The 8 Parts of Speech

Verb
action or state (to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must

1. I like eating alone.

2. Mr. Smith works with Apple.

Noun
thing or person pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John

1. This is my dog.

2. He lives in my house.

3. We live in London.

Adjective
describes a noun a/an, the, 69, some, good, big, red, well,
interesting

1. My dog is big.
2. I like big dogs

Adverb
describes a verb, adjective or adverb quickly, silently, well, badly,
very, really

1. My dog eats quickly.

2. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly.
Pronoun
replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some

1. Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.

2. The book was stolen. It is not mine.

Preposition
links a noun to another word to, at, after, on, but

1. We went to school on Monday.

2. She sleeps at the couch.

Conjunction
joins clauses or sentences or words
and, but, when

1. I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like cats.
2. He was late this morning, so her teacher was so angry.

Interjection
short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch!

1. That hurts!
2. Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know.
Identifying Parts of Speech.

1.The clown chased a dog around the ring and then fell flat on her face.
2. The geese indolently waddled across the intersection.
3. Bruno's shabby thesaurus tumbled out of the book bag when the bus
suddenly pulled out into traffic.
4. Mr. Frederick angrily stamped out the fire that the local hooligans
had started on his verandah.
5. Later that summer, she asked herself, "What was I thinking of?"
6. She thought that the twenty zucchini plants would not be enough so she
planted another ten.
7. Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous mound left
over frightened her.
8. Everywhere she went, she talked about the prolific veggies.
9. The manager confidently made his presentation to the board of directors.
10. Frankenstein is the name of the scientist, not the monster.
11. Her greatest fear is that the world will end before she finds a
comfortable pair of panty-hose.
12. That suitcase is hers.
13. Everyone in the room cheered when the announcement was made.
14. The sun was shining as we set out for our first winter camping trip.
15. Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
16. Dust covered every surface in the locked bedroom.
17. The census taker knocked loudly on all the doors but nobody was home.
18. They wondered if there truly was honour among thieves.
19. Exciting new products and effective marketing strategies will
guarantee the company's success.

20. Yikes! I'm late for class.

The 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard
English

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone

rule that forms the background of the concept.

Example.

1.The dog growls when he is angry.

2.The dogs growl when they are angry.

2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and
verb; they do not affect agreement.

Example:

1. The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.

3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not

affect agreement.

Example:

1.The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.

4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will

always be placed after the verb, so care needs to be taken to identify
it correctly.

Example: 1.There is a problem with the balance sheet.

2. Here are the papers you requested.

5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you
accurately identify the subject before deciding on the proper verb
form to use.

Example: 1.Does Lefty usually eat grass?

2. Where are the pieces of this puzzle.

6. If two subjects are joined by and, they typically require a plural verb form.

Example:
1.The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.

7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by and refer to

the same person or thing.

Example:

1. Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.

8. If the words each, every, or no come before the subject, the verb
is singular.

Example

1.No smoking and drinking is allowed.

2.Every man and woman is required to check in.

9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words
or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also the verb is
singular.

Example:

1. Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.

10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the
decision of plural or singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun
subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc. are followed by a
prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the
preposition determines the form of the verb.

Example:

1.All of the chicken is gone.All of the chickens are gone.

11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement.

Example:

1. Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.

12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words or,
nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is
plural.

Example:

1.Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.

13. If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are
connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not
only/but also, you use the verb form of the subject that is nearest
the verb.

Example:

1.Do your sisters or your girlfriend want any pizza?

14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular verbs.

Example:

1. Everybody wants to be loved.

15. * Except for the pronouns (few, many, several, both) that always
take the plural form.

Example:

1.Few were left alive after the flood.

16. If two infinitives are separated by and they take the plural form
of the verb.

Example:

1.To walk and to chew gum require great skill.

17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence they take the
singular verb form of the verb, but when they are linked by and they
take the plural form.

Example:

1.Standing in the water was a bad idea.Swimming in the ocean and playing
drums are my hobbies.

18. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class, crowd, etc. usually
take a singular verb form.

Example:

1.The herd is stampeding.

19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and
take a singular verb.

Example:

1.The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.

20. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!
 Exercises:

1. The rhythm of the pounding waves (be)_____ calming.

2: All of the dogs in the neighborhood (be) _____ barking.

3: A high tax, not to mention unemployment,(influence) _____ votes.

4: My friends and my mother (like)_____ each other.

