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Objective: To determine the trends in solubility of the Group II carbonates, sulphates, sulphites
and hydroxides.
Introduction:
Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium are the elements of Group
II. The Group II elements are also widely known as the alkaline earth metal which has the
ability to form salts with different anions. Hydroxides, sulphates, sulphites and carbonates are
the anions to be used in this experiment to be tested with selected Group II cations. The selected
cations includes, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium.
The solubility of hydroxides, sulphates, sulphites and carbonates of the selected Group II
cations are tested in this experiment. The formation or absence of precipitate can be compared
to study the solubility of the salts. The number of drops of anion needed to form the precipitate
determines the solubility. If the precipitate is seen as early as the first drop, the salt is said to
be partially soluble or insoluble, depending on the intensity of the precipitate formed. Certain
Group II salts can be considered soluble when there is no precipitation even after excessive
addition of anions.
Procedure:
1. Two rows of four test tubes each were set up.
2. For the first row, the first test tube was labelled as Mg2+, the second test tube was
labelled as Ca2+, the third as Sr2+ and the fourth was labelled as Ba2+.
3. 1ml of the appropriate solution was added to each of the test tube.
4. The second row of test tubes were named as OH-, SO42-, SO32- and CO32-
5. The OH- was added drop by drop with shaking to each cation solution until the first
sign of precipitate appeared.
6. The number of drops of solution used were recorded.
7. Steps 5 and 6 were repeated with the remaining anions and cations.
8. If a precipitate appeared suddenly, during the addition of a drop, then the precipitate
was classified as either slight (s) or heavy (h).
9. If there was no precipitate after about 40 drop then it was recorded as “40+ soluble”
Results:
Cation solution Number of drops of anion solution added to give a precipitate
OH- SO42- SO32- CO32-
Conclusion:
The solubility of hydroxides increases moving down Group II whereas the solubility of
sulphate, sulphite and carbonate decreases moving down Group II.
References
1. Kessel, Hans Van and Frank Jenkins , 2002. Nelson Chemistry 12. 12th ed. s.l.:Nelson
Education Limited.
2. Tan, 2013. Ace AHead STPM Text Chemistry Second Term. In: Selangor Darul Ehsan:
Oxford Fajar.
3. Yip, 2013. Pre-U STPM Text Chemistry Term 2. In: Selangor Darul Ehsan: Pelangi.