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We welcome comments and suggestions from our various users for the
improvement of our data system on cost of production.
ROMEO S. RECIDE
Director
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Rationale 1
B. Objectives 1
STATISTICAL TABLES 26
ii
LIST OF TABLES
iv
28 Average labor utilization per hectare of multiplier onion
production by farm activity, selected provinces,
July 2012-June 2013 42
v
43a Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs
and returns of onion per hectare by major cost item,
selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013 64
vi
55 Percentage of onion farmers by perceived effect of climate
change on their farming practices, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013 71
vii
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Rationale
Onion (allium cepa L.), locally known as “sibuyas”, is commonly used as
seasoning in many food preparation and the most indispensable culinary
ingredient in the world. Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp and
pungent or mild and sweet. Its pungent aroma and sharp taste makes it ideal for
spicing up meat, salads and vegetable dishes. It is also used to cure a wide array
of physiological disorders such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoid and
constipation. Onions are rich in vitamins and minerals that are essential to our
body to fight against common cold, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and
other diseases.
Widely cultivated in the Philippines are bulb onions (e.g. red creole and
yellow granex) which are grown from seeds, while multiplier onions (shallot or
native onion) are raised from bulbs which produce multiple shoots, each of which
forms a bulb. Onion production in the Philippines posted an average annual
growth rate of 4.94 percent over the past ten (10) years from 2004 to 2013. The
country produced 134,161 metric tons of onion in 2013.
Onions are grown both for the local and export markets. The profitability of
onion farming is one of the primary concerns of policy makers in setting up goals
and strategies as they look forward to developing the sector in a globally
competitive arena. This is similarly the concern of agribusiness players who are
interested to venture in onion farming. Hence, there is a growing demand for data
on costs and returns of production. However, the conduct of Costs and Returns
Survey has not yet been made a regular undertaking of the Philippine Statistics
Authority-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA-BAS) given the limited regular
budget of the Bureau. With the funding support from the National Rice Program
of the Department of Agriculture (D.A.), the PSA-BAS conducted the 2013 Costs
and Returns Survey of Onion Production.
B. Objectives
The general objective of the survey is to generate data on costs and returns of
onion production. Specifically, the survey aims to:
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II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
A. Coverage
The domain of the survey was the province. The 2013 Costs and Returns
Survey of Onion Production covered the five (5) onion producing provinces.
These were Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro
Occidental.
Onion farmers who harvested onion within the reference period and
knowledgeable on the details of onion farming, particularly on the investments,
material inputs, labor expenses incurred and the disposition of produce served as
samples of the survey.
B. Reference Period
The survey was conducted in August 2013. The reference period of the Costs
and Returns Survey of Onion Production was the last completed harvest within
July 2012 to June 2013.
C. Sampling Frame
A two-stage sampling design was employed with the barangay as the primary
sampling unit and the sample farmer as the secondary sampling unit. The
barangays were drawn using systematic sampling from an ordered list of
barangays. The sample farmers were identified in each sample barangay using
snowball approach during data collection.
The total number of sample barangays per province was fifteen or less. If the
number of major producing barangays that contributed to 80 percent based on
area planted were more than 15, 15 barangays were selected. Those provinces
with less than 15, all barangays were completely enumerated. The use of
systematic sampling ensured representation of the barangays in the province in
terms of area planted to onion. The total number of sample farmers per province
was set at 75 and equally allocated to the sample barangays. The list of sample
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barangays per province and corresponding number of farmers were provided to
the Provincial Operations Center (POC) prior to the survey.
Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified or not, he/she was asked to
identify other farmers of onion in the barangay to be added in the initial list. The
search continued, and the farmer who met the criteria specified in the screening
questions was qualified as sample for the survey and was interviewed using the
questionnaire for the 2013 Survey on Costs and Returns of Onion Production . If
the interview was successfully carried out (meaning, all the needed information
have been supplied), the household number, full name and residential address of
the sample farmer were written in the List of Sample Farmers. The enumerator
selected again any farmer in the list as the next potential sample for the survey.
The process continued until the required number of samples in the barangay was
covered.
A. Pre-survey Training
Two (2) levels of training were conducted. This activity aimed to have
uniform understanding of the concepts and procedures used during the course of
field operations.
The first level training involved the selected Central Office (C.O.) Staff who
served as trainers in the next level of training. The second level training was for
the Provincial Operations Center (POC) Staff and Contractual Data Collectors
(CDCs).
B. Data Collection
Data collection was carried out by the Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs)
through personal (face-to-face) interview of the sample farmer in sample
barangays using structured questionnaire. The following activities were
performed during data collection:
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• The usual courtesy call on the Barangay Officials to get permission on the
conduct of the survey;
• Requested assistance from the Barangay Officials in identifying the names
and addresses of onion farmers residing in the barangay.
• Located the residences of the identified onion farmers and asked the
screening questions to determine if the potential sample farmer was
qualified for the survey.
• Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified for the survey or not,
he/she was asked to identify other onion farmers in the barangay which
were added in the list, then the search for potential sample farmers
continued until the required sample size for the barangay was achieved.
Field supervision was conducted by POC Staff and selected Central Office
(C.O.) personnel. Among the tasks carried out by field supervisors were the
conduct of spot checking, monitoring of data collectors work, field editing of
survey returns, back-checking the work of CDCs and preparation of field
supervision report. These activities were undertaken to ensure the quality of data
that were collected.
Editing and coding of survey returns were done twice. Initial editing of
questionnaires was done at the Provincial Operations Centers (POCs) upon
submission of the accomplished questionnaires by the CDCs. The POC staff served
as editors. Counter editing of questionnaires was done by selected personnel of
Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division (AASID), the lead
implementing unit at the Central Office (CO) upon submission of the edited and
coded survey returns.
Selected personnel of AASID conducted the review and analysis of the micro
data files to ensure consistency, completeness and verification of extreme values.
Extreme data were verified from the submitted questionnaires. The generated
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data tables were validated and compared with the results of the 2006 Costs and
Returns Survey of Onion Production and other relevant surveys.
• In the five (5) provinces covered in the survey, majority of the onion farmers
at 95.07 percent were males. Onion farmers in Ilocos Norte were all males.
This constituted 90.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental.
