Dec 2009

If you can't make a mistake,
Volume - 5 Issue - 6 you can't make anything.

December, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)
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Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 DECEMBER 2009

Volume-5 Issue-6
December, 2009 (Monthly Magazine) CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.

Regulars ..........
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
NEWS ARTICLE 4
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths IIT-Jodhpur to begin functioning from
Much more IIT-JEE News. February - March 2010
IIT-K students develop autonomous vehicle
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011
IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 8
Dr. Rajeewa Arya
KNOW IIT-JEE 10
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS 18
S
Success Tips for the Month 8-Challenging Problems [Set# 8]
Students’ Forum
Physics Fundamentals
• The greatest adventure is what lies ahead.
Reflection at plane & curved surfaces
• Fixers believe they can fix. Complainers Fluid Mechanics
believe they can complain. They are both
right. CATALYST CHEMISTRY 35
• The tire model for motivation: People
Key Concept
work best at the right pressure.
Carboxylic Acid
• Trust the force, Luke. Chemical Kinetics
Understanding : Inorganic Chemistry
• Use your feelings or your feelings will use
you.
DICEY MATHS 46
• People who expect to fail are usually right.
Mathematical Challenges
• The path to success is paved with Students’ Forum
mistakes. Key Concept
• You've got to cross that lonesome valley. Monotonicity, Maxima & Minima
You've got to cross it by yourself. Function
• Appreciate what your brain does. In case
nobody else does. Test Time ..........
• Learn to mock the woe-mongers. XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 58
• Be confident. Even if you are not, pretend Class XII – IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
to be. No one can tell the difference. Class XII – IIT-JEE 2011 Paper
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Paper -1 [Class # XII]

IIT-Jodhpur to begin He added that the new building of first running prototype for such
functioning from February the IIT will take atleast 2-3 years, vehicles in the country. "It has a
- March 2010 but owing to repeated reminders very small footprint -- 30x30x15
by IIT-Kanpur citing its inability to cm -- and thus it can be easily
Indian Institute of Technology in continue running the session of carried by soldiers and relief
Rajasthan is all set to begin IIT-J from its own campus, there is workers for disaster management
functioning from the MBM a growing pressure to shift it to operations. This technology was
Engineering College, here from Jodhpur. widely used by the US in
next academic session investigating the World Trade
commencing in February-March IIT-K students develop Centre attack as well as in the war
2010. zones of Afghanistan and Iraq," he
autonomous vehicle
added.
The decision to this effect was True to its reputation of being
made after the visit of a central ahead in technological Earlier this year, as a part of its
team headed by additional developments, the Indian Institute University relations programme,
secretary, ministry of Human of Technology, Kanpur, in Boeing decided to actively
Resource Development, Ashok collaboration with the Boeing collaborate with IIT-K to foster
Thakur during recent visit to Company is all set to unveil a new research and innovation among
different sites, which included the autonomous vehicle Àbhyast' as undergraduate students. As part of
sites proposed for the part of its Golden Jubilee this endeavour, eight students of
construction of the IIT-Jodhpur celebrations. IIT-K -- Abhilash Jindal, Ankur Jain,
and the existing engineering Faiz Ahmed, Gaurav Dhama,
college of the city. Prof Shantanu Bhattacharya, Palash Soni, Shishir Pandya and
faculty in mechanical engineering Sriram Ganesan -- were selected
So, if everything goes well, the department of IIT-K and co- by Prof Bhattacharya to work on
next session of IIT-J, which is ordinator of the project, while the project. "My role was mainly
presently being run from the IIT- talking to TOI said, "The vehicle confined to that of a mentor.
Kanpur campus, will start will set new landmarks in terms of Àbhyast' in fact the result of
functioning from the campus of applied robotics research. Besides students' labour and skills and
this college here. being unique, it will probably be should serve as an inspiration for
Thakur, who himself approved the one of its kind in India. Such other students," said a beaming
MBM college during a visit on vehicles play important role in Prof Bhattacharya.
Saturday, said, "The final decision defence applications and disaster
management plans." He added that Àbhyast' is a fully autonomous
is to be taken by the ministry, to
quite a few modules of such vehicle capable of navigating in
whom we will submit the report
vehicles have already been unstructured and unknown
in a 2-3 days."
developed by the United States environments. The user needs to
Agarwal, who was quite ecstatic and some other countries. But, specify only the end coordinates
following the visit of the team, India has so far not produced where he wants the vehicle to
expressed hope that the next vehicles of this nature. reach, and the task of reaching
session of the IIT will start here there would be taken by the
from February–March 2010. Further, Prof Bhattacharya vehicle itself, requiring no
informed, Àbhyast' will serve as a intervention by the user. The

vehicle is equipped with high end be training meteorologists from In his first mail to CIC on October
sensors like GPS, IMU and other countries in batches. This 2, Barua said that as there were a
SONARS to navigate and avoid will start with Oman and Maldives. number of RTI applications
obstacles in its vicinity. The vehicle Their scientists will be on the seeking the CD, “we are
has a tank like chassis design that campus for an intensive training," apprehensive that this request for
allows it to move even on uneven Dubey said. electronic data is to profit from it
and slippery terrain, thus making it by using it for IIT JEE coaching
a robust vehicle for warlike and IITs come up with their RTI purposes (planning, targeting
other disastrous situations. 'shield' particular cities, population
segments, etc).”
Stung by the exposure of
IIT forecast system for admission anomalies in recent The reference to the coaching
Oman, Maldives years, the IIT system has come up institutes is reminiscent of the
Ocean State Forecasting System with an innovative method of recent controversy over the move
(OSFS), a technology developed by blocking transparency even as it to raise the bar on 12th class
Indian Institute of Technology, agreed to give data under RTI on marks to be eligible for IIT
Kharagpur, will now be adopted the marks obtained by the four selection.
by Oman and Maldives. The lakh candidates in this year’s joint
Asserting that IITs had “nothing to
World Meteorological Organisation entrance examination (JEE). It
hide regarding the results”, Barua
(WMO) feels that OSFS should be insisted on giving the data only in
said, “We are ready to show the
immediately adopted by other the hard copy running into
running of the software with the
nations that have sea coasts. hundreds of thousands of pages
original data to the CIC, if it so
rather than in the more
The system, that will continuously desires.”
convenient form of a CD.
measure height, direction and
The information seeker, Rajeev As a corollary, Barua made an
period of waves, will help shipping
Kumar, a computer science issue of the fact that Kumar “has
and navigation.
professor in IIT Kharagpur, is not asked to see the data, but he
IIT-Kgp was given the prestigious crying foul. For, the hard copy wants an electronic version
project jointly by the union would not only result in a steep delivered to him. Why is this so?”
ministry of ocean development increase in the cost of information Kumar responded to that by
and the department of science and (running into six figures) but also pointing out that the irregularities
technology. make it almost impossible for him he had uncovered in the JEE of the
to detect irregularities in the latest previous three years was on the
It was headed by the institute's basis of “compute intensive
JEE as he did in the three previous
former director, S K Dubey. scientific calculations and analysis,
ones by analyzing the electronic
data that had then by given to him which could not have been done
The model was developed by the
under RTI. just by looking at the data.”
department of ocean engineering
and naval architecture. It was As a result of this change in the Barua’s explanation in his
completed about a year ago and strategy of the IIT system, central subsequent mail on October 3 is:
handed over to the India information commissioner Shailesh “By seeing, I meant that the
Meteorological Department by the Gandhi fixed a hearing for appellant could come to IIT
institute for adoption. Dubey is November 6 specially to resolve Guwahati and view the data, see
presently in IIT Delhi to this soft vs hard debate. The
coordinate the project. the software being run, etc.” He
hearing follows the unusual
added that if this option was
reasons given by Gautam Barua,
"WMO was so impressed that it unacceptable to CIC, “we will
director of IIT Guwahati and
immediately referred the wish to provide the data in hard
overall in-charge of JEE 2009, for
technology to all the coastal copy form, the costs of printing
his failure to comply with the
nations. But it cannot be having to be borne by the
CIC’s disclosure direction passed
transferred without proper appellant.”
on July 30.
training to end users, so we will

If Kumar is pressing that the data loading shows tensile stresses at IITs told to reveal
be given to him “in the form in the heel of dam-foundation candidate details
which it is originally available”, it is interface, the report indicated.
because the access to the The Central Information
“The Mullaiperiyar dam is a
electronic data of the previous Commission has ordered the IITs
composite gravity dam built during
three years helped him unearth, to disclose most details of
1887-1895. The front and rear
for instance, the shocking fact that candidates who sat the 2009
faces of the dam were built with
general category candidates got entrance examination, rejecting
un-coursed rubble masonry in
into IITs after scoring in JEE as the institutes’ argument that
lime surkhi mortar. The hearting is
little as little as 5% in Physics and revealing candidates’ names would
constructed of lime surkhi
6% in Mathematics. be a breach of their privacy.
concrete. It lies in seismic zone III
as per seismic zoning map of India.
Kerala seeks second IIT India’s apex watchdog for the
The 176 feet-high composite
report on record Right to Information Act has
gravity dam is now over 114 years
ordered the IITs to reveal the
Kerala has filed an application in old,” the report went on to say.
names, addresses, pin codes and
the apex court urging it to take on
marks of all students who
record the second part of the IITs want to be accredited appeared in the Joint Entrance
report titled Seismic Stability of by statutory body Examination this year.
Mullaiperiyar Composite Dam,
As the government wants to make In its November 6 order, the
submitted by D K Paul, Professor
accreditation mandatory for all commission asked IIT Guwahati,
of earthquake engineering
institutions, the IITs have said they the chief organiser among the IITs
department, Indian Institute of
would like to be accredited by a of the 2009 examination, to
Technology, Roorkee.
statutory body and not by the disclose by November 25 the
The first part of the report National Board of Accreditation information sought by the
Structural Stability of Mullaiperiyar (NBA). appellant.
Dam Considering Seismic Effects
The IIT directors have told the The order follows efforts by the
— Part I — Seismic Hazard
government that they have no IIT to withhold information on
Assessment was submitted by IIT-
objection to accreditation of the candidates who appeared in the
Roorkee in May 2008. The said
institutes, but insisted that the 2009 JEE despite earlier orders
report is already before the apex
accreditation agency should be a mandating the release of similar
court, it averred.
statutory and autonomous data on IIT candidates over the
Kerala would like to file the organisation. past three years.
second part of the report in
They expressed these views at the The order is significant because a
support of its argument that
meeting of the IIT Council, the similar disclosure in 2006 revealed
Mullaiperiyar dam is not safe for
highest decision making body for discrepancies between cutoff
storage, the application stated.
the IITs, held here last month. marks used by the IITs that year
The report stated that the
HRD Minister Kapil Sibal, who is and the cutoffs arrived at by using
earthquake safety of old concrete
the chairman of the council, told the formula the institutes claimed
or masonry gravity dams under
them that the government would to have used.
moderate to strong ground
set up an accreditation agency by
motions is of great concern.
introducing a bill in the Parliament At least 994 students, who cleared
Although there is no evidence of
soon. the cutoffs arrived at by using the
catastrophic failure of gravity
"The directors said the formula the IITs claimed to have
dams, yet the possibility of tensile
accreditation should be conducted used, were denied admission
cracking is never ruled out.
by a statutory body because the institutes used
The finite element analysis of dam
different cutoffs.
subjected to static and seismic

