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Output
Any information that has been processed by and sent out from
a computer or similar device is considered output. A simple
example of output is anything you view on your computer
monitor. The bottom half of the image to the right shows data
being sent from a computer to a printer, which is considered
output. That data is then printed onto a piece of paper, also
considered a form of output. Output can be meaningful information or
gibberish, and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers,
as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. Output
devices include display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.
For example, display screens output images, printers output print, and
loudspeakers output sounds.
Output Devices
An output device is any peripheral device that receives data
from a computer, usually for display, projection, or physical
reproduction. For example, the image shows an inkjet printer, an
output device that can make a hard copy of any information
shown on your monitor, which is another example of an output
device. Monitors and printers are two of the most common output
devices used with a computer.
Types of output devices
The following list contains many different output devices. For further information, select
any of the listings with blue text.
3D Printer
Braille embosser
Braille reader
Flat panel
GPS
Headphones
Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Monitor
Plotter
Printer (Dot matrix printer, Inkjet printer, and Laser printer)
Projector
Sound card
Speakers
Speech-generating device (SGD)
TV
Video card
Tip:Keep in mind that drives such as a CD-ROM, DVD, Floppy
diskette drive, and USB Flash drive may be capable of receiving
information from the computer, but they are not output devices.
These are considered storage devices.
Braille embosser
Speakers 3d printer
plotter
Computer output microfilm
Liquid crystals are liquid materials that have some of the optical properties
of crystals. A display made of liquid crystals acts like an array of tiny
shutters that transmit or block light. A bright light source called a backlight,
situated behind the LCD screen, shines through the LCD, creating
thousands of tiny dots of red, blue and green that form a color image.
Because the backlight is sealed inside the display, you normally never see it
directly, only its light filtered through the LCD panel.
LCD with Fluorescent Backlight
Some LCD displays use a fluorescent lamp as the white backlight. The
lamps are thin, lightweight, inexpensive and produce a bright white light. On
the downside, fluorescents contain small amounts of mercury vapor.
Although the mercury does not pose a serious problem in household and
office settings, the environmental consequences of heavy metals from
monitor e-waste are significant.
The LED backlight is a newer technology for LCD displays that uses light-emitting
diodes instead of a fluorescent lamp. The LED produces white light, but uses no
mercury.
Before the 1990s, nearly all computer displays, television sets and video
monitors used cathode-ray tube technology. A CRT is a thick glass vacuum
tube, one end of which is a flattened screen with a phosphor coating on the
inside. In the vacuum, a beam of electrons from a hot metal filament at the
end opposite the screen strikes the phosphors, producing a glow. An
electronic steering mechanism bends the beam, causing it to scan across
and down the screen, "painting" a series of visible images on it. Although
CRTs produce high-quality pictures, LCD and other new technologies are
much lighter and safer, and have led to the cathode-ray tube's
obsolescence.
Plasma
A plasma display screen consists of tiny gas capsules arranged in a grid; when
stimulated by electricity, the gas glows much in the same manner as a neon sign.
Some aspects of image quality, such as the darkness of blacks and the vividness of
colors, can be better in plasma screens than LCDs. However, LCDs are more energy-
efficient than plasmas; due to battery life concerns, virtually all laptop computers have
LCD screens and not plasma technology. Most plasma screens currently sold tend to
be in the 40-inch to 60-inch size range where image quality helps justify the greater
energy consumption.
Imaging technologies
Liquid crystal display (LCD). TFT LCDs are the most popular display
device for new computers.
o Passive LCDs produce poor contrast, slow response, and other
image defects. These were used in most laptops until the mid
1990s.
o Thin Film Transistor LCDs give much better picture quality in several
respects. Nearly all modern LCD monitors are TFT.
Video projectors use CRT, LCD, DLP, LCOS or many other technologies to
send light through the air to a projection screen. Front projectors use
screens as reflectors to send light back, while rear projectors use screens
as diffusers to refract light forward. Rear projectors are often integrated
into the same case as their screen.
Performance measurements
Problems
Dead pixels
A few LCD monitors are produced with “dead pixels”. Due to the desire for
affordable monitors, most manufacturers sell monitors with dead pixels.
Almost all manufacturers have clauses in their warranties which claim
monitors with fewer than some number of dead pixels are not broken and
will not be replaced. The dead pixels are usually stuck with the green, red,
and/or blue sub-pixels either individually always stuck on or off.
Like image persistence, this can sometimes be partially or fully reversed by
using the same method listed below, however the chance of success is far
lower than with a “stuck” pixel. It can also sometimes be repaired by
physically flicking the pixel, however it is always a possibility for someone
to use too much force and rupture the weak screen internals doing this.
