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This operat ing procedure is writ t en wit h t he obj ect ive t o give an overview of
perform ing a dispersion m odeling st udy using PHAST v6.4.
This procedur e will begin by defining t he weat her condit ions of t he m odeling scenario
and follow by defining t he m ixt ure of t he discharge m at erials. The t hird sect ion of
t his procedur e will address on ent ering and defining t he m odeling condit ions and
scenario of t he m odeling case.
For t he t hird sect ion, t he Vessel/ Pipe Source Model will first be used t o m odel t he
dispersion profile, which lat er will be com par ed wit h t he dispersal pr ofile generat ed
by t he User Defined Source. I n gener al, t he dispersal profile obt ained fr om bot h
m odels should be com parable t o each ot her.
The exhaust pipe is locat ed horizont ally t oward plat form East , wit h t he t ip angled 45 0
downward. The exhaust t ip is about 20.7 m abov e sea level and about 4.9 m
beneat h t he helideck as shown in Figu r e 1 . The int ernal diam et er of t he t ip is 14”
( 355 m m ) .
The exhaust flow rat e is calculat ed t o be 9319 Kg/ hr ( 280 m 3 / m in) @ 470 0 C. The
out let velocit y of t he hot exhaust was calculat ed t o be 47.0 m / s.
From t he Per cent age Exceedence of Mean Wind Speed wit h reference t o t he
Pasquill’s St abilit y Cat egories, t he following wind speeds wer e adopt ed:
W ind Spe e d Pa squill’s St a bilit y Ca t e gor ie s
1 m/s B
3 m/s E
5 m/s B
18 m / s D
Basically, t he operat ing procedur es int roduced in here will be sim ilar for ot her
dispersion case. I t will be t he init iat ive and r esponsible of t he user t o furt her
fam iliarize wit h ot her feat ur es and applicat ions available in PHAST v6.4, which
relat ed t o dispersion m odelling.
This operat ing procedur e only cov er s t he t echnical procedur es of using PHAST v6.4
for disper sion m odelling. For t he Physics and Therm odynam ics involve, please r efer
t o PHAST v6.4 Technical Refer ence.
Ther e is ot her consequence m odelling soft war e t ools available in t he m ark et , such as
FRED from Shell, CALPUFF, AEROMOD,I SC3, OML and ADMS, which also offer s a 2- D
dispersion m odelling. To som e ext ent , bot h PHAST and FRED would yield com parable
m odelling result s. However, t hese 2- D m odelling t ools m ay also have it s lim it at ion. I t
is up t o t he user t o ex plore. Wit h t he cont inuous m ark et dem and and im provem ent
from t he I nform at ion Technology, Com put er Fluid Dynam ics ( CFD) soft ware t ools,
such as FLACS and ANSYS- CFX, are now available in t he m arket , which offer s 3- D
com put er m odelling. The user can look t hr ough t he int ernet for furt her inform at ion
about t he CFD soft wares.
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A. D EFI N I N G TH E W EATH ER
Figu r e 4 : Adding a n e w w e a t he r da t a .
Figu r e 5 W e a t he r Pa r a m e t e r s W indow
6. The red fram e sur rounding t he weat her icon ( 1 m / s, B) will disappear aft er
all t he required w eat her dat a has been added in.
7. Repeat St e p 3 t o 6 t o add anot her 3 m or e w eat her dat a for t his st udy. The
det ails for t he w eat her are given in Ta ble 2 .
B. CREATI N G TH E M I XTURE
Figu r e 1 0 : Adding a n e w m ix t u r e .
Figu r e 1 2 : Se le ct in g t he m a t e r ia l for t he m ix t ur e .
I nsert
Vessel/ Pipe St udy icon
Source
Models t ab
Figu r e 1 6 : Adding a n e w ca se st udy.
… but t on
Figu r e 1 8 : Se le ct in g t he D ischa r ge M a t e r ia l.
4. Nor m ally, for disper sion m odeling, large I n ve n t or y will be used. I n t his case,
it is t aken t o be 1,000,000 Kg. Addit ionally, Te m pe r a t u r e and Pr e ssur e
( ga uge ) are t he t w o Pr oce ss Con dit ion s nor m ally select ed. I n t his st udy,
t he Pr oce ss Condit ion s ar e t aken t o be at 470 o C and 0.0145 barg as shown
in Figur e 1 9 .
Line
Rupt ure
Out door
Release
6. Next , select t he Pipe t a b and ent er t he dat a for Pipe Le ngt h and it s
I nt e r n a l D ia m e t e r . The user can select t he unit of value ent er ed by clicking
on t he arr ow next t o t he unit as shown in Figu r e 2 1 .
Pipe t ab
I nt ernal
Pipe Diam et er
Lengt h
Select ing
t he unit
from t he
droplist
10. Click on the Run Models icon to initiate the simulation of the modelling case.
The following Progress Window will appear indicating the progress of the calculation.