The IITs have till now been unable Bombay (IIT-B), highlighted this on education. IIT-B started
to explain how they arrived at the Monday. Moudgalya, who heads disseminating its courses live on
cutoffs — by using the formula the Centre for Distance the internet nearly a decade ago.
they claim to have used. Engineering Education Programme For the last two years, he stated,
(CDEEP) at the IIT, was delivering the CDEEP has been using the
The appellant in the 2009 case is
the keynote address at the launch education satellite Edusat,
the parent of a student who
of kPoint, a software solution for provided by the Indian Space
appeared in the controversial
interactive learning and training. Research Organisation, and has
2006 examination and is trying to
raised a network of 75 centres for
use the RTI Act to ensure that the kPoint, developed by city-based transmission of live courses.
IITs do not repeat their errors. Great Software Laboratory (GSL),
The IITs, in the 2009 case, argued was launched by noted computer In his brief address, Bhatkar made
that the release of candidate expert Vijay Bhatkar, creator of out a strong case for Indian ICT
details sought by the appellant India's Param series of professionals acknowledging and
could compromise the privacy of supercomputers. Heads and adopting technologies and
these candidates. professionals from leading IT innovations developed
companies as well as principals of indigenously.
The appellant had sought the
engineering institutions were
registration numbers, names, Sunil Gaitonde, chief executive of
present at the occasion.
gender, parents’ names, pin codes GSL, said, "Technology must
and marks in physics, chemistry Open source software refers to bridge the gap between the
and mathematics of all students computer software provided growing number of learners and
who appeared in the 2009 under a license that is in the public lesser number of teachers. The
examination. domain. "Open source software prevailing knowledge economy
The appellant has expressed has a distinct cost advantage over needs highly skilled workers and
concern that the IITs may be the expensive commercial the existing faculty crunch can be
admitting the children of institute software packages. However, a tackled only through apt use of
administrators or certain faculty considerable marketing effort is technology."
members despite poor marks, and required to secure a greater and
Gaitonde said: "Factors like
has argued that details he has wider audience of students for
grassroots videos, collaborations,
sought would help clarify his courses transmitted live using ICT
tools based on open source mobile broadband, data mash-ups,
doubts.
software," Moudgalya said. collective intelligence and social
The commission, in its order, has operating systems are bound to
argued that while providing email "Open source software is often make a sea change in the way
addresses and mobile phone sufficient in most distance education is delivered."
numbers of candidates would education programmes, except for
constitute a violation of privacy, some niche academic segments. College of Engineering, Pune
merely disclosing their names and However, academic institutions (CoEP) principal Anil
addresses would not. don't train students in using good Sahasrabudhe, Vishwakarma
Institute of Technology
Open source software open source software," he further
stated. principal Hemant Abhyankar,
needs marketing
Persistent Systems chief
PUNE: There is a need for greater Moudgalya gave an overview of Anand Deshpande and founder-
promotion of the use of open the CDEEP's involvement in the CEO of music education
source software for information Talk to teacher' programme, web portal ShadjaMadhyam,
and communication technology which is funded by the Union Nandu Kulkarni, were
(ICT)-based teaching and learning. human resource development among those present at the
Professor Kannan M Moudgalya of ministry and aims to train students event.
the Indian Institute of Technology, as well as teachers in higher

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Dr. Rajeewa Arya

B.E., M.E.(IIT – Kanpur)
Chief Executive Officer, Moser Bear (I), Ltd.
Dr. Rajeewa (Rajiv) Arya, M. Tech., Ph. D is presently includes product design, process scale-up, process
the Chief Executive Officer l at Moserbaer Photovoltaic transfer, piloting and start-up of a thin-film solar module
(MBPV) in New Delhi, India. He was previously the COO plant. He has maintained a professional interest in many
& CTO for the Thin Film Vertical. He joined MBPV as a aspects of renewable energy components and systems.
Senior Vice-President & CTO (Thin Film) in September, Dr. Arya holds a Masters of Science degree in Solid-State
2007. and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) and the Materials Physics from Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India and a
Research Society (MRS). Prior to that Dr. Arya was a Master of Technology degree in Material Science from the
founder, Vice-President and CTO at Optisolar (previously Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. He obtained
called Gen3Solar) in Hayward, California. Before founding his Ph.D. in Engineering from Brown University, Rhode
Gen3solar, he was the Director of Oregon Renewable Island, in 1983. He has extensive management training in
Energy Center (OREC), an academic/research center at Total Quality Management, Finance, Project management,
the Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT). and Technology Innovation Management.
Dr. Arya launched Arya International, Inc., a Solar Dr. Arya has authored and co-authored over 100
Technology and Business Consulting firm, in 2003. Prior technical papers and holds 6 U.S. Patents. He is the
to that Dr. Arya worked at Solarex/ BPSolar for 19 years recipient of the “Outstanding Paper Award” at the 7th
in various capacities, from Scientist to Executive Director, PVSEC, the “Team of the Year” award from Solarex
thin-film technology. Quality Process, and his group received an R&D 100
He has over 25 years experience in thin-film solar cells award for the Power view Product. He chaired the
and modules. His R&D activities have centered on Program Committee for the 29th IEEE Photovoltaic
material and device aspects of three types of thin-film Specialists Conference in 2002. He is a member of the
solar cells and modules – amorphous silicon, copper- Institute of Electronics.
indium-diselenide, and cadmium telluride. His work

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
FB=πR2hσg
PHYSICS
1. A circular disc with a groove along its diameter is C
θ
placed horizontally on a rough surface. A block of h/2
mass 1 kg is placed as shown. The co-efficient of
L/2 (πR2Lρ)g
friction in contact is µ = 2/5. The disc has an
θ
acceleration of 25 m/s2 towards left. Find the
acceleration of the block with respect to disc. Given
mg
cos θ = 4/5, sin θ = 3/5. [IIT-2006]
l
Then OB = . Let OG = y
2
For vertical equilibrium
25 m/s2 FG = FB
⇒ (M + m)g = F B
θ
⇒ πR 2Lρg + mg = πR 2 l σ g
πR 2 Lρ + m
Sol. Applying pseudo force ma and resolving it. Applying l= ...(1)
πR 2 σ
Fnet = ma x for x-direction Now using the concept of centre of mass to find y.
ma cos θ – (f1 + f2+ = ma x Then
ma cos θ – µN1 – µN2 = ma x My1 + my 2
y=
ma cos θ – µma sin θ – µmg = ma x M+n
Since mass m is at O the origin, therefore y2 = 0
⇒ a x = a cos θ – µa sin θ – µg
M(L / 2) + m × O ML
4 2 3 2 ∴ y= =
= 25 × – × 25 × – × 10 = 10 m/s2 M+m 2(M + m)
5 5 5 5
(πR 2 Lρ)L
= ...(2)
2. A wooden stick of length L, radius R and density ρ 2(πR 2 Lρ + m)
has a small metal piece of mass m (of negligible Therefore for stable equilibrium
volume) attached to its one end. Find the minimum l
>y
value for the mass m (in terms of given parameters) 2
that would make the stick float vertically in
πR 2 Lρ + m (πR 2 Lρ)L
equilibrium in liquid of density σ(>p). [IIT-1999] ∴ >
Sol. For the wooden stick-mass system to be in stable 2(πR 2 σ) 2(πR 2 Lρ + m)
equilibrium the centre of gravity of stick-mass system ⇒ m ≥ π R2L ( ρσ – ρ)
should be lower than the centre of buoyancy. Also in
equilibrium the centre of gravity (G) and the centre of ∴ minimum value of m is πr2L ( ρσ – ρ)
buoyancy (B) lie in the same vertical axis.
The above condition 1 will be satisfied if the mass is 3. A gaseous mixture enclosed in a vessel of volume V
towards the lower side of the stick as shown in the consists of one mole of a gas A with λ (=Cp/Cv) = 5/3
figure. and another gas B with λ = 7/5 at a certain
The two forces will create a torque which will bring temperature T. The relative molar masses of the gases
the stick-mass system in the vertical position of the A and B are 4 and 32, respectively. The gases A and
stable equilibrium B do not react with each other and are assumed to be
Let l be the length of the stick immersed in the ideal. The gaseous mixture follows the equation
liquid. PV19/13 = constant, in adiabatic processes. [IIT-1995]

(a) Find the number of moles of the gas B in the Mass of the gas,
gaseous mixture. m = nA MA + nBMB = 1 × 4 + 2 × 32
(b) Compute the speed of sound in the gaseous = 68 g/mol mol = 0.068 kg/mol
mixture at T = 300 K. 19(1 + 2) × 8.314 × 300
(c) If T is raised by 1 K from 300 K, find the % ∴ v= = 400.03 ms–1
change in the speed of sound in the gaseous mixture. 13 × 0.068
(d) The mixture is compressed adiabatically to 1/5 of (c) We know that the velocity of sound
its initial volume V. Find the change in its adiabatic γP γRT γR (T + ∆T )
compressibility in terms of the given quantities. v= = and v + ∆v =
d M M
Sol. (a) The ratio of specific heat of mixture of gases 1/ 2
(C p ) m v + ∆v T + ∆T  1 + ∆T 
⇒ = =  
γm = * m stands for mixture. v T  T 
(C v ) m
n A C pA + n B C pB ∆v 1 ∆T
⇒ 1+ =1+
Also (Cp)m = v 2 T
nA + nB
∆T
n A C VA + n B C vB when ∆T << T then << 1
and (Cv)m = T
nA + nB ∆v 1 ∆T
Also according to Mayer's relationship Percentage change × 100 = × × 100
v 2 T
Cp – Cv = R
∆v 1 1 1
Cp R R R × 100 = × 100 =
⇒ –1= ⇒γ–1 = ⇒ Cv = v 2 300 6
Cv Cv Cv γ −1
(d) PVγ = Constant
R 3R Differentiating the above equation
For Gas A (Cv)A = =
5 / 3 −1 2 Vγ(dP) – P(γ Vγ –1dV) = 0
3R 5R ⇒ Vγ(dP) = γ PVγ–1 dV
∴ (Cp)A = R + (Cv)A = R + =
2 2 dP γPV γ −1
⇒ = = γPVγ–1 dV
For Gas B (Cv)B =
R
=
5R dV Vγ
7 / 5 −1 2 −dP
⇒ = –γ P
5R 7R dV / V
∴ (Cp)B = R + =
2 2 ∴ Bulk Modulus B = γP
(C p ) m n A C pA + n B C pB 1 1
γm = = ∴ Compressibility K = =
(C v ) m n A C vA + n B C vB B γP
1× (5R / 2) + n B (7 R / 2) 5 + 7n B 1 1
= = ∴ K1 = and K2 =
1 × (3R / 2) + n B (5R / 2) 3 + 5n B γP1 γP2
According to the relationship 1 1 1 1 1
PV19/13 = constant we get γ m = 19/13 ∆K = K2 – K1 = – =  − 
γP2 γP1 γ  P2 P1 
5 + 7n B 19 γ γ
∴ = ⇒ nB = 2 mol. ∴ Since the process is adiabatic, P2V 2 = P1V 1
3 + 5n B 13 γ γ
Alternatively we may use the following formula V   V1  γ
∴ P2 = P 1  1  = P1   = P1V 1
n1 n1 n2  V2   V1 / 5 
= +
γ m −1 γ1 − 1 γ 2 −1 1  1 1 1  1 
where γm = Ratio of specific heats of mixture ∴ ∆Κ = −  =  − 1