Stuck pixels
RGB displays produce most of the visible color spectrum, but not all. This
can be a problem where good color matching to non-RGB images is
needed. This issue is common to all monitor technologies with 3 color
channels.
Resolution.
In general, the resolution of most computer displays is well below 100 dpi: some graphic
displays may achieve 150 dpi, however, only with limited brightness. This means, if a high
contrast is required, the resolution will be lower. Compared with the resolution of print, e.g.,
300 dpi or 600 dpi for laser printers, the quality of VDUs is inferior. (An image with 300 dpi
has 9 times more elements in the same space than a 100 dpi image.)
Printer
A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text
documents, images, or a combination of both.
The printed output produced by a printer is often called a hard copy, which is
the physical version of an electronic document. While some printers can only
print black and white hard copies, most printers today can produce color prints.
In fact, many home printers can now produce high-quality photo prints that rival
professionally developed photos. This is because modern printers have a
high DPI (dots per inch) setting, which allows documents to printed with a very
fine resolution.
Types of Printers
There are two types of printers.
Impact printers
An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by
pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following are some
examples of impact printers.
Dot-Matrix Printers
The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins
produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-
matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much
better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the
letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism
moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to
left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user
will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are
inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters per second.
Dot matrix printers from companies such as Epson and OKI provide fast printing for
busy locations.
Durable Hardware
Dot matrix printers from Epson and OKI carry a range of manufacturers' warranties,
including 1-, 2-, and 3-year guarantees. Some printers are rated at 20,000 hours of
reliable printing, ensuring you receive maximum value from your hardware purchase.
Many impact printers include ribbons with a life up to 4 million characters.
Daisy-wheel printers
In order to get the quality of type found on typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can
be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy;
at the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A
hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character against the ribbon, and the character
prints on the paper. Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second.
Line printers
In business where enormous amount of material are printed, the character-at-a-time
printers are too slow; therefore, these users need line-at-a-time printers. Line printers,
or line-at-a-time printers, use special mechanism that can print a whole line at once; they
can typically print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per minute. Drum, chain, and band
printers are line-at-a-time printers.
Drum printer
A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised characters in bands
on its surface. The number of print positions across the drum equals the number
available on the page. This number typically ranges from 80-132 print positions. The
drum rotates at a rapid speed. For each possible print position there is a print hammer
located behind the paper. These hammers strike the paper, along the ink ribbon, against
the proper character on the drum as it passes. One revolution of the drum is required to
print each line. This means that all characters on the line are not printed at exactly the
same time, but the time required to print the entire line is fast enough to call them line
printers. Typical speeds of drum printers are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Chain printers
A chain printer uses a chain of print characters wrapped around two pulleys. Like the
drum printer, there is one hammer for each print position. Circuitry inside the printer
detects when the correct character appears at the desired print location on the page.
The hammer then strikes the page, pressing the paper against a ribbon and the character
located at the desired print position. An impression of the character is left on the page.
The chain keeps rotating until all the required print positions on the line have filled. Then
the page moves up to print the next line. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to
2500 characters per minute.
Band printers
A band printer operates similar to chain printer except it uses a band instead of a chain
and has fewer hammers. Band printer has a steel band divided into five sections of 48
characters each. The hammers on a band printer are mounted on a cartridge that moves
across the paper to the appropriate positions. Characters are rotated into place and
struck by the hammers. Font styles can easily be changed by replacing a band or chain.
Non-impact printers
Non-impact printers do not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper; and
because these printers do not hammer against the paper they are much quieter.
Following are some non-impacted printers.
Ink-jet printers
Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or
characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet
printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical
field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately
250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly.
Various colors of ink can also be used.
One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink
are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the
paper by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper
plate) and the other has negative charge (lover plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all
that’s needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition of
needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition three extra
nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for
the character or image being formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle.
Several manufacturers produce color ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come with
all their color inks in a cartridge; if you want to replace on color, you must replace all
the colors. Other color ink-jet printers allow you to replace ink individually. These
printers are a better choice if user uses one color more than other colors. These
printers produce less noise and print in better quality with greater speed.
Best for: Home offices or small businesses that don't need to print a lot, or businesses
and companies that need to print high-quality images and photos
Pros:
Ink cartridges are cheaper to replace than toner and can be refilled
Can print on different types of paper (such as glossy photo paper), textures and
fabrics
Easier to maintain
Cons:
Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is
loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly
without producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight pages per
minute, but faster and print approximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per
minute if each page contains 48 lines. When high speed laser printers were introduced
they were expensive. Developments in the last few years have provided relatively low-
cost laser printers for use in small businesses.
