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Math 2451
where we have assumed J (x; t) preserves orientation of our solid and is therefore
positive. But W does not depend on t so we may di¤erentiate under the integral
and then apply the product rule to obtain
ZZZ ZZZ
d @
f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV = [f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t)]dV
dt @t
W W
ZZZ
@ @
= f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) + f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV:
@t @t
W
@ @ @ @
Now we write t (x) = ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) so that @t t (x) = @t ; @t ; @t . We
apply the chain rule and one of our hypothesis to obtain
@ @
f( t (x) ; t) = f ( (t) ; (t) ; (t) ; t)
@t @t
@f @ @f @ @f @ @f
= + + +
@x @t @y @t @z @t @t
@f @f @f @f @ @ @
= ; ; ; ; ; ;1
@x @y @z @t @t @t @t
@f @
= rf ( t (x) ; t) ; ( (x) ; t) (x) ; 1
@t t @t t
@f
= rf ( t (x) ; t) F ( t (x)) + ( (x) ; t)
@t t
1
@
Now we apply our hypothesis @t J (x; t) = [div F ( t (x))]J (x; t) and change
back to our original variables so that
ZZZ
d
f ( t (x) ; t) J (x; t) dV
dt
W
ZZZ
@f
= frf ( t (x) ; t) F ( t (x)) + ( (x) ; t) + f ( t (x; t) ; t) [div F ( t (x))]gJ (x; t) dV
@t t
W
ZZZ
@f
= frf (x; y; z; t) F (x; y; z) + (x; y; z; t) + f (x; y; z; t) [div F (x; y; z)]gdV
@t
Wt
ZZZ
Df
= ( + f div F)dxdydz:
Dt
Wt
2
So, using the FTOC for line integrals, we obtain
Z Z
rp dp
0= r + ds = (p1 ) (p2 ) + ;
C C
as desired.
b) If @v
@t = 0 then
1 2
r = r kvk
2
and so
1 2
= kvk + c
2
for some constant c. Since is constant
Z Z
dp 1 1
= dp = (p (P1 ) p (P2 )) :
C C p
Thus
1 2 1 2 1
0= kvk (P1 ) kvk (P2 ) + (p (P1 ) p (P2 ))
2 2 p
and
1 2 p
kvk +
2
is the same for all points p.