γ  P1 5 γ P1  γP1  5 γ 
(b) We know that velocity of sound in air is given by
the relationship ( n A + n B ) RT (1 + 2) × 8.31× T 24.93 T
P1 = = =
γP m V V V
v= where d = density =
d v 1  1 
⇒ ∆K =  − 1
Also, PV = (nA + nB)RT 19 T  519 /13 
× 24.93 ×
(n A + n B) 13 V
⇒ PV = RT
V  V
= – 0.025  Pa–1
γ (n A + n B )RT γ (n A + n B )RT  T
∴ v= = This unit Pa–1 is valid when V, T are taken in S.I.
m m
V× units.
V

4. A square loop of side 'a' with a capacitor of capa- µ 0 aI0 ω2 C ln( 2)
citance C is located between two current carrying ∴ imax =
π
long parallel wires as shown. The value of I in the
(b) From (1), the graph between charge and time is
wires is given as I = I0 sin ωt. [IIT-2003] Q
Q0
π/ω 2π/ω t
a a
π/2ω 3π/2ω
I I
a –Q0
(a) Calculate maximum current in the square loop. C × µ 0 aI0 ω ln(2)
(b) Draw a graph between charges on the upper plate Here q0 =
π
of the capacitor vs time.
Sol. (a) Let us consider a small strip of thickness dx as 5. Highly energetic electrons are bombarded on a
shown in the figure. target of an element containing 30 neutrons. The
The magnetic field at this strip ratio of the radii of nucleus to that of Helium
B = BA + B B (Perpendicular to the plane of nucleus is (14)1/3. Find (a) atomic number of the
paper directed upwards) nucleus. (b) the frequency of Ka line of the X-ray
µ I µ0 I produced. (R = 1.1 × 10 7 m– 1 and c = 3 × 108 m/s)
= 0 +
2π x 2π (3a − x ) [IIT-2005]
Sol. (a) We know that radius of nucleus is given by the
BA = Magnetic field due to current in wire A
formula
1 µ 0I1 
=  x + 3a − x 
2π
r = r0 A1/3 where r0 = constant and A = mass
  number.
BB = Magnetic field due to current in wire B For the Nucleus r1 = r0 4 1/3
dx 1/3
r2  A 
∴ = 
r1  4 
1/3
I I A
x ⇒ (14)1/3 =   ⇒ A = 56
4
Small amount of magnetic flux passing through ∴ No. of proton = A – no. of neutrons
the strip of thickness dx is = 56 – 30
dφ = B × adx = 26
µ 0 Ia × 3a dx ∴ Atomic number = 26
=
2πx (3a − x )  1 1 
(b) We know that ν = Rc (z – b)2  2 − 2 
Total flux through the square loop  n 1 n 1 
2a µ 0 I × 3a 2 dx µ Ia Here, R = 1.1 × 10 , C = 3 × 10 8, Z = 26
7
φ= ∫ a 2π x (3a − x )
= 0 ln 2
π
b = 1 (for Ka), n1 = 1, n2 = 2
1 1
µ 0 a ln( 2) ∴ ν = 1.1 × 107 × 3 × 10 8 [26 – 1]2  − 
= (I0 sin ωt) 4 4
π
3
The emf produced = 3.3 × 1015 × 25 × 25 × = 1.546 × 1018 Hz.
4
dφ µ 0 aI0 ω
e= − = ln(2) cos ωt
π
dt
Charged stored in the capacitor
CHEMISTRY
µ aI ω 6. The standard reduction potential of Ag+/Ag electrode
q = C × e = C × 0 0 ln(2) cos ωt ... (i)
π at 298 K is 0.799V. Given that for AgI,
∴ Current in the loop Ksp = 8.7 × 10–17, evaluate the potential of Ag+/Ag
electrode in a saturated solution of AgI. Also
dq C × µ 0 aI0 ω2 calculate the standard reduction potential of
i= = ln(2) sin ωt
dt π I– electrode. [IIT-1994]

Sol. In the saturated solution of AgI, the half cell Sol. In 106 g(= 1000 kg) of the given hard water, we have
reactions are amount of SO42– ions = 96 g
At anode : Ag → Ag+ + e– amount of HCO3– ions = 183 g
At cathode : AgI + e– → Ag + I– 96 g
Cell reaction AgI → Ag+ + I– So amount of SO42– ions = = 1 mol
96 g mol −1
On applying Nernst equation
183 g
0.0591 and amount of HCO3– ions = = 3 mol
Ecell = Eº cell – log [Ag+] [I–] 61 g mol −1
n
For electrode These ions are present as CaSO4 and Ca(HCO3)2.
Ag+ + e– → Ag  3
Hence, amount of Ca2+ ions = 1 +  = 2.5 mol
0.0591 1  2
∴ E Ag + / Ag = E º Ag + / Ag – log
n [Ag + ] The addition of CaO causes the following reactions:
Ksp of AgI = [Ag+] [I–] CaO + Ca(HCO3)2 → 2CaCO3 + H2O
Q [Ag+] = [I–] 1.5 mol of CaO will be required for the removal of
∴ Ksp of AgI = [Ag+] 2 1.5 mol of Ca(HCO3) 2 in form of CaCO3.
In the treated water, only CaSO4 is present now.
∴ [Ag+] of AgI = K sp of AgI
Thus, 1 mol of Ca2+ ions will be present in 106 g of
[Ag+] = 8.7 ×10 −17 water. Hence, its concentration will be 40 ppm.
Molarity of Ca2+ ions in the treated water will be 10–3
= 9.3 × 10–9 M
mol l–1.
0.0591 1
So E Ag + / Ag = 0.799 – log If the Ca2+ ions are exchanged by H+ ions then,
1 9.3 × 10 −9
Molartiy of H+ in the treated water = 2 × 10–3 M
= + 0.799 + 0.0591 log 9.3 – 0.0591 × 9 log 10
Thus, pH = – log(2 × 10–3) = 2.7
= + 0.799 + 0.0591 × 0.9785 – 0.0591 × 9
= 0.325 V
For above cell reaction 8. A white precipitate was formed slowly when AgNO3
was added to compound (A) with molecular formula
0.0591
Ecell = Eº cell – log [Ag+] [I–] C6H13Cl. Compound (A) on treatment with hot
n alcoholic KOH gave a mixture of two isomeric
0.0591 alkenes (B) and (C), having formula C 6H12. The
= Eº cell – log (Ksp of AgI)
n mixture of (B) and (C) on ozonolysis, furnished four
At equilibrium Ecell = 0 compounds (i) CH3CHO, (ii) C2H5CHO,
0.0591 (iii) CH3COCH3 and
∴ Eº cell = log(8.7 × 10–17) = –0.95 volt
1 (iv) CH3 – CH(CH3)–CHO. What are the structures
Eº cell = Eº cathode + Eº anode of (A) and (C) ? [IIT-1986]
–0.95 = –0.799 + Eº Ag/AgI/I– Sol. It is given that,
(In form of cell reaction) C6H13Cl
Alcoholic
Two alkenes (B) + (C) with
–
Eº Ag/AgI/I = – 0.95 + 0.799 = –0.151 V (A) KOH; –HCl
Formula C6H 12
or Eº I–/AgI/Ag = + 0.151 V Alkyl chloride
(i) O3
C6H12 CH3CHO + C2H5CHO
7. A sample of hard water contains 96 ppm of SO42– and ((ii) H2O/Zn
(B) and (C)
183 ppm of HCO3– with 60 ppm of Ca 2+ as the only
+ CH3COCH3 + CH3 – CH – CHO
cation. How many moles of CaO will be required to
remove HCO32– from 100 kg of this water ? If 1000
CH3
kg of this water is treated with the amount of CaO
calculated above, what will be the concentration (in It is observed that during ozonolysis, no loss of
ppm) of residual Ca2+ ions ? (Assume CaCO3 to be carbon takes place, it may be concluded that
completely insoluble in water). If the Ca2+ ions in one CH3CHO and CH3 – CH(CH3) – CHO are the
litre of the treated water are completely exchanged products of one alkene (B) and C 2H5CHO and
with hydrogen ions, what will be its pH ? (one ppm CH3COCH3 are the products of other alkene (say)
means one part of the substance in one million part of (C). Thus, from the above we have :
water, mass/mass) [IIT-1997]