Upon complete of the calculation the Progress Window will disappear. Additionally, the
user can monitor the calculation progress in the Log Window located at the bottom as
shown in Figure 25.
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View Report
Discharge
velocit y
Discharge
velocit y
15. Select the Dispersion tab in the report and determine the concentration of the exhaust at
o
30 C.
o
Figure 28: Determining the concentration of the exhaust at 30 C.
16. Click on the View Graph icon. A Plot Setup Window will appear prompting the use to
select the Weather Condition. For this case, select 1 m/s, B and click on the OK button.
19. The Plot Pr ope r t ie s W indow will appear. Select t he Conce nt r a t ions t a b
and uncheck all t he check box in t he Se conda r y Conce nt r a t ions sect ion.
Change t he Pr im a r y Conce nt r a t ion t o 4 1 ,3 7 2 ppm . Click on t he OK
but t on.
20. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select D yna m ic… from t he drop list
as shown in Figur e 3 1 .
22. Click on t he Pla y but t on t o plot t he side view of t he disper sal profile.
Play but t on
23. Aft er finish plot ing t he graph, close t he Clou d D yna m ics Cont r ol W indow
and t he graph profile appear is t he side view of t he dispersal profile of t he
exhaust gas wit h t he boundary of t he profile at 30 o C.
The t em perat ur e
of t he dispersal
boundary = 30 o C
26. The r esult s obt ained from t he V e sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l ar e as shown in
Figu r e 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 and 3 5 .
28. Select t he St udy icon in t he St udy Folde r and Click on t he Use r D e fin e d
Sour ce M ode l icon on t he Tool ba r m e n u t o t he Use r D e f in e d Sour ce
M ode l in t he case st udy as shown in Figur e 3 6 . I n t his st udy, t he new Use r
D e fine d Sou r ce M ode l will be nam e as Use r D e fin e d Sou r ce .
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29. Double click on t he Use r D e f ine d Sour ce icon in t he St udy Folde r t o open
t he User D e f ine d Sour ce W indow . Click on t he … but t on in t he D ischa r ge
M a t e r ia l sect ion ( M a t e r ia l t a b) t o select t he H ot Ex ha ust as t he
D ischa r ge M a t e r ia l as shown in Figur e 3 7 . The I nve nt or y is t aken t o be
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 Kg.
Mat erial t ab
… but t on
I nv ent ory
Discharge t ab
Leak r elease Out door Release
31. Select t he Loca t ion t a b and ent er t he Re le a se Coor din a t e s. Norm ally, t he
Conce nt r a t ion of int e r e st in Conce nt r a t ion for t e r m in a t in g dispe r sion
sect ion is t aken t o be at 1 0 0 ppm as t he PH AST only calculat e t he disper sion
concent rat ion unt il t he quant it y defined, which is 1 0 0 ppm in t his case.
Choose Use r D e fine in t he Use r a ve r a ging t im e and ent er 600 s for t he
Ave r a gin g t im e t o be use d in r e por t s.
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34. Click on the Run Models icon to initiate the simulation of the modelling case.
View Report
38. Select t he D ispe r sion t a b in t he report and det erm ine t he concent rat ion of
t he exhaust at 30 o C.
39. Click on t he Vie w Gr a ph icon. A Plot Se t up W indow will appear prom pt ing
t he use t o select t he W e a t h e r Con dit ion . For t his case, select 1 m / s, B and
click on t he OK but t on.
42. The Plot Pr ope r t ie s W indow will appear. Select t he Conce nt r a t ions t a b
and uncheck all t he check box in t he Se conda r y Conce nt r a t ions sect ion.
Change t he Pr im a r y Conce nt r a t ion t o 4 1 ,2 9 7 ppm . Click on t he OK
but t on.
43. Right click on t he Side vie w Gr a ph and select D yna m ic… from t he drop list
as shown in Figur e 4 3 .
45. Click on t he Re w ind but t on follow by t he Pla y but t on t o re- plot t he side view
of t he dispersal profile.
Rewind
but t on
46. Aft er finish plot ing t he graph, close t he Clou d D yna m ics Cont r ol W indow
and t he graph profile appear is t he side view of t he dispersal profile of t he
exhaust gas wit h t he boundary of t he profile at 30 o C.
The t em perat ur e
of t he dispersal
boundary = 30 o C
49. The r esult s obt ained from t he V e sse l/ Pipe Sour ce M ode l ar e as shown in
Figu r e 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 and 4 6 .
Showing below are t he dispersal profiles obt ain from t he Vessel/ Pipe Source Model
and t he Use r D e f ine d Sour ce M ode l at r espect ive wind speed. As can be seen, t he
dispersal profiles gener at ed are com parable for bot h m odels. The Discharge Velocit y
m ay be one of t he fact or cont ribut es t o t he difference obser ved.