• Average age of onion farmers was 49 years old. The oldest group of farmers
was found in Nueva Ecija with an average age of 51 years. Farmers in Ilocos
Norte, Ilocos Sur and Pangasinan had an average age of 50 years. The
youngest group of farmers was noted in Mindoro Occidental with an average
of 46 years.
• There were 31.78 percent of onion farmers who finished high school
education, 24.11 percent completed elementary level and 9.32 percent were
college graduates. In Pangasinan, about 51.35 percent of onion farmers were
high school graduates. Those who earned college degree were biggest in
Ilocos Sur at 16.90 percent. About 29.58 percent of the onion farmers in
Nueva Ecija attained elementary education.
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Main Occupation
• Crop farming was the main occupation of 93.15 percent of the onion farmers.
Meanwhile, a few of the onion farmers at 3.84 percent worked as officials of
the government and special interest organizations, corporate executives,
managing proprietors and supervisors. Some 1.64 percent were plant and
machine operators/assemblers. Across provinces surveyed, Ilocos Sur
reported the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 98.59 percent whose
main occupation was crop farming. Ilocos Norte had the least proportion at
85.14 percent. In Ilocos Norte, about 8.11 percent of the onion farmers were
government officials, managers and supervisors.
B. Farm Characteristics
(Tables 6–9)
• On the average, the size of onion farms in the provinces covered was 0.71
hectare. This area ranged from 0.26 hectare in Ilocos Norte to 1.48 hectares
in Mindoro Occidental.
• For this survey, the area planted/harvested of the focus parcel of onion farm
averaged 0.49 hectare. The biggest area planted and harvested to onion was
noted in Nueva Ecija at 0.79 hectare. It was smallest in Ilocos Norte at 0.17
hectare.
Tenurial Status
• The proportions of fully owned parcel were biggest in Nueva Ecija at 53.52
percent and in Pangasinan at 39.19 percent. Tenanted farm parcels
comprised 64.79 percent in Ilocos Sur and 62.16 percent in Ilocos Norte. The
onion farm parcels in Mindoro Occidental were dominated by those held
under owner-like possession at 26.67 percent and under leased or rental
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arrangement at 28 percent. Amortized farm parcels were reported only in
Nueva Ecija at 1.41 percent and Mindoro Occidental at 1.33 percent. The
proportion of rent free farm parcels was bigger in Pangasinan at 5.41
percent.
Farm Investments
• When asked on the use of owned farm investment such as work animals on
the focus parcel of onion farm, 21.64 percent of the farmers had carabao and
3.56 percent had cattle. Ownership of carabao was cited by 47.89 percent in
Nueva Ecija and 41.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were 8.11
percent who had cattle in Pangasinan. As to farm building and other
structures, 19.18 percent owned farm house and 4.11 percent had
warehouse/ storage. Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental recorded the
biggest percentage of onion farmers with farm house at 40.85 percent and
25.33 percent, respectively.
• For farm machineries, irrigation pump was reported by 69.86 percent of the
onion farmers. By province, ownership of irrigation pump was cited by
45.07 percent in Nueva Ecija to 85.92 percent in Ilocos Sur. Meanwhile,
farmers with two-wheel tractor comprised 15.89 percent while those with
four-wheel tractor were mentioned by 2.19 percent. In Nueva Ecija, about
33.80 percent reported having two-wheel tractor.
• The common farm tools and implements were sprayer, spade and bolo as
reported by 80 percent, 63.29 percent and 56.71 percent, respectively. Some
30.96 percent had harrow and 33.97 percent had plow. Reports on
ownership of post hole digger, spading fork, sleds, weighing scales, hoes,
rakes and sprinklers ranged from 4.38 percent to 30.41 percent.
Provincewise, Nueva Ecija had the biggest percentage of onion farmers with
sprayer, spade and bolo at 89 to 90 percent. Harrow and plow were popular
in Mindoro Occidental with 55 to 57 percent reporting.
C. Farm Practices
(Tables 10–19)
Number of Croppings
• One cropping per year was adopted by all onion farmers in Pangasinan,
Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental. In Ilocos Norte, 79.73 percent reported
one cropping and the rest had two croppings a year. On the other hand, the
practice of two croppings was common among 77.46 percent of the onion
farmers in Ilocos Sur and the remaining 22.54 percent had one cropping.
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Variety Planted
• Across the five (5) provinces covered, cultivation of red onion was
mentioned by 60.27 percent of the onion farmers. Multiplier onion was
planted by 39.73 percent.
Source of Seeds
• The major source of onion seeds was the traders with 53.97 percent of the
onion farmers reporting. There were 29.86 percent who obtained seeds
from their own production. Input dealer was cited by 9.04 percent and co-
farmers by 4.93 percent. Only few sourced their seeds from seed growers
and cooperatives.
• Planting of other crops after onion was a common practice of onion farmers.
Across the provinces covered in the survey, about 84.11 percent planted
palay and 19.73 percent cultivated corn. There were few who reported
planting of vegetables, condiments, legumes and nuts, tobacco and
watermelon.
• Cultivation of palay after onion was reported by all the sample onion farmers
in Ilocos Sur and Mindoro Occidental. This practice was reported by 91.89
percent in Ilocos Norte and 73.24 percent in Nueva Ecija.
• Those who planted corn were 37.84 percent in Pangasinan, 22.54 percent
each in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija, and 16.22 percent in Ilocos Norte.
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Variety Planted by Method of Planting
• For the multiplier onion variety, all farmers in Ilocos Sur performed the
direct seeding method. In Ilocos Norte, there were 86.49 percent who
practiced direct seeding method and 13.51 percent used the transplanting
method.
• Planting of onion usually took place during the months of October to January
while harvesting was conducted mostly from March to April.
• By province, October was the planting month of 59.15 percent of the onion
farmers in Ilocos Sur and 40.54 percent in Ilocos Norte. There were 40.54
percent in Pangasinan and 56.34 percent in Nueva Ecija who planted onion
during December. In Mindoro Occidental, planting was done in January as
reported by 61.33 percent of the onion farmers.
• In the five (5) provinces covered, the use of two-wheel tractor for land
preparation was reported by 51.23 percent of the onion farmers. There were
43.29 percent who used the four-wheel tractor. The use of draft animal for
land preparation was cited by 10.96 percent.
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two-wheel tractor was reported by 87.32 percent and the usage of four-
wheel tractor was mentioned by 70.42 percent of the onion farmers. Man-
animal labor was employed by 24 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 8.45
percent each in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija.