H 9. A hydrated metallic salt A, light green in colour,
gives a white anhydrous residue B after being heated
CH3 – C = O + O = HC – CH – CH3 gradually. B is soluble in water and its aqueous
CH 3 solution reacts with NO to give a dark brown
–2[O] compound C. B on strong heating gives a brown
CH3 – CH = CH – CH – CH3 residue and a mixture of two gases E and F. The
(B) CH3 gaseous mixture, when passed through acidified
permanganate, discharges the pink colour and when
(i) O3 passed through acidified BaCl2 solution, gives a
CH 3CHO + OHC – CH – CH3
(ii) H2O/Zn white precipitate. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F.
CH3 [IIT-1988]
Sol. The given observations are as follows.
Similarly alkene (C) will be derived as :
(i) Hydrated metallic salt heat
→
CH3 (A )
C = O + O = CH.CH 2CH 3
CH 3 white anhydrous residue
–2[O] ( B)
CH3 – C = CH.CH2CH3 NO
(ii) Aqueous solution of B →
CH3 dark brown compound
(C) (C )
(i) O3
CH3 – C = O + OHC.CH2CH3 (iii) Salt B
Strong
heating
→ Brown residue + Two gases
(ii) H2O/Zn (D ) ( E ) + ( F)
CH3
(iv)
acidified KMnO4
Since the compounds (B) and (C) are obtained when Pink colour is
(A), C6H13Cl, is dehydrohalogenated by heating it Gaseous mixture discharged
BaCl2 solution
with alcoholic KOH, as follows : (E) + (F) White precipitate
Alc.KOH The observation (ii) shows that B must be ferrous
CH3CH2 – CH . CH – CH3
∆; –HCl sulphate since with NO, it gives dark brown
Cl CH3 compound according to the reaction
CH3 – CH = CH – CH – CH3 + CH3CH2CH = C – CH3 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO → [Fe( H 2 O) 5 ( NO)] 2+ + H2O
dark brown
CH3 CH3 Hence, the salt A must be FeSO4 . 7H2O
(B) (20%) (minor) (C) (80%) (major)
The observation (iii) is
Since the Cl atom in (A) is an aliphatic chlorine, and
2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
it is attached to a secondary carbon atom which is
(D)
adjacent to a tertiary cabon atom and one secondary brown (E) + (F)
carbon atom – CH – CH . CH – , it will react The gaseous mixture of SO2 and SO3 explains the
2
observation (iv), namely,
Cl CH3
2MnO 4− + 5SO2 + 2H2O → 2Mn 2 + + 5SO 24− + 4H+
slowly with AgNO3 to give a white precipitate. pink colour no colour
Thus, 2H2O + SO2 + SO3 4H+ + SO32– + SO42–
A, CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH3
Ba2+ + SO32– → BaSO3 ; Ba2+ + SO4– → BaSO 4
CH3 white ppt . white ppt.
Cl
3-chloro-2-methyl pentane Hence, the various compounds are
A. FeSO4 . 7H2O B. FeSO4
B, CH3CH = CH – CH – CH3 C. [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 D. Fe2O3
CH3 E and F SO2 and SO3
4-methyl pentene -2
10. A white amorphous powder A when heated gives a
C, CH3CH2CH = C – CH3 colourless gas B, which turns lime water milky and
the residue C which is yellow when hot but white
CH3 when cold. The residue C dissolves in dilute HCl and
2-methyl pentene-2 the resulting solution gives a white precipitate on
addition of potassium ferrocyanide solution. A
dissolves in dilute HCl with the evolution of a gas

which is identical in all respects with B. The solution
of A as obtained above gives a white precipitate D on MATHEMATICS
addition of excess of NH4OH and on passing H2S.
Another portion of this solution gives initially a white 11. Determine the name of the name of the curve
precipitate E on addition of NaOH solution, which
described parametrically by the equations
dissolves on further addition of the base. Identify the
compound A to E. [IIT-1979] x = t2 + t + 1, y = t2 – t + 1 [IIT-1998]
Sol. The given information is as follows. Sol. We have,
x = t2 + t + 1 and, y = t2 – t + 1
(a) A heat
→ B + C ⇒ x + y = 2(t2 + 1) and, x – y = 2t
white powder colourless gas residue
turns lime water yellow when
milky hot white when cold  x − y  2 
⇒ x + y = 2   + 1
diluteHCl
(b)C → solution  2  
K Fe (CN)
4 
6 → white precipitate ⇒ 2(x + y) = (x – y) + 42
dilute HCl ⇒ x2 + y2 – 2xy – 2x – 2y + 4

(c) A Solution + B
Comparing this equation with the equation
(i) NH 4OH (i) NaOH ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
(ii) H 2S a = 1, b = 1, c = 4, h = –1, g = –1 and f = –1
E ∴ abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 4 – 2 – 1 – 1 – 4 ≠ 0
white precipitate
D and , h2 – ab = 1 – 1 = 0
NaOH
white precipitate Thus, we have
dissolves ∆ ≠ 0 and h2 = ab
From part (a), we conclude that B is CO2 as it turns So, the given equations represent a parabola.
lime water milky :
12. The circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed in a
Ca(OH2) + CO2 → CaCO 3 + H2O
milky due triangle which has two of its sides along the
to this
coordinate axes. If the locus of the circumcentre of
and C is ZnO as it becomes yellow on heating and is the triangle is
white in cold. Hence, the salt A must be ZnCO3.
From part (b), it is confirmed that C is a salt of zinc x + y – xy + k x 2 + y 2 = 0,
(II) which dissolves in dilute HCl and white find the value of k. [IIT-1987]
precipitate obtained after adding K4[Fe(CN)6 is due Sol. Let OAB be the triangle in which the circle
to Zn2[Fe(CN) 6]. x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed. Let the
From part (c), it is again confirmed that A is ZnCO3 x y
as on adding dilute HCl, we get CO2 and zinc (II) equation of AB be + = 1
goes into solution. White precipitate is of ZnS which a b
is precipitated in ammonical medium as its solubility y
product is not very low. White precipitate E is of B(0,b)
Zn(OH)2 which dissolves as zincate, in excess of
NaOH. Hence the given information is explained as
x y
follows. + =1
C a b
(a) ZnCO 3 heat
→ CO 2 + ZnO
a+
(C) 2
(A) (B)
x´ O (a, 0)A x
K Fe (CN)
(b) ZnOdil
HCl→ ZnCl 24 
6 → Zn 2 [Fe(CN )6 ] y´
(C) solution White precipitate
Since AB touches the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y + 4 = 0.
dil HCl
(c) ZnCO3 → ZnCl 2 + CO2 + H2O There fore,
Solution
ZnCl2 + S → ZnS ↓ + 2Cl–

2– 2 2 2 2 
+ −1  + − 1
=2 ⇒– 
(D)
a b a b 
=2
Zn2+ + 2OH– → Zn(OH)2 1 1 1 1
(E) + +
a2 b2 a 2 b2
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH → ZnO 22- + 2H2O
–
dissolves

[Q O(0, 0) and C(2, 2) lie on the same side of AB where,
2 2 a1 = ( x 22 + y 22 ) – ( x12 + y12 ) , b1 = 2(y2 – y1)
Therefore, + – 1 < 0]
a b a2 = ( x 23 + y 32 ) – ( x12 + y12 ) , b2 = 2(y3 – y1)
( 2b + 2a – ab) Clearly, a1, a2, b1, b2 are rational numbers as x1, x2,
⇒ – =2 x3, y1, y2, y3 are rational numbers.
a 2 + b2
Since either y1 ≠ y2 or, y1 ≠ y3
⇒ 2a + 2b – ab + 2 a 2 + b 2 = 0 ...(i) ∴ Either b1 ≠ 0 or, b 2 ≠ 0
Let P(h, k) be the circumcentre of ∆OAB. Since If b 1 ≠ 0, then
∆ OAB is a right angled triangle. So its circumcentre a1 – 2 b1 = 0 [From (v)]
is the mid-point of AB. a1
⇒ = 2,
a b b1
∴ h= and k =
2 2 a1
which is not possible because is a rational
⇒ a = 2h and b = 2k ...(ii) b1
From (i) and (ii), we get
number and 2 is an irrational number.
4h + 4k – 4hk + 2 4 h 2 + 4 k 2 = 0 If b 2 ≠ 0, then
a
⇒ h + k – hk + h 2 + k 2 = 0 a2 – 2 b2 = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2 ,
So, the locus of P(h, k) is b2
a2
x + y – xy + x 2 + y2 = 0 which is not possible because is a rational
b2
But, the locus of the circumcentre is given to be
number and 2 is an irrational number.
x + y – xy + k x 2 + y 2 = 0 Thus, in both the cases we arrive at a contradiction.
Thus, the value of k is 1 This means that our supposition is wrong. Hence,
there can be at most two rational points on circle C.
13. Let C be any circle with centre (0, 2 ). Prove that at 14. A rectangle PQRS has its side PQ parallel to the line
most two rational points can be there on C. y = mx and vertices P, Q and S lie on the lines y = a,
(A rational points is a point both of whose x = b and x = –b, respectively. Find the locus of the
coordinates are rational numbers) [IIT-1997] vertex R. [IIT-1996]
Sol. Let the coordinates of R be (h, k). It is given that P
Sol. The equation of any circle C with centre (0, 2 ) is lies on y = a. So, let the coordinates of P be (x1, a).
given by Since PQ is parallel to the line y = mx. Therefore,
(x – 0)2 + (y – 2 )2 = r2, where r is any positive real Slope of PQ = (Slope of y = mx) = m
number. 1
And, Slope of PS = –
or, x2 + y2 – 2 2 y = r2 – 2 (Slope of y = mx)
If possible, let P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3) be 1
=– [∴ PS ⊥ PQ]
three distinct rational points on circle C. Then, m
Now, equation of PQ is
x 12 + y12 − 2 2 y1 = r2 – 2 ...(ii)
y – a = m(x – x1) ...(i)
x 22 + y 22 − 2 2 y2 = r – 2
2
...(iii) y
(0, a) y=0
x 23 + y 32 − 2 2 y3 = r2 – 2 ...(iv)
We claim that at least two y1, y2, and y3 are distinct. x = –b P x=b
For if y1 = y2 = y3, then P, Q and R lie on a line Q
parallel to x-axis and a line parallel to x-axis does not
x´ S x
cross the circle in more than two points. Thus, we
(0, – b) O (0, b)
have either y1 ≠ y2 or, y1 ≠ y3 or, y2 ≠ y3.
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) and (iv), we get
R
( x 22 + y 22 ) – ( x12 + y12 ) – 2 2 (y2 – y1) = 0
and, ( x 23 + y 32 ) – ( x12 + y12 ) – 2 2 (y3 – y1) = 0 y´
It is given that Q lies on x = b. So, Q is the point of
⇒ a1 – 2 b1 = 0 and a2 – 2 b2 = 0 ...(v)
intersection if (i) and x = b.

