Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 7.2 Selected Solutions

2. (a) Since c (t) = (cos t; sin t) ; t 2 [0; 2 ]; we have

dx dy
c0 (t) = ; = ( sin t; cos t)
dt dt
so
dx = sin tdt and dy = cos tdt:
Then
Z Z2 Z2
xdy ydx = cos t (cos tdt) (sin t) ( sin tdt) = cos2 t + sin2 t dt = 2 :
c 0 0

(b) Here,
Z Z2
xdx + ydy = (cos t) (sin t) dt + (cos t) (sin t) dt = 0:
c 0

(c) We …rst write

Z 3 Z
X
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = yzdx + xzdy + xydz
c i=1 c
i

where c1 is the straightl ine path from (1; 0; 0) to (0; 1; 0) and c2 is the straight
line path from (0; 1; 0) to (0; 0; 1). We can parameterize c1 by c1 (t) = (1 t; t; 0) ; t 2
[0; 1]; and c2 by c2 (t) = (0; 1 t; t) ; t 2 [0; 1]. Therefore,
Z Z
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = 0 = yzdx + xzdy + xydz
c1 c2

and Z
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = 0:
c

(d) This parabola may be parameterized by x = t; z = t2 ; y = 0; where t 2

[ 1; 1]. Therefore,
Z Z1
2 t3 2
x dx xydy + dz = t2 dt + 2tdt = + t2 j1 1 = :
3 3
c 1

1
 4. (a) If F is perpendicular to c0 (t) at c (t) then
Z Zb
F ds = F (c (t)) c0 (t) dt = 0:
c a

(b) If F is parallel to c0 (t) at c (t) then F (c (t)) = (t) c0 (t) where (t) > 0.
Since (t) > 0,
kF (c (t))k = k (t) c0 (t)k = (t) kc0 (t)k
and
Z Zb Zb Zb
2
F ds = F (c (t)) c0 (t) dt = (t) c0 (t) c0 (t) dt = (t) kc0 (t)k dt
c a a a
Zb Zb Z
0 0 0
= ( (t) kc (t)k) (kc (t)k dt) = kF (c (t))k kc (t)k dt = kFk ds:
a a c

6. By the de…nition of the line integral, with x = t; y = t2 and z = t3 we

get
Z Z1 Z1
34
F ds = (t2 ; 2t; t2 ) 1; 2t; 3t2 dt = 5t2 + 3t4 dt = :
15
c 0 0

10. Suppose c1 ; c2 : [a; b] ! R3 are piecewise smooth curves with the same
endpoints. If c is a parameterized curve then
Z Z
F ds = F ds
c copp

where copp is c with the opposite orientation. If C is obtained by moving along

c1 and then c2 in the opposite direction then we have
Z Z Z Z Z
F ds = F ds + F ds = F ds F ds:
C c1 copp c1 c2

We see that Z Z Z
F ds = 0 , F ds = F ds:
C c1 c2

0
11. Let c : [a; b] ! R3 be a piecewise smooth path. Since T = kcc0 (t)k
(t)
we
have
Z Zb 0 Zb 0 2 Zb
c (t) 0 kc (t)k
T ds = c (t) dt = dt = kc0 (t)k dt = l (c) .
kc0 (t)k kc0 (t)k
c a a a

2
 12. First we observe that the squre with given vertices is not unit. Clearly
our square is a simple closed curve C. Let c : [a; b] ! R3 be piecewise smooth
and parameterize C. Then c (a) = c (b) since C is closed. Since

F (x; y; z) = z 3 + 2xy; x2 ; 3xz 2 = rf

where f (x; y; z) = xz 3 + x2 y, we have

Z
F ds = f (c (b)) f (c (a)) = 0:
C

14. Suppose F is a gradient …eld then F = rf for some scalar function f .

By theorem, we have
Z Z
F ds = rf ds = f (c (b)) f (c (a))
c c

where c : [a; b] ! R3 is a piecewise smooth path. Since C is a simple closed

curve, it may be parameterized by some piecewise smooth c such that c (a) =
c (b). Then
Z
F ds = f (c (b)) f (c (a)) = 0:
C

If C has a single self-intersection then we may consider it as consisting of two

components, C1 and C2 , each of which is a simple closed curve. Since the
integral over C1 is zero and the integral over C2 is zero, we see that the integral
over C is zero. Analagously, if C has a …nite number of self-intersections then
we may consider it as consisting of several components Ci where each Ci is a
simple closed curve. In this case the integral over each Ci is zero so the integral
over C is again zero. We conclude that for any closed curve C our integral is
zero.
p
18. Observe that F = rf where f (x; y; z) = xy + z. Also A = 2 ; 0; 0
and B = (0; 0; 2 ). Hence the work is

f (B) f (A) = 2 :

For the last part of the question we observe that the path followed is
p p
c (t) = 2 t cos t; 2 t sin t; t

for t 2 [0; 2 ]. Near t = 2 , the speed kc0 (t)k tends to in…nity.