Method of Weeding
• Across the provinces surveyed, there were 95.34 percent of onion farmers
who used chemicals to remove weeds in their farms while 83.29 percent did
manual weeding.
• In Mindoro Occidental, all the sample onion farmers practiced both manual
weeding and chemical application in controlling weeds. Likewise, in Nueva
Ecija, chemical spraying was performed by all the sample onion farmers.
There were 92.96 percent in Nueva Ecija who did manual weeding. More
farmers in Pangasinan at 91.89 percent performed manual weeding.
Chemical application in Pangasinan was reported by 89.19 percent. In Ilocos
Norte and Ilocos Sur, chemical spraying was more adopted than the manual
method of weeding.
Users of Fertilizers
• Majority of the onion farmers indicated high preference for solid form of
inorganic fertilizers than the organic fertilizers.
• The application of the solid organic fertilizer was common in Nueva Ecija as
reported by 36.62 percent of the farmers who planted red onion. It was also
used by 11.27 percent in Ilocos Sur who planted the multiplier onion variety.
The users of organic fertilizers were less than 5 percent in Pangasinan,
Mindoro Occidental and Ilocos Norte.
• The usage of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) for the red onion variety was
reported by 82.43 percent of farmers in Pangasinan, 90.14 percent in Nueva
Ecija and 61.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. For multiplier onion, the
application of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) was popular among 73.24
percent of farmers in Ilocos Sur.
10
• Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) was another common solid inorganic fertilizer
which was used by 35 to 38 percent of the farmers who planted red onion in
Mindoro Occidental, Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija. Its application for
multiplier onion was also reported by 60.81 percent in Ilocos Norte.
• For the liquid type of fertilizers, the percentage of farmers who applied
organic fertilizers for red onion was higher in Pangasinan at 4.05 percent and
for multiplier onion, in Ilocos Sur at 5.63 percent.
• More users of inorganic fertilizers for the red onion variety such as foliar
type of fertilizer were noted in Pangasinan at 9.46 percent. For multiplier
onion, the usage of Greenbee was dominant in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur
with 13.51 percent and 9.86 percent of farmers reporting, respectively.
Users of Pesticides
• Likewise, the liquid form of insecticides was widely used than solid form.
This was noted among 86 to 97 percent of farmers in Pangasinan, Mindoro
Occidental and Nueva Ecija who cultivated the red onion variety. Users of
liquid insecticides for multiplier onion were observed mostly in Ilocos Sur
with 87.32 percent reporting.
• The solid form of fungicides was more preferred than the liquid form. Major
users of solid fungicides were observed in Mindoro Occidental at 82.67
percent of farmers who planted red onion. The smallest proportion was
noted in Pangasinan at 41.89 percent. For multiplier onion, about 39.44
percent in Ilocos Sur and 25.68 percent in Ilocos Norte applied the solid type
of fungicides.
• A few farmers used rodenticides and organic pesticides. These were reported
only by those who planted red onion in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija.
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D. Input Usage
(Tables 20–28)
Planting Materials
• In the production of onion, the planting materials used were bulb for
multiplier onion and seeds for red onion. Across the provinces surveyed, the
average quantity of seeds of red onion used was 5.04 kilograms per hectare.
Seeding rates per hectare averaged 3.51 kilograms in Mindoro Occidental,
5.32 kilograms in Nueva Ecija and 6.87 kilograms in Pangasinan.
• For multiplier onion, an average of 642.27 kilograms of bulb per hectare was
used as planting materials. This ranged from 618.30 kilograms in Ilocos
Norte to 656.81 kilograms in Ilocos Sur.
Fertilizers
• For the solid form of inorganic fertilizer, the most common grades applied in
both onion varieties were complete (14-14-14), urea (46-0-0), ammonium
sulfate (21-0-0) and ammonium phosphate (16-0-0). The usage of fertilizer
in a one hectare farm of red onion averaged from 96.16 kilograms for
ammonium sulfate to 279.08 kilograms for complete fertilizer (14-14-14).
Nueva Ecija recorded the biggest quantities applied per hectare at 368.65
kilograms of complete fertilizer (14-14-14), 221.11 kilograms of urea (46-0-
0) and 173.58 kilograms of ammonium phosphate (16-20-0). Ammonium
sulfate was highly utilized in Pangasinan and Mindoro Occidental at around
100 kilograms per hectare each. For onion multiplier, it was urea (46-0-0)
which had the biggest usage averaged at 245.85 kilograms per hectare.
Application rates per hectare were high in Ilocos Sur at 269.03 kilograms of
urea (46-0-0) and 183.85 kilograms of complete fertilizer (14-1414). In
Ilocos Norte, bigger volume of ammonium sulfate at 227.15 kilograms was
utilized in a one hectare of multiplier onion. On the other hand, crop giant
posted the least application rates for both onion varieties.
• In the case of liquid form of fertilizers, minimal quantity at less than 1 liter
per hectare per type was applied across the provinces surveyed.
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• By province, farmers in Mindoro Occidental used the biggest quantity of
organic fertilizer at 0.76 liter per hectare of red onion.
• For onion multiplier, greenbee was the commonly used liquid fertilizer at
0.44 liter per hectare. By province, usage of greenbee in Ilocos Norte and
Ilocos Sur averaged 0.57 liter and 0.36 liter per hectare, respectively.
Mulching Materials
• Rice stalk was the major mulching material used in the provinces surveyed.
An average of 288.56 kilograms of rice stalk was utilized per hectare of red
onion. Nueva Ecija indicated the biggest usage at 608.15 kilograms per
hectare. On the other hand, farmers who planted multiplier onion used an
average of 2,644.80 kilograms of rice stalk per hectare. Heavy users were
farmers in Ilocos Norte at 4,552. kilograms per hectare of multiplier onion.
• Other mulching materials used for red onion production were rice hull, cogon
and banana stalk.
Pesticides
• The use of liquid insecticides averaged 3.66 liters per hectare for red onion
and 1.73 liters per hectare for multiplier onion. Bigger usage of liquid
insecticides was reported by the red onion farmers in Pangasinan at 4.08
liters per hectare. For the solid type of insecticides, the average application
rates per hectare were 0.77 kilogram for red onion and 0.45 kilogram for
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multiplier onion. Nueva Ecija farmers used larger amount of solid
insecticides at 1.66 kilograms per hectare for red onion. Ilocos Sur farmers
applied more of this type at 0.53 kilogram in a one hectare farm planted to
multiplier onion.