Putting x = b in (i), we get 15. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle ABC and the
y = a + m(b – x1) system of linear equations
So, coordinates of Q are (b, a + m(b – x1)). x sin A + y sin B + z sin C = 0
1 x sin B + y sin C + z sin A = 0
Since PS passes through P(x1, a) and has slope – .
m x sin C + y sin A + z sin B = 0
So, Equation of PS is has a non trivial solution, prove that
1 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C – (cos A + cos B + cos C
y – a = – (x – x1) ...(ii)
m + cos A cos B + cos B cos C + cos C cos A) = 0
It is given that S lies on x = – b. So, S is the point of [IIT-2002]
intersection of (ii) and x = –b. Sol. The given system of linear equations has a non-trivial
Solving (ii) and x = – b, we get
solution. Therefore,
1
y=a+ (b + x1) sin A sin B sin C
m
sin B sin C sin A = 0
 1 
So, coordinates of S are  − b, a + (b + x1 )  sin C sin A sin B
 m 
1 sin A + sin B + sin C sin B sin C
k − a − (b + x1 )
Now, Slope of RS = m =m ⇒ sin B + sin C + sin A sin C sin A = 0
h+b sin C + sin A + sin B sin A sin B
But RS is parallel to PQ.
Applying C1 → C 1 + C2 + C3
1
k − a − (b + x1 ) 1 sin B sin C
∴ m =m
h+b ⇒ (sin A + sin B + sin C) 1 sin C sin A = 0
⇒ b + x1 = m(k – a) – m2(h + b) ...(iii) 1 sin A sin B
Similarly,
1 sin B sin C
k − a − m(b − x 1 )
Slope of RQ = ⇒ 1 sin C sin A = 0
h−b
But, RQ is perpendicular to PQ whose slope is m. 1 sin A sin B
k − a − m(b − x 1 ) 1 Q sin A + sin B + sin C 
∴ =–
h−b m  A B C 
= 4 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 ≠ 0 
1 1
⇒ b – x1 = (k – a) + 2 (h – a) ...(iv)
m m 1 sin B sin C
We have only one variable x1. To eliminate x1, add ⇒ 0 sin C − sin B sin A − sin C = 0
(iii) and (iv) to obtain 0 sin A − sin B sin B − sin C
 1 1
2b = (k – a)  m +  – m2(h + b) + 2 (h – b) Applying R2 → R 2 – R 1, R 3 → R3 – R1
 m m
⇒ –(sin B – sin C)2 – (sin A – sin C)
 m2 +1   4   4 
⇒ 2b = (k – a)   – h  m +1 – b  m +1 (sin A – sin B) = 0
  m2   m2 
 m      ⇒ sin2B + sin2C – 2 sin B sin C + sin2A
 m 2 + 1  h (m 2 − 1)( m 2 + 1) – sin A sin B – sin C sin A + sin B sin C = 0
⇒ (k – a)  –

 m  m2 ⇒ sin A + sin2B + sin2C – sin A sin B – sin B sin C
2
– sin C sin A = 0
b(m 2 + 1) 2
– =0 ⇒ sin2A + sin2B + sin2C – cos A cos B
m2
– cos B cos C – cos C cos A + cos (A + B)
h (m 2 − 1) b(m 2 + 1)
⇒ (k – a) – – =0 + cos (B + C) + cos (C + A) = 0
m m
⇒ sin2A + sin2B + sin2C – cos A cos B
⇒ m(k – a) – h(m2 – 1) – b(m2 + 1) = 0
– cos B cos C – cos C cos A – cos A
Hence, the locus of R(h, k) is
m(y – a) – x(m2 – 1) – b(m2 + 1) = 0 – cos B – cos C = 0

Physics Challenging Problems Set # 8
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
Sol ut i ons w il l be publ i s he d i n ne xt is s ue Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Passage # 1 (Ques. 1 to 3) (C) YDSE can not be conducted with unequal slit
Young's double slit experiment is conducted with the widths
following conditions (D) Dark fringe is always black either the slit widths
1. Slit S1 and slit S2 are of same width are equal or not
2. Slits are illuminated by monochromatic light source Passage # 2 (Ques. 4 to 5)
of wave length 'λ b' which is of blue color. For the given circuit
3. Distance between slits and screen D. Distance R 2R
between slits is 2d and D > > 2d 3R
It is observed that 1st bright fringe is observed in
front of one of the slit. R
a b
R 4R R R
1. If monochromatic light source of blue color is
replaced by the white colored light source then 8R 12R
maximum wavelength which is missing in front of
one of the slit is -
(A) Never of indigo and violet colors 4. What should be the value of R so that equivalent
(B) It is always of less than blue color resistance between terminals a and b is 1Ω -
(C) Missing wave lengths can have wave length
2 5
more or less than blue color (A) Ω (B) Ω
5 2
2
(D) λ max. = .λ b (C) 2Ω (D) 15Ω
( missing ) 3
5. If current passing through the circuit is 1 amp then-
2. Relation of the maximum wavelength missing with
wave length of Blue light is - (A) Potential difference across 4R and 8R is in the
(A) 2λb (B) 3λb ratio of 1 : 2

(C) 4λb (D) 5λb (B) Potential difference across ab is 1 volt when
2
3. With blue light if the slit widths are made unequal measured by an ideal voltmeter if R = Ω
5
then -
(C) Maximum potential difference will appear
(A) Position of 1st bright fringe will not be in front
of one of the slit across 12R resistance
(B) Dark fringe which was of black colour earlier (D) Maximum potential difference will appear
with same slit widths now is of blue colour across 3R resistance

Passage # 3 (Ques. 6 to 8)
Behaviour of capacitor in electric circuits is very SCIENCE TIPS

typical because of it's energy storing nature.
Capacitor behaves in just opposite manner to • What is the expression for growing current, in LR
inductor, Inductor 'L' which is measured in Henary  − t
R
in SI system stores the energy in magnetic field circuit ? ® I = I0 1 − e L 

 
 
instead of capacitor which stores in electric field
Inductor opposes the change in current and capacitor • What is the range of infrared spectrum ?
® This covers wavelengths
opposes change in voltage. from 10–3 m down to 7.8 × 10–7 m
Behaviour of inductor:
• What is the nature of graph between electric field
and potential energy (U) ?
t=0
open switch ® The nature of the graph
L/R is known as time constant
of R-L series circuit which is will be parabola having
measured in ohm symmetry about U-axis
t→∞
Steady Closed switch • Why no beats can be heard if the frequencies of
State the two interfering waves differ by more than ten ?
® this is due to persistence
For the electric circuit shown of hearing
ε1 R1 • Why heating systems based on steam are more
efficient than those based on circulation of hot
R C
water ? ® This is because steam
has more heat than water
a the same temperature
ε2 R2
• Can the specific heat of a gas be infinity ? ® Yes
6. If capacitance C varies even after that energy stored
• What is the liquid ascent formula for a capillary ?
in capacitor is zero at steady state then - 2T cos θ r
®h= –
R 1 ε1 R1 ε 2 γpg 3
(A) = (B) = where h is the height through
R 2 ε2 R 2 ε1
which a liquid of density ρ and
(C) ε1 + ε2 = 0 (D) ε1R1 + ε2R2 = 0
surface tension T rises in a
capillary tube of radius r
7. Time constant for the circuit - • What is the expression for total time of flight (T)
(A) RC (B) R1C if ε1 > ε2 2u sin θ
for oblique projection ? ®T=
 g
R R 
(C) R2C if ε1 < ε2 (D)  R + 1 2  C • The space charge limited current iP in the diode
 R1 + R 2 
value is given by ® iP = k Vp3/2
ε1 / R 1 − ε1 / R 2
where εeq = • What is an ideal gas ? ® An ideal gas is one in
1 / R1 + 1 / R 2 which intermolecular
R 1R 2 forces are absent
Req =
R1 + R 2 • Can a rough sea be calmed by pouring oil on its
surface ? ® Yes
8. Maximum current passing through resistance R -
ε eq ε eq • What is the expression for fringe width (β) in
(A) (B) Young's double slit experiment? ® β =Dλ /d where
R eq R + R eq D is the distance between the
ε eq | ε1 − ε 2 | source and screen and d is
(C) (D) distance between two slits
R R

8 Solution
Set # 7
Physics Challenging Problems

Que s t i ons we r e Publ is he d i n Nove m be r I s s ue
1. As the resistances of voltmeters in upper branch are 3. From current division formula we can conclude that
R, R/2, R/4 ...................... current in upper and lower branch are in the ratio of
the equivalent circuit is as shown below 1 : 2.
R R/2 R/4 upper Branch
................... i R R
a b C
a b
V
Lower Branch
2i R′ = R
the resistance of upper branch is voltmeter V
= R + R/2 + R/4 + ............. up to infinite Reading of voltmeter V1 is i.R
 1 1 
= R 1 + + + .....  Reading of voltmeter V is (2i.)R
 2 4 
So V = 2V1
 1 
=R  = 2R
 1 −1 / 2 
further the equivalent circuit is x.
R upper branch A B
dx.
a.
a b 4.
b.
V l.
Lower Branch
l = length of rod = b – a
the resistance of voltmeter V should be 2R so that
charge on element of length d x is dq
current in upper and lower branch is same.
dq = λ dx as λ = 3x
2. Entire upper branch is having the resistance of 2R
dq = 3xd x
and voltmeter V1 is having the resistance of R so we
Equivalent current due to element of length d x
can conclude that equivalent resistance of all the
ω
voltmeters in upper branch except V1 is R and the di = ω .dq = (3xd x)
2π
upper branch is as follows: b
ω
a V1 V2 V3 .....up to infinite b Total equivalent current i = d i = ∫ ∫ 2π (3xd
a
x)
i R R
a b b
C 3ω x 2  3ω  b2 − a 2  3 ω 2 2
=   =  
V 1=X V 2=Y 2π  2  a 2π  2  = 2 . 2π (b – a )
 
As reading of voltmeter V1 is X = i.R
3ω 2 2
= (b – a )
sum of the readings of voltmeters is Y = i.R 4π
Except V1 in upper branch Option A is correct
So, X=Y (B) Equivalent current

3ω 2 2 3ω Option B is correct
= (b – a ) = (b – a)(b + a)
4π 4π As charge on cone C3 ≠ charge on cone C 4
3ω 3 Option C correct
= (b + a)(b – a) = ω . (b + a).l
4π 4π
Part-A and part-B will have different charges so
As ω = 4π/3 So,
option D incorrect
3 4π
Equivalent current = . . (b + a).l Ans. B, C
4π 3
= (b + a).l = const.l
6. The circuit is as follows
i∝l
CT 10Ω
Option B is correct.
R1 R2 R3
(D) Charge on rod
b b a c
x2  b
∫
a
∫
q = d q = 3xd x = 3. 
 2  a Full scale deflection current for galvanometer is
3 2 2 50m
= (b – a ) ig = = 5mA
2 10Ω
Option D is correct For terminals CT and a range is 5V so
Ans. A, B, D V 5
using R = – G ⇒ R1 = – 10 = 990Ω
ig 5 × 10 −3
5. For part B
R1 = 990Ω
q > q
closed cone open cone
for part A 7. Range between CT and b is 10 volt so,
q = q V 10
Using R = – G ⇒ R1 + R 2 = – 10
closed cone open cone ig 5 ×10 −3
ω 990 + R2 = 2000 – 10
Equivalent current i = .q
2π R2 = 2000 – 1000 = 1000Ω
ω ω R2 = 1000Ω
i= .q , i= .q
2π 2π
cone - C1 (closed cone) cone-C3 (closed cone)
8. Range between CT and c is V so
ω ω
= .q i= .(σ) V
2π 2π Using R = –G
(closed cone) (Surface area of ig
closed cone)
V
If σ varies then charge on cone C1 differs from C3 So R1 + R 2 + R3 = – 10
5 × 10 −3
their currents will be different. V
Option A incorrect ⇒ 990 + 1000 + 3000 = – 10
5 × 10 −3
q = q
V
(cone C1) (cone - C2) ⇒ 5000 =
5 × 10 −3
ω ω ⇒ V = 25 volt
i = . q and i = . q
(coneC1 ) 2π (ConeC1 ) (coneC2 ) 2π (ConeC2 )
So range between CT and C is 25 volts.
i = i
(cone C1) (cone C2)