Pros:
Lower cost per page and long-term costs for businesses that have high printing
volumes
Cons:
Direct thermal: The direct thermal printer prints the image by burning dots onto coated
paper as it passes over the heated print head. Direct thermal printers do not use
ribbons. Early fax machines used direct thermal printing.
Thermal wax transfer: This type of printer uses a thermal transfer ribbon that contains
wax-based ink. Heat is applied to the ribbon using a thermal print head that melts the
ink transferring it to the paper where it is permanent after it cools. A typical thermal
transfer ribbon consists of three layers: the base material, the heat melting ink, and the
coating on the print side of the base material. The coating and base material help keep
ink from adhering to the print head which can cause poor print quality. Monochrome
and color thermal transfer ribbons are available. It is recommended that the print head
be cleaned between each ribbon change with a cotton swab and isopropyl alcohol.
There are many advantages in using a thermal printer such as costs, printing speed,
efficiency, quality of print and mobility. For cost, the thermal printer is very economical
since it is inkless. It does not use any ribbons or cartridges, so it means that
companies can save a lot of money and avoid unnecessary expenses on ribbon
supplies. The only consumables for printing would be the paper itself. Organizations
have benefited from
this technology because it is cost-effective and at the same time a reliable choice.
Employees can now work continuously and avoid interruptions during their working
hours since there is no need for them to change the ribbons or cartridges whenever the
ink level becomes low. There is zero downtime in the operations which would
maximize the working hours. The printing speed is one attribute that is always being
considered and for thermal printers it is not a problem. Thermal printers print faster and
more quietly. Labels are printed quickly with the use of thermal printers and it leaves a
lasting impression on the customers being served.
There are a couple disadvantages to consider when using direct thermal labels.
disadvantages:
Labels cannot withstand long exposure to sunlight or extreme heat. Leave a gas
station receipt on your dashboard and you will see it fade from the exposure.
These receipts use similar direct thermal technology.
Even without sun exposure, the labels will fade over long periods of time. For
labeling boxes kept in inventory for years, direct thermal is not the best choice.
Print speeds tend be slower.
Depending on the market environment, direct thermal labels can cost a little more
than thermal transfer labels with ribbons.
Putting acrylic adhesive tape over a direct thermal label will cause the label to
fade.
First, make sure that the printer is on. When a printer is on, it should have
some light or LED (usually green) indicating it's receiving power.
If you do not have any indicator light, make sure the printer is connected to
a working power outlet by verifying each end of the power cable. Next,
press the printer power button.
If after doing the above steps, the printer still does not display a power
status indicator light, you have a serious printer issue and we suggest
contacting the printer manufacturer for repair or replacement.
Cables not connected properly
Your printer should have two cables connected to it: the power cable and
the data cable. Make sure the power and data cables (parallel
cable or USB cable) are connected to both the printer and computer.
Printer error (orange or blinking light)
After your printer has completed its initial startup, you should see a solid
colored light. If the indicator is blinking or is orange, often this is an
indication of a printer error, like a paper jam or an issue with the ink or
toner cartridge. As there are not standards for all printers, if you see a
blinking light.
No paper or paper jam
Without paper, your printer will not be able to print. Make sure you have
paper loaded into the printer paper cartridge or tray. Next, verify that no
printer paper is jammed or partially fed into the printer. If you suspect
paper is stuck somewhere it shouldn't be, .
Inkjet printer ink related issues
Often when you're encountering an ink related issue, your printer status
indicator light (mentioned above) should be flashing. If this is not occurring,
you may want to skip to the next section. However, if you've recently
inserted a new ink cartridge, you may want to try the below suggestions.
Printer self tests
Most printers have a way of printing a test page. A printer test page allows
you to determine if the printer is working. The printer self test is usually
accomplished by holding down a series of keys.
You can also perform a software self-test to determine if the computer can
see the printer and it's able to print. Follow the steps below to perform this
test.
1. Open the Control Panel .
2. Click or double-click the Printers, Printers and Fax, or Devices and
Printers icon.
3. Right-click on the printer you want to test and select the Properties or Printer
Properties option. If you do not see your printer listed, your printer is not
installed.
4. In the printer's Properties window, click the Print Test Page button.
5. If the printer can print a test page, your printer is installed and set up properly.
However, if you are unable to print in other programs, the program you are
attempting to print from likely has issues.