• The solid form of fungicide was more preferred than the liquid form. Solid
fungicides application averaged 2.31 kilograms per hectare of red onion and
1.64 kilograms per hectare of multiplier onion. Farmers in Mindoro
Occidental who planted red onion reported higher usage of solid fungicides
at 3.26 kilograms per hectare. Liquid fungicides were applied at an average
of only 0.28 liter per hectare and 0.08 liter per hectare of farm cultivated to
red onion and multiplier onion, respectively. In Pangasinan, farmers used
0.57 liter of liquid fungicides in a one hectare farm of red onion.
• Rodenticides in solid type were applied only in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija at
average rates of 1.12 kilograms and 0.02 kilogram per hectare, respectively.
Only Nueva Ecija reported the use of organic pesticides for red onion farm.
Labor Utilization
• The average labor utilization in the production of red onion was 231.93
mandays per hectare. It ranged from 185.53 mandays in Pangasinan to
249.53 mandays in Nueva Ecija. For multiplier onion, the labor requirement
averaged 166.71 mandays per hectare. This was 183.60 mandays in Ilocos
Norte and 156.47 mandays in Ilocos Sur.
• Hired workers provided the bulk of labor input at 178.32 mandays per
hectare of red onion and 92.97 mandays per hectare of onion multiplier.
Exchange labor provided the least labor inputs at 1.63 and 2.10 mandays per
hectare of red onion and onion multiplier, respectively.
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E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Onion by Variety
All Provinces
Red Onion
(Tables 29-30)
• Cash expenses which comprised 78.93 percent of the total production cost
amounted to P103,303 per hectare. The biggest cash cost item was hired
labor valued at P32,429 per hectare.
• Non-cash costs at P8,382 per hectare shared 6.40 percent. Harvesters’ share
was the main expense item contributing P5,838 per hectare.
• About 14.67 percent or P19,201 per hectare were imputed costs of which
operator’s labor accounted for the biggest cost item at P6,404 per hectare.
• A gain of about P0.79 was realized for every peso of investment in red onion
production.
Multiplier Onion
(Tables 31–32)
• On the average, the cost of producing multiplier onion was P112,212 per
hectare. This was equivalent to P13.31 per kilogram.
• Cash expenses amounted to P58,597 per hectare or 52.22 percent of the total
costs. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizers were the major cash outlays
valued at P18,493 and P12,997 per hectare, respectively.
• Non-cash costs at P33,008 per hectare shared 29.42 percent while imputed
costs at P20,607 per hectare contributed 18.36 percent. Planting materials
(bulb) were the biggest among the non-cash cost items worth P19,701. Both
operator and family labor comprised the bulk of imputed costs at P8,535 and
P4,564 per hectare, respectively.
15
• Farmers produced an average of 8,432.30 kilograms of multiplier onion
during the reference period. With farmgate price of P21.33 per kilogram,
farmers grossed P179,899 per hectare. Returns above cash costs averaged
P121,303 per hectare. After subtracting non-cash costs, returns settled at
P88,295 per hectare. Accounting for all costs, farmers netted P67,687 per
hectare. For every peso invested in producing multiplier onion, farmers
gained P0.60.
Pangasinan
Red Onion
(Tables 33–34)
• The imputed costs which constituted 14.16 percent of all cost amounted to
P18,784 per hectare. Of this amount, P6,161 per hectare were spent for the
cost of operator labor.
• For every peso of investment in red onion production, farmers gained P0.82.
• Of the total production cost, variable costs contributed 89.99 percent and
this amounted to P119,352 per hectare. Fixed costs were valued at P13,273
per hectare.
16
Nueva Ecija
Red Onion
(Tables 35-36)
• The average cost of producing red onion in Nueva Ecija was P141,587 per
hectare. On a per kilogram basis, production cost averaged P11.19.
• About 74.58 percent of the production cost or P105,595 per hectare went to
cash expenses. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizer were the leading cost
items amounting P37,898 and P19,107 per hectare, respectively.
• Imputed costs at P19,380 per hectare contributed 13.69 percent while non-
cash costs at P16,612 per hectare shared 11.73 percent. The bulk of the
costs came from operator labor at P7,165 per hectare and harvester’s share
at P15,050 per hectare.
• Returns above cash costs averaged P153,470 per hectare. Returns above
cash and non-cash costs amounted to P136,857 per hectare. Net returns
stood at P117,477 per hectare. For every peso invested in red onion
production, farmers gained P0.83.
Mindoro Occidental
Red Onion
(Tables 37-38)
• Cash costs constituted about 79.80 percent of the total costs or P94,435 per
hectare. The leading expenditure item was hired labor at P28,456 per
hectare.
• Non-cash costs amounted to P4,606 per hectare of which rental for land was
the biggest item valued at P3,245.
• About 16.30 percent or P19,292 per hectare were imputed costs. Of this
amount, P5,760 and P4,603 per hectare were the costs of operator labor and
family labor, respectively.
17
• Production of red onion in Mindoro Occidental averaged 12,183.29
kilograms per hectare. Gross earnings reached P204,696 per hectare at a
farm price of P16.80 per kilogram. Returns above cash costs were
P110,261 per hectare while returns above cash and non-cash costs
amounted to P105,654 per hectare. Net earnings stood at P86,362 per
hectare. A P0.73 was earned for every peso invested in red onion
production.
Ilocos Norte
Multiplier Onion
(Tables 39–40)
• Cash costs amounted to P59,178 or shared 55.38 percent in total costs. Main
contributor was hired labor amounting to P19,519 per hectare. This was
followed by inorganic fertilizers at P11,805 and fuel costs at P7,251.
• After deducting cash costs, returns were computed at P122,059 per hectare.
Returns after cash and non-cash costs averaged P96,844. Onion farmers
netted P74,376 per hectare. For every peso invested to produce multiplier
onion, farmers gained P0.70.
18
Ilocos Sur
Multiplier Onion
(Tables 41-42)
• In Ilocos Sur, the average production cost per hectare of multiplier onion
was P115,459. This was equivalent to P12.78 per kilogram.