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
1. A homogeneous sphere of radius r rolls without (a) If t is the direction of common tangent, then from
slipping with constant angular speed ω' over bigger eqn. (2)
sphere, of radius R, which is in pure rotation with vp'o (t) = vpc (t) + vco (t)
constant angular speed ω about its centre O. (Fig.)  dθ 
ω R = – ω′R +   (R + r)
Find the time taken.  dt 
ω′ dθ ωR + ω' r
r or, = (3)
ω C dt R +r
R+r
so, dt = dθ (4)
O (ωR + ω' r )
R
(ii) It is simple to observer if rotating sphere were at rest,
(i) for the centre C of the rolling sphere to return to its the CM of rolling sphere C will turn by the angle 2 π,
initial position (with respect to O), and  dθ 
with angular speed   – ω to satisfy the condition
(ii) for the point of contact of the rolling sphere to make  dt 
one full revolution over the bigger rotating sphere. of the problem.
(b)(i)Determine the acceleration of the contact point of the dθ
dt
rolling sphere, and ω
(ii) the point of greatest acceleration of the rolling sphere
(both w.r.t. the centre O)
Sol. Suppose that at t = 0, the contact points of lie along
the fixed line (reference line) OX. Let at time t the Hence the sought time t′ (say) is given by
line OC makes the angle θ with OX (Fig.) 2π 2π(R + r)
^t ω′ t′ = = [using Eq. (4)]
 dθ  r (ω'− ω)
C  −ω
ω  dt 
P
θ P′ (b) From apo = apc + aco = apc (tangential) + apc (normal) + aco
O X
In our case apc (tangential) = 0, because ω′ = constant
Hence, apo = apc (normal) + aco (5)
It is better to express the velocity and acceleration of  2 
2  dθ 
any point including contact point P (say) at an apo = − ω' r +   (R + r)
  dt  
arbitrary instant of time t as,
v po = v co and apo = aco = apc + apc + aco (1) dθ ωR + ω' r
(using = from equation (3) or part (a))
We know that in the case of pure rolling the velocity dt R +r
of contact point of the rolling body has zero velocity (ii) From eqn. (5) it is obvious that the maximum value
and zero tangential acceleration relative to the contact |apo |max = |apc (normal) | + | aco |
point of the surface on which it rolls. So if P′ be the  dθ 
2
contact point of rotating sphere at time t, then = – ω′2r +   (R + r)

 dt 
vp′o = vpo
dθ
So, vp'o = vpc + vco (2) where will be substituted from Eqn. (3).
dt

2. Show that the temperature of a planet varies inversely Volume of compressed air when the sphere is in
as the square root of its distance from the Sun. position C = [ πr2x – (2/3)πr3]
Sol. Let Rs be the radius of the Sun. Consider the Sun as a Atmospheric pressure = h cm of water
black body. Let the pressure of compressed air be p cm of water.
Energy emitted per sec by it equals 4 π R s2 σ Ts4 A

This energy falls uniformly on the inner surface of
spheres centred on the Sun. If d is the distance of the L
planet from the Sun, then energy falling on unit area C
x
of the sphere of radius d is :
d
4πR 2s σTs4 σR 2s Ts4
= According to Boyle's Law (assuming no change in
4πd 2 d2
the temperature of compressed air)
This energy received by the planet is given by
p[πr2x – (2/3)πr3] = h[πr 2L – (2/3)πr3]
σR 2s Ts4 or p[x – (2r/3) = h[L – (2r/3)] ...(1)
Q = πr2 = where r is the radius of planet.
d2 In the equilibrium position C, the weight of the
If T is the temperature of the planet, then energy lost sphere is balanced by the difference of vertical thrust
by it per sec is 4 π r2 σ T4 on either side due to atmospheric and compressed air.
In the steady state the rate of reception of energy is Hence, πr2(p – h)g = mg = (4/3)πr3sg
equal to the loss of energy or p – h = (4/3)rs ...(2)
From equation (1) and (2), we get
πr 2 σR s2 Ts4
Hence, 4 π r2 σ T4 = h (3L − 2r ) 2r
d2 x= +
3p 3
1
Thus, T∝ h (3L − 2r ) 2r 9 hL + 8r 2s
d or x = + =
3h + 4 rs 3 3(3h + 4rs)
9hL + 2d 2s
3. A sphere of specific gravity s just fits into a vertical or x =
9h + 6ds
cylinder with lower end closed. The sphere is allowed
to drop slowly until it is held in equilibrium by the
4. Given the position of the object O and the image I as
thrust of the compressed air. There is no leakage of
shown in the figure. Find (a) the position of the
air. If the diameter of the sphere is d, the length of
convex lens (b) its focal length and the magnification
the cylinder is L and the height of the water
of the image. Verify graphically.
barometer is h, then what will be the position of
sphere ? Y
O
Sol. Initially, the cylinder contained air at atmospheric 2
pressure. When the sphere comes down into the 1
0 X
cylinder by the action of its own weight, it presses the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
–1
air downwards. Suppose the sphere comes to position –2 I
C which is at height x above the closed end. Let the
sphere remain in equilibrium in this position. Sol. A ray of light from the object passes undeviated
through the optic centre of the lens (C) and also the
Volume of sphere = (4/3)πr3
image I. So join OI.
Weight of the sphere = (4/3)πr3sg So it cuts the principal axis XY and C. So AB is the
Volume of cylinder = πr2L position of the lens. A ray parallel to the principal
Volume of air inside the cylinder when the sphere is axis from the object after refraction meets the
in position A = πr2L – (2/3)πr3 principal axis at F. F is the focus.

A µ 0 i dx sin θ
O dB = ...(i)
4πr 2
Since, the direction of the contribution dB at the
8 F 14
X X point P for all elements are identical viz, at right
4 C 10.4
angle into the plane of the figure, the resultant field is
obtained by simply integration equation (i), which
B
I gives
F is at a distance 2.4 cm from C. x2 x2
µ i sin θ dx
∴ Focal length of lens = 2.4 × 10 = 24 cm B= ∫
x1
dB = 0
4π ∫
x1
r2
By calculation
1 1 1 R
= – where, sin θ = and r = (x2 + R2)1/2
f v u r
x2
1 1 100 1 µ iR dx
=
60
–
− 40
=
2400
=
24 ∴ B= 0
4π ∫ (x
x1
2
+ R2 )
3/ 2
...(ii)
∴ f = 24 cm
Let x = R tan φ, such that dx = R sec2 φ dφ
v 60 3
Magnification = = =
u 40 2 x 
At x = x1 φ1 = tan–1  1  and x = x2,
length of image R
=
length of object x 
φ2 = tan–1  2 
3 mm 3 R 
= =
2 mm 2 Also, x2 + R 2 = R 2 tan2φ + R2 = R2 sec2 φ
Hence, equation (ii) becomes
5. Calculate the magnetic field B at the point P shown x
tan −1 2
µ 0 iR R sec 2 φ
in the figure. Assume that i = 10 A and a = 8.0 cm. B=
4π ∫ x
tan −1 1
R
R
R 3 sec 2 φ
a/4
B i x
C µ 0 iR tan −1 2
∫
a = R cos φ dφ
x
4 P 4π tan −1 1
R
i
i µ 0 iR   −1 x 2   x 
= sin  tan  − sin  tan −1 1  ...(iii)
4π   R   R 
i
A D
x
Let, z = tan–1   ,
R
Sol. First of all, we determine the expression of B at a
x
distance R from a straight conductor of length l. Thus, tan z =
R
x2
sin z x
R ⇒ =
1 − sin 2 z R
x ⇒ R2sin2z = x2(1 – sin2z)

φ r
⇒ sin2z(R2 + x2) = x2
dx x
⇒ sin z =
x1 x + R2
2
Consider a typical element dx. The magnitude of the

 x 
contribution dB of this element to the magnetic field ⇒ z = sin–1  
 2 2 
at P as found from Biot-Savart's law is  x +R 

Hence, equation (iii) becomes
µ0 i  x2 x1  MEMORABLE POINTS
B= −  ...(iv)
4πR  x 2 + R 2 x 2
+ R 2 
 2 1  • Can a current be measured by a voltameter ?
Applying the equation (iv) to the given problem ® Yes, direct current can be
For AB, we get measured by a voltameter
3 a a • The equivalent resistance of n resistances each equal to r

x1 = –   a, x2 = and R = and connected in parallel is given by ® r/n
4 9 4
  • Repeated use of which digital gate or gates can

a  −3 produce all the three basic gates (OR, AND and
  a 
µ 0i  4  4   NOT) ® NAND gate and NOR gate
Hence, B1 = −
 a   a2 a2 9a 2 2 
a 
4π   + + • What is Turnbull's blue ? ® Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
 4   16 16 16 16 
• An hypothesis tested by experiments is known as
µ i 1 3  ® Theory
= 0  + 
πa  2 10  • What is magnesia alba ? ® Mg(OH)2.MgCO3.3 H2O
For BC :
• The humidity of air is measured by ® Hygrometer
−a 3a a
x1 = , x2 = and R =
4 4 4 • What is oleum ? ® H2S 2O7
This also gives Also known as fuming sulphuric acid
µ 0i  1 3  • Vulcanised rubber was invented by
B2 =  + 
πa  2 10  ® Charies Goodyear (1839)
For CD : • An amino acid which does not contain a chiral
a −3a −3a centre. ® Glycine [NH2–CH2–COOH]
x1 = , x2 = and R =
4 4 4 • Scientist who perfected the technique for converting
  pig iron into steel. ® Hynry Besemer (1856)
 − 3a a 
µ0 i  4 4  • When the pH of the blood is lower than the normal
∴ Β3 = −
 − 3a   9a 2 9a 2 a 2
9a 2
 value, this condition is known as ® Acidosis
4π  + + 
 4   16 16 16 16  • The electrolytic method of obtaining aluminium
from bauxite was first developed by
µ 0i  1 1 
=  + 
3π a  10 2 ® Charles Hall (1886)
For DA : • Which compound possesses characteristic smell like

that of mustard oil ?
3a −a 3a
x1 = , x2 = and R = ® Ethyl isothiocyanate [C2H5N = C = S]
4 4 4
• First solar battery was developed in the
µ0 i  1 1 
This also gives B4 =  +  ® Bell Telephone Laboratory (1954)
3πa  10 2
• What is Wilkinson's catalyst ?
Total magnitude at magnetic field,
® tris (triphenylphosphine) chlororhodlum (I)
B = B1 + B 2 + B 3 + B 4
• In 1836 the galvanised iron was introduced first in
µ 0i  1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 
=  + + + + + + +  ® France
πa  2 10 2 10 3 10 3 2 3 10 3 2 
• What is caro's acid ?
2µ0 i
= ( 10 + 2 2 ) ® Permonosulphuric acid [H2SO5]
3πa
= 2.0 × 104 T

P HYSICS F U NDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Reflection at plane & curved surfaces