Plotters
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for
printing vector graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil,
marker, or another writing tool to draw multiple, continuous lines onto
paper rather than a series of dots like a traditional printer. Though once
widely used for computer-aided design, these devices have more or less
been phased out by wide-format printers. Plotters are used to produce
a hard copy of schematics and other similar applications.
Advantages of plotters
Plotters can work on very large sheets of paper while maintaining high resolution.
They can print on a wide variety of flat materials including plywood, aluminum,
sheet steel, cardboard, and plastic.
Plotters allow the same pattern to be drawn thousands of times without any
image degradation.
Disadvantages of plotters
Speakers
Speakers are the most common type of audio output device. On
laptops and other mobile computing devices, speakers are
usually built in. External speakers can attach to a computer
using a variety of
audio plugs, or they can attach using a USB connection. Some
external speakers require a separate energy supply, and must be
plugged into the wall or a power strip.
Headphones
Headphones are another type of audio output device. Variations
on the headphone concept include ear buds, which fit inside the
ear, and headsets which include both headphones and a
microphone.
Sound Card
A sound card is a computer component that converts information
from digital audio files into electronic sound signals. These
signals are then passed on to an audio output device, such as
speakers or headphones. Although sound cards do not
themselves play sound, they do output audio signals. For this
reason, they can be considered audio output devices.
Device Drivers
A device driver is a small computer program that tells your
computer how to access and use devices attached to it,
including sound cards. Some specialized speakers and
headphones require their own device drivers, particularly if they
attach using a USB connection.
Error Messages
If a computer cannot find the device driver for its own internal
sound card, users may receive an error message stating that no
audio output devices have been installed. This might happen, for
instance, if a user accidentally deletes the driver file, or if the file
becomes corrupted. Replacement device drivers can usually be
downloaded for free from the product manufacturer's website.
Computer output on microfilm (COM)
Microfilm is a special type of photographic film which can store images at greatly
reduced sizes (about 1/50th of the original size). Traditionally companies that
needed to store a lot of documents would photograph the documents and store the
images on microfilm. The original documents would then be destroyed and the
microfilm photographs of the documents would be kept instead. The microfilm
photographs were much smaller than the original documents so they could be stored
more efficiently and cheaply.
Images stored on microfilm can be viewed using a special reader that magnifies the
images and projects them onto a screen. Suitable readers are fairly cheap to buy.
Computers can output information directly to microfilm for long-term storage. This
is known as Computer Output on Microfilm (COM).
(ARS)
audio response unit (ARU): A device that provides synthesized voice responses to dual-tone
multi frequency signaling input by processing calls based on (a) the call-originator input,
(b) information received from a host data base, and (c) information in the incoming call, such as
the time of day. Note: ARUs are used to increase the number of information calls handled and
to provide consistent quality in information retrieval
An ARS can be deployed in several ways:
1. Equipment installed on the customer premises
2. Equipment installed in the PSTN (public switched telephone network)
3. Application service provider (ASP)
An automatic call distributor (ACD) is often the first point of contact when calling many
larger businesses. An ACD uses digital storage devices to play greetings or
announcements, but typically routes a caller without prompting for input. An ARS can
play announcements and request an input from the caller. This information can be
used to profile the caller and route the call to an agent with a particular skill set. (A skill
set is a function applied to a group of call-center agents with a particular skill.)
Interactive voice response can be used to front-end a call center operation by
identifying the needs of the caller. Information can be obtained from the caller such as
an account number. Answers to simple questions such as account balances or pre-
recorded information can be provided without operator intervention. Account numbers
from the ARS are often compared to caller ID data for security reasons and additional
ARS responses are required if the caller ID does not match the account record.
ARS systems are used to service high call volumes at lower cost. The use of ARS allows callers' queries to
be resolved without a live agent. If callers do not find the information they need, the calls may be transferred to
a live agent. The approach allows live agents to have more time to deal with complex interactions. When an
ARS system answers multiple phone numbers, the use of DNIS ensures that the correct application and
language is executed. A single large ARS system can handle calls for thousands of applications, each with its
own phone numbers and script.
Call centers use ARS systems to identify and segment callers. The ability to identify customers allows services
to be tailored according to the customer profile. The caller can be given the option to wait in the queue, choose
an automated service, or request a callback. The system may obtain caller line identification (CLI) data from
the network to help identify or authenticate the caller. Additional caller authentication data could include
account number, personal information, password and biometrics (such as voice print). ARS also enables
customer prioritization. In a system wherein individual customers may have a different status, the service will
automatically prioritize the individual's call and move customers to the front of a specific queue.
Example of ARS
Glossary
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