• About 50.45 percent of the production cost or P58,244 per hectare were
cash costs. Of this amount, P17,871 and P 13,720 were spent for hired labor
and inorganic fertilizers, respectively.
• The remaining 16.87 percent comprised the imputed costs which amounted
to P19,479 per hectare. The biggest imputed costs were the payment for
operator labor at P6,872, rental value of owned land at P4,817 and family
labor at P4,358.
• Returns over cash costs were P120,844 per hectare. After cash and non-cash
costs were subtracted, farmers netted P 83,108 per hectare. A net profit of
P63,629 per hectare was realized after all costs were deducted. There was a
net gain of P0.55 for every peso of investment in the production of
multiplier onion.
Inter-Provincial Comparison
(Table 43a-43b)
• The average cost of producing a hectare of red onion ranged from P118,334
in Mindoro Occidental to P141,587 in Nueva Ecija.
• Cash costs comprised the bulk of the total production costs. The biggest
cash costs were noted in Pangasinan at P112,802 and the least in Mindoro
Occidental at P94,435. Non-cash costs contributed the smallest portion of
the total costs of producing red onion in Pangasinan, Mindoro Occidental
and Nueva Ecija at P1,039, P4,606 and P16,612, respectively. Imputed costs
were lower in Pangasinan at P18,784 per hectare.
19
• Returns above cash costs ranged from P110,261 in Mindoro Occidental to
P153,470 in Nueva Ecija. Receipts over cash and non-cash outlays were
highest in Nueva Ecija at P136,857. The smallest was recorded in Mindoro
Occidental at P105,654.
• Farmers in Nueva Ecija had the biggest net returns amounting to P117,477
per hectare. Least earners were recorded in Mindoro Occidental with
P86,362 per hectare. For every peso of investment in red onion production,
farmers in Nueva Ecija gained the biggest at P0.83 while farmers in Mindoro
Occidental earned the least at P 0.73.
• Cost of producing multiplier onion was higher in Ilocos Sur at P115,459 per
hectare than in Ilocos Norte with P106,861 per hectare. Cash outlays in
Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur were estimated at P59,178 per hectare and
P58,244 per hectare, respectively. Imputed costs were higher in Ilocos Norte
at P22,468. On the other hand, Ilocos Sur reported bigger non-cash costs at
P37,736 per hectare.
• Returns above cash costs in Ilocos Norte were P122,059 per hectare while
P120,844 in Ilocos Sur. Net receipts after subtracting cash and non-cash costs
were higher in Ilocos Norte at P96,844 per hectare compared to Ilocos Sur at
P83,108 per hectare. Net earnings were P74,376 in Ilocos Norte and P63,629
in Ilocos Sur. Net profit-cost ratios were 0.70 and 0.55 in Ilocos Norte and
Ilocos Sur, respectively.
F. Other Information
(Tables 44–59)
Disposition of Produce
• On the average, the bulk of the total volume of onion produced at 90.20
percent were sold. The proportion of volume sold was highest in Nueva
Ecija at 96.09 percent. The lowest was noted in Ilocos Norte at 81.69
percent.
• About 4.17 percent of the total volume of onion production were allotted for
seed purposes while 3.11 percent were landowner’s share. Given away
accounted for 1.26 percent and those wasted was 1.18 percent. Among the
provinces surveyed, Ilocos Norte indicated the biggest percentage of onion
production that was used for planting materials (bulb) at 10.11 percent
followed by Ilocos Sur at 6.04 percent. Landowner’s shares were higher in
Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur at more than 5 percent each.
20
Production Compared with Last Year
• When compared with the production last year, there were 46.03 percent of
onion farmers reported that their productions were lower this year. About
32.05 percent had production higher this year. Some 16.99 percent cited
that their productions were about the same.
• Among those farmers who had production higher this year, the effect of
favorable weather was the main reason for the change in production. This
was reported by 40.17 percent of onion farmers. The use of good quality
seeds was reported by 25.64 percent. Some 17.95 percent cited the usage of
fertilizer and 15.38 percent stated increase in area as the reasons for higher
production.
• Of those who had lower production this year, the common reasons were
unfavorable weather condition and occurrence of pest and diseases as
reported by 55.95 percent, and by 45.83 percent, respectively. The usage of
low quality seeds was reasoned out by 15.48 percent while 12.50 percent
stated the decrease in area.
21
Problems Related to Production
• The incidence of pests and diseases was the primary production problem
encountered by 50.96 percent of the onion farmers. Bad weather/calamities
and high costs of inputs were reported by 41.64 percent and 38.36 percent
of onion farmers, respectively. There were 27.95 percent who were
constrained by the lack of capital. A few cited problems on rough
road/inadequate transport facilities, irrigation, poor soil condition and poor
quality of seeds.
• Those who reported problem on pests and diseases were biggest in Mindoro
Occidental at 64 percent and in Ilocos Sur at 60.56 percent. Likewise, in
Mindoro Occidental, there were 69.33 percent of onion farmers who cited
problem on high cost of inputs. Bad weather condition was a major
production problem among 63.51 percent of the onion farmers in
Pangasinan. Lack of capital was mentioned by 38 to 45 percent of the onion
farmers in Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan and Mindoro Occidental.
• Across the provinces surveyed, wholesalers and agents were the major
buyers of 36.26 percent and 31.04 percent of the onion farmers,
respectively. Wholesaler-retailer was cited by 17.58 percent and assembler
by 12.91 percent. A few at 2.47 percent of the onion farmers mentioned
exporter as their major buyer of produce.
• About half of the onion farmers interviewed in Pangasinan and Ilocos Sur
transacted with wholesalers and agents, respectively. Those who sold their
produce to wholesaler-retailer were biggest in Mindoro Occidental at 34.67
percent. Transaction of onion farmers with assembler was mentioned by
42.47 percent in Ilocos Norte. There were 9.86 percent in Ilocos Sur and
2.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental whose primary buyers were the
exporters.
22
and Mindoro Occidental who had problem on low price of produce. Ilocos
Sur recorded the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 32.39 percent
reporting no market outlet as their problem.
Access to Credit
• During the reference period, about 37.53 percent of the onion farmers
availed of loans for onion production. It ranged from 12.16 percent in Ilocos
Norte to 53.52 percent in Ilocos Sur.
• Training on farming technology was the most availed type of benefit from
the government programs and interventions as reported by 53.85 percent.