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Key Concepts : For solving the problem, the reference frame is

chosen in which optical instrument (mirror, lens, etc.)
(a) Due to reflection, none of frequency, wavelength is in rest.
and speed of light change.
The formation of image and size of image is
(b) Law of reflection : independent of size of mirror.
Incident ray, reflected ray and normal on incident Visual region and intensity of image depend on size
point are coplanar. of mirror.
The angle of incidence is equal to angle of P P'
reflection
Incident n Reflected n
n θ
Ray Ray θ
Tangent
θ θ θ θ
at point P
α
α
P
Plane surface Convex surface
n
αα
A If the plane mirror is rotated through an angle θ, the

Convex
surface Tangent reflected ray and image is rotated through an angle 2θ
at point P in the same sense.
Some important points : In case of plane mirror If mirror is cut into a number of pieces, then the focal
For real object, image is virtual. length does not change.
For virtual object, image is real. The minimum height of mirror required to see the full
image of a man of height h is h/2.
The converging point of incident beam behaves as a
object. Rest
If incident beam on optical instrument (mirror, lens
etc) is converging in nature, object is virtual. v
Object v Image
If incident beam on optical instrument is diverging in
nature, the object is real.
The converging point of reflected or refracted beam
from an optical instrument behaves as image. vsinθ
If reflected beam or refracted beam from an optical v Rest
vsinθ
instrument is converging in nature, image is real. θ
Object vcosθ vcosθ Image
n
P P P
P Real n
Virtual Real Virual vm
Object Object Object Object 2vm–v
Object v Image
If reflected beam or refracted beam from an optical
instrument is diverging in nature, image is virtual.
n αα
P' vm
P 2vm
Object Image
α
Real n α Virual In rest
Object Object

These formulae are only applicable for paraxial
Object vm rays.
v 2vm+v
Image All distances are measured from optical centre. It
means optical centre is taken as origin.
(c) Number of images formed by combination of The sign conventions are only applicable in given
two plane mirrors : The images formed by values.
combination of two plane mirror are lying on a The transverse magnification is
circle whose centre is at the meeting points of
mirrors. Also, object is lying on that circle. image size −v
β= =
object size u
360º
Here, n =
θ 1. If object and image both are real, β is negative.
where θ = angle between mirrors. 2. If object and image both are virtual, β is negative.
360º 3. If object is real but image is virtual, β is positive.
If is even number, the number of images is
θ 4. If object is virtual but image is real, β is positive.
n – 1. 5. Image of star; moon or distant object is formed at
focus of mirror.
360º
If is odd number and object is placed on If y = the distance of sun or moon from earth.
θ
bisector of angle between mirror, then number of D = diameter of moon or sun's disc
images is n – 1. f = focal length of the mirror
360º d = diameter of the image
If is odd and object is not situated on
θ θ = the angle subtended by sun or moon's disc
bisector of angle between mirrors, then the D d
number of images is equal to n. Then tan θ = θ = =
y f
(d) Law of reflection in vector form :
Here, θ is in radian.
Let ê1 = unit vector along incident ray.
ê 2 = unit vector along reflected ray Sun
n̂ = unit vector along normal on point of D F θ
Incidence θ
d
Then ê 2 = ê1 − 2(ê1.n̂ ) n̂
n
n̂ Problem solving strategy :
Image formation by mirrors
ê1 ê 2
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : There are
(e) Spherical mirrors : two different and complementary ways to solve
problems involving image formation by mirrors. One
It easy to solve the problems in geometrical optics
approach uses equations, while the other involves
by the help of co-ordinate sign convention.
drawing a principle-ray diagram. A successful
y y y problem solution uses both approaches.
Step 2: Set up the problem : Determine the target
x' x x' x x' x variables. The three key quantities are the focal
y' y' y' length, object distance, and image distance; typically
you'll be given two of these and will have to
y y determine the third.
Step 3: Execute the solution as follows :
x' x x' x The principal-ray diagram is to geometric optics
y' y' what the free-body diagram is to mechanics. In
any problem involving image formation by a
1 1 1
The mirror formula is + = mirror, always draw a principal-ray diagram first
v u f if you have enough information. (The same
Also, R = 2f

advice should be followed when dealing with
lenses in the following sections.) Solved Examples
It is usually best to orient your diagrams
consistently with the incoming rays traveling 1. How will you arrange the two mirrors so that
from left to right. Don't draw a lot of other rays at whatever may be the angle of incidence, the incident
random ; stick with the principal rays, the ones ray and the reflected ray from the two mirrors will be
you know something about. Use a ruler and parallel to each other.
measure distance carefully ! A freehand sketch Sol.
will not give good results. B
If your principal rays don't converge at a real
θ
image point, you may have to extend them
P Q
straight backward to locate a virtual image point,
as figure (b). We recommend drawing the i1 i2
i1 i2
extensions with broken lines. Another useful aid
is to color-code the different principal rays, as is A C
done in figure(a) & (b). The total deviation of the ray is given by
Q I δ =180 – 2i1 + 180 – 2i2
= 360 – 2(i1 + i2)
4
2 For the resultant ray to be parallel, δ should be 180º
3 C P' F v
P ∴ 360 – 2(i1 + i2) = 180
2 i.e., i1 + i2 = 90º
4 Q'
3 From the geometry of the figure i1 + i2 = θ
1 θ Angle between the mirrors should be 90º.
(a)
2. Rays of light strike a horizontal plane mirror at an
angle of 45º. At what angle should a second plane
Q 1 1 mirror be placed in order that the reflected ray finally
3 be reflected horizontally from the second mirror.
Q'
2 4 2 Sol. The situation is shown in figure
P v P' F C C G
A D
4 S θ θ
(b) 45º N
1 1 1 45º
Check your results using Eq. + = and the P Q
s s' f B
y' s' The ray AB strikes the first plane mirror PQ at an
magnification equation m = = − . The angle of 45º. Now, we suppose that the second
y s
mirror SG is arranged such that the ray BC after
results you find using this equation must be reflection from this mirror is horizontal.
consistent with your principal-ray diagram; if not, From the figure we see that emergent ray CD is
double-check both your calculation and your
parallel to PQ and BC is a line intersecting these
diagram.
parallel lines.
Pay careful attention to signs on object and image So, ∠DCE = ∠CBQ = 180º
distances, radii or curvature, and object and image
∠DCN + ∠NCB + ∠CBQ = 180º
heights. A negative sign on any of these
quantities always has significance. Use the θ + θ + 45º = 180º ∴ θ = 67.5º
equations and the sign rules carefully and As ∠NCS = 90º, therefore the second mirror should
consistently, and they will tell you the truth ! be inclined to the horizontal at an angle 22.5º.
Note that the same sign rules (given in section)
work for all four cases in this chapter : reflection 3. An object is placed exactly midway between a
and refraction from plane and spherical surfaces. concave mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm and a
convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. The
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : You've already
mirrors face each other and are 50 cm apart.
checked your results by using both diagrams and
equations. But it always helps to take a look back Determine the nature and position of the image
and ask yourself. "Do these results make sense ?". formed by the successive reflections, first at the
concave mirror and then at the convex mirror.

Sol. The image formation is shown in figure. The image will be virtual. This is formed at I1 behind
50cm the convex mirror at a distance of 10 cm. The image
I2 I1 acts as an object for convex mirror.
P2 C (ii) For concave mirror,
F
P1 u2 = P2I1 = 60 + 10 = 70 cm,
25cm f2 = +15 cm and v 2 = ?
1 1 1
r = 40 cm ∴ = +
r = 30 cm 15 70 v2
I1
Solving we get, v2 = (210/11) cm.
(i) For concave mirror, As v2 is positive, the image I2 is formed in front of
u1 = 25 cm, f1 = 20 cm and v1 = ? concave mirror at a distance of (210/11) cm.
1 1 1 Magnification m1 for first reflection
Now = +
f1 u1 v1 v 10 1
= 1 = =
1 1 1 u1 30 3
or = +
20 25 v1 Magnification m2 for second reflection
v1 = 100 cm. v ( 210 / 11) 3
= 2 = =
As v1 is positive, hence the image is real. In the u2 70 11
absence of convex mirror, the rays after reflection
1 3 1
from concave mirror would have formed a real image Final magnification = m1 × m2 = × =
I1 at distance 100 cm from the mirror. Due to the 3 11 11
presence of convex mirror, the rays are reflected and 1 5
appear to come from I2. ∴ Size of the image = 5 × =
11 11
(ii) For convex mirror, 5. An object is placed infront of a convex mirror at a
In this case, I1 acts as virtual object and I2 is the distance of 50 cm. A plane mirror is introduced
virtual image. covering the lower half of the convex mirror. If the
The distance of the virtual object from the convex distance between the object and the plane mirror is 30
mirror is 100 – 50 = 50 cm. Hence u2 = –50 cm. cm it is found that there is no parallex between the
As focal length of convex mirror is negative and images formed by the two mirrors. What is the
hence f2 = –30/2 = –15 cm. Here we shall calculate radius of curvature of the convex mirror ?
the value of v 2. Using the mirror formula, we have Sol. Let O be the object placed infront of a convex mirror
1 1 1 MM' at a distance of 50 cm as shown in figure. The
− = − + distance of the plane mirror NN' from the object is
15 50 v 2
30. We know that in a plane mirror the image is
or v2 = –21.42 cm
formed behind the mirror at the same distance as the
As v2 is negative, image is virtual. So image is
object infront of it. It is also given that there is no
formed behind the convex mirror at a distance of
parallax between the images formed by the two
21.43 cm.
mirrors, i.e., the image is formed at a distance of 30
cm behind the plane mirror.
4. A convex and a concave mirror each 30 cm in radius
For convex mirror,
are placed opposite to each other 60 cm apart on the
same axis. An object 5 cm in height is placed u = 50 cm, v = 10 cm [Q QP = QN – PN]
midway between them. Find the position and size of as v is negative in convex mirror.
the image formed by reflection, first at convex and M 50cm
then at the concave mirror.
N
Sol. The image formation is shown in figure.
Q P O
20cm
N'
30cm
P2 O M'
P1 I1
I2 1 1 1
Using the mirror formula = + , we have
f u v
r = 30 cm r = 30 cm
1 1 1 4 50
(i) For convex mirror, = − = − , ∴f= −
u1 = +30 m, f1 = –15 cm and v 1 = ? f 50 10 50 4
1 1 1 50 × 2
∴− = + Now v = 2f = − = –25 m
15 50 v1 4
The radius of curvature of convex mirror is 25 cm.
or v1 = –10 cm