5: The team and the band (be) _____ on the field.

6: Building a good marriage and building a good log fire (be) _____ similar in many ways.

7: John or Doris (write)_____ to us regularly.

8: Either Patty or Tom (be)____ asked to lead the meeting.

9: Neither Carol nor Ted _____ excluded from the meeting.

10: Neither the basket nor the apples (be)_____ expensive.

11: Neither the apples nor the basket (be) _____ expensive.

12: Either Maria or you (be) _____ late for class.

13: Either you or Maria (be)____ late for class.

14: Hardest hit by the high temperatures and drought (be) _____ the farmers.

15: Neither of them (like)_____ going to the show.

16: Each of them (have)_____ a good seat.

17: Everybody in the class (have) _____ tickets.

18: Every silver knife, fork, and spoon (have)_____ to be counted.

19: Each cat and each dog ( have)_____ its own toy.

20: The committee (be)_____ meeting today.

21: Ten million gallons of oil (be)_____ a lot of oil.

22: The jury (vote)_____ today.

23: The number (be)____ very small.

24: A number of students (be)_____ absent.

25: Ten million gallons of oil (be)_____ spilled.

26: The majority of us (be) _____ in favor.

27: Statistics (be)_____ an interesting subject.

28: Statistics (be)_____ often misleading.

29: The sheep (stary)_____ when the gate is left open.

30: Sheep (stray)_____ when the gate is left open.

The Imperative pattern (form)

In this lesson we will talk about how to give commands and orders and to use
“please” with the imperative.

The Imperative pattern

It is used to give instructions, commands and orders. It is a very simple structure

because we do not need to use the subject. The sentence is started with the verb
or verb phrase and “don’t” is used for the negative form.

Positive form:
Verb: Example: (to write / to ask / to read / to bring / to take / to give / to be)

(+) Write your name on the sheet. {There isn’t any subject because it is an order)
(+) Read chapter 5 for tomorrow.
(+) Be quiet!

Negative form:
To use the negative form add the word “don’t” before the infinitive without to

(-) Don’t write on the table.

(-) Don’t read that book.
(-) Don’t bring food to the class.
NOTE:
* We can use the word “please” to make a request or petition. We put it at

the beginning or end of the imperative sentence (positive or negative).

Use a comma if “please” is at the end of a request. Don’t use a comma if

“please” is at the beginning of a request.

Examples:
(+) Please be quiet.
(-) Don’t make noise, please.
(+) Bring me my sweater, please.

Practice with the verbs and pictures

EXERCISES:
Complete the sentences using the imperatives (positive or negative). Look at the
pictures for help.
To form the Present Simple Tense we use the verb's base form (go, work, speak,
study). In 3rd person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes -s/es.
(Auxiliary verbs "be," "do," "have", which can also be used as main verbs, are
exceptions.)

Affirmative form

you work

we

they

he/she/it works /-s/

go - goes /-es/

watch - watches /-es/

play - plays /-s/

study - studies /-es/

Negative form
I

you DO NOT /don't/

we WORK

they

he/she/it DOES NOT

/doesn't / WORK

1. She doesn't often go to the cinema.

2. I don't get up early at the weekend.

3. They don't speak English very well.

Interrogative form

DO you WORK?

we

they

DOES he/she/it WORK?

1. Do they speak foreign languages?

2. Do you want a banana?

3. Does your sister play the piano?

Questions and short answers:

Do you like spaghetti?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

Does she know Bulgarian?

Yes, she does.

No, she doesn't.

Uses of present simple

A. when we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually

1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.

2. I go to school every day.

3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night.

4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.

5. Peter works for 8 hours every day.

6. We usually start work at 8 o'clock.

7. My children often watch TV in the afternoon.

8. He always forgets his keys.

B. With Present Simple Tense we often use time expressions such as always,
often, sometimes, usually, seldom, on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day,
etc.

1. I work in a bank.

2. Kate speaks English very well.

3. Tom lives in London.

C. when we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations

1. People make choices because they can't have everything they want.

2. Nurses work in clinics and hospitals.

3. Football is a very popular sport in Bulgaria.

D. when we talk about people or things in general

1. The Earth is spherical.

2. My birthday is in May.

3. California is in the Unated States.

4. The sun rises in the east.

5. Water freezes at 0°C (32°F).

E. to indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws

1. We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m.

2. The train leaves in five minutes.

Speaking Activities
Introducing someone|family

Describing person