project. This allows the supplier team to compete (each other) on a particular scheme
very early in the project.
This involves a two stage process with supply chain teams. The proposal from the
supliers are taken and forwarded to the client who then gives a feedback and the final
proposal acceptable to the client is then finalised. The succesful team should
demonstrate at the inception, a better proposal in terms of cost and solution.
The team that provides the best proposal is appointed to work with key stakeholders
from the client’s side for the development of cost and design. The procurement is best
suited for the projects where the exceedance of the cost is not essentially desired. In
the projects where there is a high functional and repetetive aspect to the construction
of the project.
The use of a contract with such a procurement method can be a contract with a simple
approach.
4.2 Justification
Single point of Responsibility
The procurement method aims to achieve a single point responsibilty for both the
design and construction. This enures that the both the responsibiities are with the one
partty making client satisfaction a priority. Also, in case of any legal issues or
imperfection in the work the client has a better position for accountability which
ensures that the disputes are rseolved in an easy manner.
“The project went from business case to completion in fourteen months. Cost savings
of 6% were achieved on the out-turn cost, worth £600,000.
CLP also helps to save a considerable amount of time in the procurement process.
The clients are in a position to set a realistically shorter process for procurement to the
contractor. Prior to the contractor selection there is no need to arrive at a lump sum
cost for the project, which makes it possible to achieve the shorter process. This
evidence of time and cost saved was shown in the Trial Projects using CLP in the
procurement process.
The involvement of the contractor early in the process with an enhanced risk
management gives certainity in delivery of the programme as the project is better
understood and managed.
Supplier selection
Among all three methods of procurement this is an important and more essential
characteristic. Tier 1 and Tier 2 supplier selection should be carried out with testing of
willingness and understanding of collaboration of the organistaion. Emphasis should
be laid especially on cost. This would get all the parties focusing on cost and improved
value, developing trust and removing opportunism on cost.
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Something new is always opposed and it doesn’t exclude this method of procurement.
The single stage tendering has been tested in the past and has had sufficient chances
to demonstrate the reducing cost but has failed. All the three methods of procurement
have shown better values to reduc the costs against the set targets. Tese details have
been shown in the Trial projects case study conducted in New Prison North Wales.
The CLP has its basis on an reimbursable open book cost as claimed by the anti-
lobby. Therefore, open to abuse is not suported.
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Figure 8: Showing the key areas of focus in detail from Inception to selection.
4.4 Justification
Since, the contract can be used for major as well as minor projects and can also
employ various contractual arrangements while being compatible with various types
of documentations (project), it forms the perfect contract for satisfying the needs of the
contractual obligations of this project. The traditional appointments can be separated
into roles of project manager, adjudicator and supervisor but the there is a flexibility of
undertaking it by one individual. This flexibility once again proves to be of great
importance as it satisfied the requirements set in the procurement method which is to
have ultimate single point responsibility.
Under the clause 30, there are contractual obligations placed on the contractor and an
important document in this form of contract is the programme.
The programme under the clause 30 needs to show prescribing info. And it has to be
made sure that the information is kept up to date. The key info that the programme
must show are:
Critical dates.
Timing and order of he works.
Time risk and float allowance.
Each operation’s equipment and resources.
Requirements for health and safety.
General info and dates.
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5 References
1. Simon Bourne (2009). Incrementally launched Concrete Bridges. 3th ed. Concrete
Group Development Group: Concrete Group Development Group. 1-2
2. Brian Cook and Peter Williams (2009). Construction Planning, Programming and
Control. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom: A John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication. 199-213, 133-33.
3. Brian Cook and Peter Williams (2009). Construction Planning, Programming and
Control. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom: A John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication. 13-20, 23-44
4. CBDG (2014). Construction Concrete bridge-Construction methods -Precast. 7th
ed. Riverside House 4 Meadows Business Park Station Approach Blackwater
Camberley Surrey GU17 9AB: A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
5. Concrete Bridge Development Group (2000). The aesthetics of concrete bridges.
Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG 45 6YS: Concrete Group Development Group. 8-10.
6. FABER MAUNSEUL (2005). AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE BRIDGES.
Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG 45 6YS: The Concrete Bridge Development Group. 34-
56
7. Concrete Bridge Development Group (2005). Fast Construction of Concrete
Bridges. Blackwater Camberley Surrey CU17 9AB. 28-30
8. CBDG Publication (2005). Fast construction - segmental and launched bridges. 4
Meadows Business Park Station Approach Black-water Camberley Surrey GU17
9AB: Concrete Bridge Development Group. 24-45
9. Highways Agency(2001): BD 57/01 Departmental Standard, Design for Durability,
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol. 1, Section 3, Part 74, Department of
Transport.
10. Report C543 (2001) - Bridge Detailing Guide, Construction Industry Research and
Information Association.
11. Steele K. A (2003) Methodology to facilitate the environmental comparison of
bridge management strategies. Engineering Doctorate Thesis, University of
Surrey.