Availment of seeds was mentioned by 30.77 percent and of fertilizer and
other inputs by 15.38 percent. The least availed benefits were the provision
of irrigation facilities, post-harvest facilities and tools.
23
technology. This type of benefit was also received by 76.92 percent in Ilocos
Sur. Support in terms of fertilizers and other inputs was provided to all the
farmer-recipients in Ilocos Norte. There were 70 percent in Nueva Ecija
who benefited from seed distribution.
• According to 73.08 percent of the onion farmers who benefitted from the
government programs and interventions, 61.54 percent reported that these
benefits helped increase their farm income.
• By province, all onion farmers in Mindoro Occidental who used the benefits
received from the government programs and interventions said that these
helped increase their income. In Nueva Ecija, only 40 percent used the
benefits. Of this group, 40 percent reported an increase in income.
• About 63.84 percent of the onion farmers in the five (5) provinces cited that
climate change affected their farming practices. Specifically, this was stated
by 50.70 percent in Ilocos Sur to 78.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental.
• Across the five (5) provinces covered, 9.59 percent of the onion farmers
practiced organic/natural farming using solely organic fertilizers in their
farms. This practice was more adopted in Nueva Ecija as reported by 33.80
percent of farmers. There were 5 to 8 percent in Mindoro Occidental and
Ilocos Sur adopted the same practice. There was no reported practice in
Pangasinan.
• Only 33.42 percent of onion farmers in the five (5) provinces were members
of farmers’ organizations. The proportion was highest in Ilocos Sur at 85.92
percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 2.82 percent.
24
services and farm equipment was cited by 12.30 percent of the farmer-
members.
• About 60.55 percent of onion farmers in the five (5) provinces covered had
plans to maintain their current operation and 33.42 percent wanted to
expand their operation. The rest planned to stop their operation, decrease
their farm area and shift to other crops.
• Across the representative provinces, there were 86.58 percent of the onion
farmers who recommended price support to encourage the production of
onion. Financial support was cited by 49.59 percent while regulation on the
price of farm inputs was mentioned by 47.40 percent. Some 28.49 percent
suggested provision of new/modern farming technologies. About 0.55 to
8.49 percent reported addressing environmental concerns, implementing
land reform program, provision of infrastructure facilities, soil testing
analysis and improvement of irrigation services.
• The proportion of onion farmers who sought for price support ranged from
78.38 percent in Pangasinan to 95.77 percent in Ilocos Sur. Mindoro
Occidental accounted for the biggest percentage of onion farmers at 84
percent and 72 percent who recommended regulation of prices of farm
inputs and provision of new/modern farming technologies, respectively.
There were 78.38 percent in Pangasinan proposing financial support to
improve onion production.
25
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by sex,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Table 2. Average age of onion farmers and percentage distribution by age group,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
27
Table 3. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by educational attainment, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
Table 4. Average farming experience of onion farmers and percentage distribution by number
of years engaged in onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
28
Table 5. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by main occupation, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
Table 6. Average farm size, area planted and harvested of onion focus farm parcels,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in hectare)
Province Farm Size Area Planted Area Harvested
29
Table 7. Average area planted and harvested by variety, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
(in hectare)
Red Onion Multiplier Onion
Province Area Area
Area Planted Area Planted
Harvested Harvested
Table 8. Percentage distribution of onion farm parcels by tenurial status, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
All Provinces 30.96 11.51 36.99 0.55 2.47 11.23 1.10 5.21
30
Table 9. Percentage of onion farmers by type of farm investment, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
All Mindoro
Farm Investment Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Pangasinan Nueva Ecija
Provinces Occidental
Work Animal
Carabao 21.64 6.76 1.41 10.81 47.89 41.33
Cattle 3.56 2.70 5.63 8.11 1.41
Farm Machinery
Two-Wheel Tractor 15.89 2.70 4.23 13.51 33.80 25.33
Four-Wheel Tractor 2.19 4.05 4.23 2.67
Irrigation Pump 69.86 79.73 85.92 74.32 45.07 64.00
Others a/ 9.86 12.16 2.82 1.35 19.72 13.33
a/ Others include engine, generator, air plotter, power sprayer and transmission
31
Table 10. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by number of cropping per year,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
One Two
Province
Cropping Croppings
32
Table 12. Percentage of onion farmers by source of seeds, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
Table 13. Percentage of onion farmers planting other crops, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Legumes
Province Palay Corn Vegetables Condiments Non-food Crops a/ Fruits b/
and Nuts
a/ Tobacco
b/ Watermelon
33
Table 14. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by variety planted and method of planting,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Table 15. Percentage distribution of onion farmers by month of planting and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
2012 2013
Province
July August September October November December January February March April May June
Planting
All Provinces 0.82 1.64 26.58 18.90 26.58 21.92 3.01 0.55
Harvesting
All Provinces 0.82 1.64 16.16 12.33 11.78 27.12 28.49 1.64
34
Table 16.a. Percentage of onion farmers by method of land preparation and type of labor used,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Man-Machine
Province Man-Animal
Two-Wheel Tractor Four-Wheel Tractor
35
Table 17. Percentage of onion farmers by type of solid fertilizers used and variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Inorganic Fertilizer
Urea (45-0-0) 2.73 2.70 1.41 4.00 6.21 5.41 7.04
Urea (46-0-0) 79.09 78.38 74.65 84.00 68.28 54.05 83.10
Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 36.82 37.84 38.03 34.67 44.14 60.81 26.76
Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 30.91 18.92 42.25 32.00 22.07 17.57 26.76
Complete (12-12-12) 0.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.41
Complete (14-14-14) 77.73 82.43 90.14 61.33 56.55 40.54 73.24
Complete (16-16-16) 10.00 2.70 26.67 2.76 5.63
Crop Giant (15-15-15) 19.09 21.62 28.17 8.00 17.93 12.16 23.94
Crop Giant (19-19-19) 10.00 6.76 21.13 2.67 24.83 12.16 38.03
Zinc Sulfate (Zinc 21%) 2.27 7.04
Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 8.64 9.46 16.00 2.07 2.70 1.41
Foliar Fertilizer 13.18 6.76 8.45 24.00 7.59 6.76 8.45
Atlas Nitro 3.64 1.35 9.86
Others a/ 2.27 6.76
Table 18. Percentage of onion farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used and variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Inorganic Fertilizer
Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.69 1.35
Green Bee 11.72 13.51 9.86
Orgamin 1.36 4.00
Foliar Fertilizer 5.91 9.46 5.63 2.67 2.07 4.23
36
Table 19. Percentage of onion farmers by type of pesticides used and variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Herbicides / Organic
Variety Planted / Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides
Weedicides Pesticides
Province
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid
Red Onion
All Provinces 95.45 20.00 90.45 67.27 16.36 1.36 0.45 1.82
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 0.69 93.10 22.07 73.10 32.41 3.45
Table 20. Average quantity of planting materials used per hectare by mode of acquisition and variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram)
Bulb Seed
Variety Planted /
All Own All
Province Purchased Received Purchased Received
Sources Produced Sources
Red Onion
All Provinces 5.04 4.97 0.08
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 642.27 99.17 537.91 5.19 1.50 1.50
37
Table 21. Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare by variety planted, selected provinces,
July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram)
Red Onion Multiplier Onion
Fertilizer All Nueva Mindoro All Ilocos Ilocos
Pangasinan
Provinces Ecija Occidental Provinces Norte Sur
Inorganic Fertilizer
Urea (45-0-0) 7.32 13.97 0.18 10.41 9.99 10.30 9.81
Urea (46-0-0) 244.57 278.89 221.11 246.26 245.85 207.64 269.03
Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 96.16 100.60 88.57 101.23 133.83 227.15 77.22
Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 126.72 66.37 173.58 117.79 63.09 32.73 81.51
Complete (12-12-12) 0.35 0.89 3.43 1.01 4.90
Complete (14-14-14) 279.08 286.57 368.65 178.81 148.74 90.87 183.85
Complete (16-16-16) 21.06 4.19 54.87 6.87 11.03
Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.56 0.94 0.51 0.36 0.72 0.44 0.90
Crop Giant (19-19-19) 0.30 0.36 0.46 0.08 1.42 1.10 1.62
Zinc Sulfate (Zinc 21%) 1.33 3.44
Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 17.54 19.00 35.19 2.44 2.42 2.45
Foliar Fertilizer 1.42 0.19 0.18 3.58 1.82 4.14 0.42
Atlas Nitro 8.98 1.40 22.25
Others a/ 1.13 4.55
Table 22. Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare by variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in liter)
Red Onion Multiplier Onion
Fertilizer All Nueva Mindoro All Ilocos Ilocos
Pangasinan
Provinces Ecija Occidental Provinces Norte Sur
Inorganic Fertilizer
Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.03 0.08
Green Bee 0.44 0.57 0.36
Orgamin 0.02 0.04
Foliar Fertilizer 0.29 0.28 0.20 0.39 0.06 0.10
38
Table 23. Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Red Onion
All Provinces 198.98 67.97 53.15
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 178.50 a/ 35.33 a/ 24.18 a/
Table 24. Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare by variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram)
Variety Planted /
Rice Stalk Rice Hull Cogon Banana Stalk
Province
Red Onion
All Provinces 288.56 25.99 0.39 0.01
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 2,644.80
39
Table 25. Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and variety, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Herbicides /
Variety Planted / Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides Organic Pesticides
Weedicides
Province
Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)
Red Onion
All Provinces 6.83 0.77 3.66 2.31 0.28 0.28 0.01 0.03
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 0.01 3.28 0.45 1.73 1.64 0.08
Table 26. Average labor utilization per hectare of onion production by source of labor and variety planted,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(manday)
Operator Exchange
Variety Planted / Province Family Labor Hired Labor All Sources
Labor Labor
Red Onion
All Provinces 34.96 17.02 1.63 178.32 231.93
Multiplier Onion
All Provinces 46.70 24.94 2.10 92.97 166.71
40
Table 27. Average labor utilization per hectare of red onion production by farm activity,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(manday)
All Mindoro
Farm Activity Pangasinan Nueva Ecija
Provinces Occidental
Seedbed Preparation
Clearing of Fields 2.10 0.75 3.57 1.45
Plowing
Man 0.01 0.02
Man-Animal 0.72 0.09 1.05 0.81
Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 1.02 0.18 1.25 1.34
Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.01
Fertilizer Application 0.39 0.11 0.42 0.54
Pesticide Application 0.36 0.07 0.45 0.46
Plotting / Levelling 2.37 0.72 1.86 4.03
Mulching 1.03 0.45 0.89 1.58
Irrigating 4.05 4.29 5.44 2.40
Sorting of bulbs 0.11 0.45
Planting of seeds/bulbs 2.38 1.62 1.99 3.30
Manual Weeding 9.88 1.95 14.13 10.72
Chemical Spraying 0.52 0.17 0.52 0.77
Pulling/Separating of seedlings 10.92 5.34 13.37 12.10
Land Preparation
Clearing of Fields 6.34 8.48 8.76 2.30
Plowing
Man 0.09 0.04 0.21
Man-Animal 1.43 0.67 1.89 1.46
Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 4.12 1.00 4.83 5.47
Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.70 0.57 1.05 0.41
Fertilizer Application 0.75 0.49 1.06 0.61
Pesticide Application 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.64
Plotting / Levelling 7.36 10.44 4.75 8.04
Mulching 0.61 0.51 0.77 0.51
Irrigating 3.57 1.70 2.63 5.84
Planting
Direct Seeding 1.47 5.39 0.36
Transplanting 43.76 13.59 48.26 59.41
Care of Crops
Pesticide Application 6.02 4.46 6.00 7.11
Thinning 3.52 11.66 1.65
Manual Weeding 38.00 31.03 46.76 33.41
Fertilizer Application 3.78 3.42 3.32 4.50
Irrigating 16.60 26.83 11.76 14.81
Harvesting 42.91 29.62 45.53 49.14
Hauling of Produce
Man 1.86 2.12 2.02 1.52
Man-Animal 1.21 0.03 2.34 0.81
Man-Machine 1.53 1.44 0.75 2.42
Drying 0.01 0.04
Cleaning/Sorting 7.65 11.45 6.40 6.41
Bundling 1.05 3.57 0.34 0.09
Others a/ 0.89 2.30
41
Table 28. Average labor utilization per hectare of multiplier onion production by farm activity,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(manday)
All
Farm Activity Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur
Provinces
Seedbed Preparation
Clearing of Fields 0.05 0.12
Plowing
Man 0.04 0.10
Man-Animal 0.01 0.03
Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) b/ 0.01
Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) b/ b/
Fertilizer Application 0.01 0.02
Pesticide Application 0.01 0.03
Plotting / Levelling 0.24 0.64
Mulching 0.03 0.08
Irrigating 0.67 1.76
Sorting of bulbs
Planting of seeds/bulbs 0.24 0.64
Manual Weeding 0.04 0.12
Chemical Spraying 0.02 0.05
Pulling/Separating of seedlings 0.44 1.16
Land Preparation
Clearing of Fields 1.75 1.70 1.78
Plowing
Man 0.07 0.02 0.10
Man-Animal 0.30 0.55 0.15
Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 0.07 0.17
Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.20 0.13 0.24
Fertilizer Application 0.78 0.75 0.80
Pesticide Application 0.66 0.86 0.54
Plotting / Levelling 0.49 0.06 0.74
Mulching 6.23 10.49 3.65
Irrigating 3.63 4.47 3.13
Planting
Direct Seeding 26.42 24.43 27.62
Transplanting 3.22 7.11 0.86
Care of Crops
Pesticide Application 4.04 2.69 4.86
Thinning 0.17 0.25 0.12
Manual Weeding 8.39 7.32 9.04
Fertilizer Application 1.98 1.82 2.08
Irrigating 23.54 18.86 26.38
Harvesting 26.72 30.79 24.24
Hauling of Produce
Man 4.38 6.90 2.85
Man-Animal 0.21 0.17 0.24
Man-Machine 0.79 0.74 0.83
Drying 5.89 9.55 3.67
Cleaning/Sorting 36.72 37.98 35.96
Bundling 6.92 9.49 5.35
Others a/ 1.35 1.53 1.24
42
Table 29. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
43
Table 29. (Concluded)
44
Table 30. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
45
Table 31. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
46
Table 31. (Concluded)
47
Table 32. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
48
Table 33. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013
49
Table 33. (Concluded)
50
Table 34. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Pangasinan, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
51
Table 35. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
52
Table 35. (Concluded)
53
Table 36. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
54
Table 37. Red Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
55
Table 37. (Concluded)
56
Table 38. Red Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
57
Table 39. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
58
Table 39. (Concluded)
59
Table 40. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
60
Table 41. Multiplier Onion: Average production costs and returns per hectare, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
61
Table 41. (Concluded)
62
Table 42. Multiplier Onion: Average variable and fixed production costs, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
63
Table 43a. Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs and returns per hectare
by major cost item, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso)
Province/ Cash Non-cash Imputed Total Gross
Variety Planted Costs Costs Costs Costs Returns
Red Onion
Pangasinan 112,802 1,039 18,784 132,625 241,345
Nueva Ecija 105,595 16,612 19,380 141,587 259,064
Mindoro Occidental 94,435 4,606 19,292 118,334 204,696
Multiplier Onion
Ilocos Norte 59,178 25,215 22,468 106,861 181,237
Ilocos Sur 58,244 37,736 19,479 115,459 179,088
(in peso)
Returns Above
Province/ Returns Above Net Net Profit-cost
Cash and Non-cash
Variety Planted Cash Costs Returns Ratio
Costs
Red Onion
Pangasinan 128,543 127,504 108,720 0.82
Nueva Ecija 153,470 136,857 117,477 0.83
Mindoro Occidental 110,261 105,654 86,362 0.73
Multiplier Onion
Ilocos Norte 122,059 96,844 74,376 0.70
Ilocos Sur 120,844 83,108 63,629 0.55
64
Table 44. Percentage distribution of onion produce by disposition item
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Used/
Given Paid to
Province To be Used Wastage Processor Others a/
Away Creditor
for Seeds
65
Table 45. Percentage of onion farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison
with the same period last year, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Province Higher This Year Lower This Year About The Same
Table 46. Percentage of onion farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason
for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
66
Table 47. Percentage of onion farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason
for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Table 48. Percentage of onion farmers reporting problems on production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Rough or Inadequate
Pests High Bad Poor Road/ Supply of Poor Poor
Lack of
Province and Cost of Weather/ Inadequate Water/ Soil Quality
Capital
Diseases Inputs Calamities Transport Irrigation Condition of Seeds
Facilities Problem
All Provinces 50.96 38.36 41.64 27.95 3.01 2.74 1.64 1.92
67
Table 49. Percentage of onion farmers who sold produce by major buyer,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Wholesaler-
Province Agent Wholesaler Exporter Assembler Consumer
retailer
68
Table 51. Percentage of onion farmers who availed of loans for onion production and
by source of loan, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Percentage of Source
Province Onion Farmers Private Microfinance
Cooperative Bank
Who Availed Loan Individual Institution
Table 52. Percentage of onion farmers who are aware and availed of benefit from government programs/
interventions in onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
69
Table 53. Percentage of onion farmers who received benefit from government programs/
interventions on onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
a/ Rubber hose
Table 54. Percentage of onion farmers who used the benefit received and increased farm income,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
70
Table 55. Percentage of onion farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their farming practices,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Effect
Affected
Change in Decrease in Increase Decrease in
Province By Climate Decrease
Cropping Number of in Input Frequency Others a/
Change in Yield
Pattern Cropping Usage of Plowing
Table 56. Percentage of onion farmers practicing natural farming using organic fertilizers,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
71
Table 57. Percentage of onion farmers who are members of farmers' organization and by type
of benefit received, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Benefits received
Members of
Financial/ Irrigation
Province Farmers' Training/ Inputs Marketing
Credit and Farm
Organization Seminars Support Support
Support Equipment
Table 58. Percentage distribution of onion farmers reporting on the plan of farm operation,
selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Maintain Current
Province Expand Operation Others a/
Operation
a/ Others include decrease in farm area, stop planting operation, shift to other crop and
some are undecided due to lack of capital and planting materials
72
Table 59. Percentage of onion farmers reporting on the recommendations to further improve
the onion production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Improve Regulate
Price Infrastructure Financial
Province Irrigation Price of
Support Facilities Support
Services Farm Inputs
a/ Others include input support from the government, use of organic fertilizer, marketing support and prevent importation
73
Republic of the Philippines
Philippine Statistics Authority
(Bureau of Agricultural Statistics)
Ben-Lor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division
Tel. No. 372-3823
aasid.bas@gmail.com
http://www.bas.gov.ph