P HYSICS F U NDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Fluid Mechanics
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Hydrostatics : Hydrodynamics :
Pressure at a point inside a Liquid : p = p0 + ρ gh 1 2 p
Bernoulli's Theorem : v + gh + = a constant
where p0 is the atmospheric pressure, ρ is the density 2 ρ
of the liquid and h is the depth of the point below the for a streamline flow of a fluid (liquid or gas).
free surface. Here, v is the velocity of the fluid, h is its height
p0 above some horizontal level, p is the pressure and ρ
is the density.
h p1
p
v1 p2
ρ
h1
v2 h2
Pressure is a Scalar : The unit of pressure may be
atmosphere or cm of mercury. These are derived v2 > v1 p2 < p1
units. The absolute unit of pressure is Nm–2. Normal According to this principle, the greater the velocity,
atmospheric pressure, i.e, 76 cm of mercury, is the lower is the pressure in a fluid flow.
approximately equal to 10 5 Nm– 2.
It would be useful to remember that in liquid flow,
Thrust : Thrust = pressure × area. Thrust has the unit the volume of liquid flowing past any point per
of force. second is the same for every point. Therefore, when
Laws of liquid pressure the cross-section of the tube decreases, the velocity
(a) A liquid at rest exerts pressure equally in all increases.
directions. Note : Density = relative density
(b) Pressure at two points on the same horizontal line or specific gravity × 1000 kg m– 3.
in a liquid at rest is the same. Surface tension and surface energy :
(c) Pressure exerted at a point in a confined liquid at Surface Tension : The property due to which a
rest is transmitted equally in all directions and liquid surface tends to contract and occupy the
acts normally on the wall of the containing vessel. minimum area is called the surface tension of the
This is called Pascal's law. A hydraulic press liquid. It is caused by forces of attraction between the
works on this principle of transmission of molecules of the liquid. A molecule on the free
pressure. surface of a liquid experiences a net resultant force
The principle of floating bodies (law of flotation) is which tends to draw it into the liquid. Surface tension
that W = W´, that is, weight of body = weight of is actually a manifestation of the forces experienced
displaced liquid or buoyant force. The weight of the by the surface molecules.
displaced liquid is also called buoyancy or upthrust. If an imaginary line is drawn on a liquid surface then
Hydrometers work on the principle of floating the force acting per unit length of this line is defined
bodies. This principle may also be applied to gases
as the surface tension. Its unit is, therefore, newton /
(e.g., a balloon).
metre. This force acts along the liquid surface. For
Liquids and gases are together called fluids. The curved surfaces, the force is tangent to the liquid
important difference between them is that liquids surface at every point.
cannot be compressed, while gases can be
Surface Energy : A liquid surface possesses
compressed. Hence, the density of a liquid is the
potential energy due to surface tension. This energy
same everywhere and does not depend on its
per unit area of the surface is called the surface
pressure. In the case of a gas, however, the density is
energy of the liquid. Its units is joule per square
proportional to the pressure.
metre. The surface energy of a liquid has the same
numerical values as the surface tension. The surface

tension of a liquid depends on temperature. It The upward force by which a liquid surface is pulled
decreases with rise in temperature. up in a capillary tube is 2πrTcos θ, and the downward
Excess of Pressure : Inside a soap bubble or a gas force due to the gravitational pull on the mass of
bubble inside a liquid, there must be pressure in liquid in the tube is ( πr2h + v)ρ g, where v is the
excess of the outside pressure to balance the tendency volume above the liquid meniscus. If θ = 0º, the
of the liquid surface to contract due to surface meniscus is hemispherical in shape. Then v =
tension. difference between the volume of the cylinder of
radius r and height r and the volume of the
1 1 hemisphere of radius r
p(excess of pressure) = T  +  in general
 r1 r2  2 3 1 3
= πr3 – πr = πr
where T is surface tension of the liquid, and r1 and r2 3 3
are the principal radii of curvature of the bubble in
two mutually perpendicular directions. When θ ≠ 0, we cannot calculate v which is generally
very small and so it may be neglected. For
For a spherical soap bubble, r1 = r2 = r and there are equilibrium
two free surfaces of the liquid.
(πr2h + v) ρ g = 2 πrT cos θ
4T
∴ p= When a glass capillary tube is dipper in mercury, the
r meniscus is convex, since the angle of contact is
For a gas bubble inside a liquid, r1 = r2 = r and there obtuse. The surface tension forces now acquire a
is only one surface. downward component, and the level of mercury
2T inside the tube the falls below the level outside it. the
∴ p= relation 2T cos θ = hρgr may be used to obtain the
r fall in the mercury level.
For a cylindrical surface r1 = r and r2 = ∞ and there Problem Solving Strategy
are two surfaces.
Bernoulli's Equations :
2T
∴ p= Bernoulli's equation is derived from the work-energy
r theorem, so it is not surprising that much of the
Angle of Contact : The angle made by the surface of problem-solving strategy suggested in W.E.P. also
a liquid with the solid surface inside of a liquid at the applicable here.
point of contact is called the angle of contact. It is at Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : First ensure
this angle that the surface tension acts on the wall of that the fluid flow is steady and that fluid is
the container. incompressible and has no internal friction. This case
The angle of contact θ depends on the natures of the is an idealization, but it hold up surprisingly well for
liquid and solid in contact. If the liquid wets the solid fluids flowing through sufficiently large pipes and for
(e.g., water and glass), the angle of contact is zero. In flows within bulk fluids (e.g., air flowing around an
most cases, θ is acute (figure i). In the special case of airplane or water flowing around a fish).
mercury on glass, θ is obtuse (figure ii). Step 2: Set up the problem using the following steps
Always begin by identifying clearly the points 1
θ θ and 2 referred to in Bernoulli's equation.
Define your coordinate system, particular the
fig. (i) fig. (ii) level at which y = 0.
Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube : In a thin Make lists of the unknown and known quantities
(capacity) tube, the free surface of the liquid becomes 1 1
in Eq. p1 + ρ gy1 + ρ v12 = p2 + ρ gy2 + ρ v22
curved. The forces of surface tension at the edges of 2 2
the liquid surface then acquire a vertical component. (Bernoulli's equation)
meniscus θ The variables are p1, p2, v 1, v 2, y1 and y2, and the
T θ T
constants are ρ and g. Decide which unknowns
are your target variables.
θ θ
Step 3: Execute the solutions as follows : Write
h Bernoulli's equation and solve for the unknowns. In
some problems you will need to use the continuity
equation, Eq. A1v1 = A2v 2 (continuity equation,
incompressible fluid), to get a relation between the
r two speeds in terms of cross-sectional areas of pipes

or containers. Or perhaps you will know both speeds
and need to determine one of the areas. You may also •1
dV
need to use Eq. = Av (volume flow rate) to find
dt x
the volume flow rate. H
•2 h
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : As always, verify that
the results make physical sense. Double-check that
you have used consistent units. In SI units, pressure is •3
in pascals, density in kilograms per cubic meter, and p0 1 2 p2
1
speed in meters per second. Also note that the + v 1 + gH = + v 22 + g (h – x)
pressures must be either all absolute pressure or all ρ 2 ρ 2
gauge pressures. p 1
= 0 + v 23 + 0
ρ 2
By continuity equation
Solved Examples v 1A1 = A2v 2 = A2v 3
Since A1 >> A2,v1 is negligible and v2 = v 3 = n (say).
1. A vertical U-tube of uniform cross-section contains p0 p 1
∴ + gH = 2 + v2 + g (h – x)
mercury in both arms. A glycerine (relative density ρ ρ 2
1.3) column of length 10 cm is introduced into one of
p0 1 2
the arms. Oil of density 800 kg m–3 is poured into the = + v
other arm until the upper surface of the oil and ρ 2
glycerine are at the same horizontal level. Find the ∴ v = 2gH (i)
length of the oil column. Density of mercury is 13.6
× 103 kg m–3. p0 p
and + gH = 2 + gH + g (h – x)
Sol. Draw a horizontal line through the mercury-glycerine ρ ρ
surface. This is a horizontal line in the same liquid at ⇒ p0 + p2 + ρ g (h – x)
rest namely, mercury. Therefore, pressure at the ⇒ p2 = p0 – ρ g (h – x) (ii)
points A and B must be the same. Thus pressure varies with distance from the upper
end of the pipe according to equation (ii) and velocity
is a constant and is given by (i).
h
10 cm
3. A rod of length 6m has a mass of 12 kg. It is hinged

(1 – h)
at one end at a distance of 3 m below the water

surface.
A B (i) What weight must be attached to the other end so
that 5 m of the rod is submerged ?
(ii) Find the magnitude and direction of the force
Pressure at B exerted by the hinge on the rod. The specific gravity
= p0 + 0.1 × (1.3 × 1000) × g
of the material of the rod is 0.5
Pressure at A
Sol. Mass per unit length of the rod is 2 kg. Therefore,
= p0 + h × 800 × g + (0.1 – h) × 13.6 × 1000g
mass of the submerged portion of the rod is 10 kg and
∴ p0 + 0.1 × 1300 × g
= p0 + 800gh + 1360g – 13600 × g × h 10 3
its volume = m (using the simple formula,
⇒ 130 = 800h + 1360 – 13600h 500
1230 mass
⇒ h= = 0.096 m = 9.6 cm volume = and density = specific gravity ×
12800 density
1000 kg m– 3).
2. A liquid flows out of a broad vessel through a narrow Fb B
vertical pipe. How are the pressure and the velocity
W
of the liquid in the pipe distributed when the height θ
O C
of the liquid level in the vessel is H from the lower
end of the length of the pipe is h ? 3m
Sol. Let us consider three points 1, 2, 3 in the flow of O´ 12 kgf
H
water. The positions of the points are as shown in the
A
figure. N
Applying Bernoulli's theorem to points 1, 2 and 3

Therefore, buoyant force 1 1 
10 ∴ pressure difference = 2T cos θ  − 
Fb = × 1000 = 20 kgf  r1 r2 
500
Let N and H be the vertical downward and horizontal
reactions of the hinge on the rod. Considering B A
horizontal and vertical translational equilibrium of
the rod, N + 12 + W = 20 (where W is the weight to
be attached and H = 0).
N+ W=8 and H=0 ..(i)
Considering the rotational equilibrium of the rod
about A
–20 × g × 2.5 cos θ + 12 × g × 3 cos θ + W × 6 cos θ = 0 Let this pressure difference correspond to h units of
⇒ 6W = 50g – 36g = 14g the liquid.
7 7 1 1 
⇒ W = g = kgf Then 2T cos θ  −  = ρ gh
3 3  r1 r2 
7 17 2T cos θ  1 1 
Ν=8– = kgf ⇒ h=  − 
3 3 ρg  r1 r2 
4. The end of a capillary tube with a radius r is 2 × 0.07  1 1 
immersed in water. Is mechanical energy conserved ∴ h=  −
− −
 = 4.76 mm
1000 × 9.8  1 ×10 3
1.5 ×10 3
when the water rises in the tube ? The tube is
sufficiently long. If not, calculate the energy change.
Sol. In the equilibrium position (θ = 0º for pure water and
glass) Interesting Science Facts
2πrT cos 0º = πr2hρ g
2T • The dinosaurs became extinct before the
or h= Rockies or the Alps were formed.
ρgr
• Female black widow spiders eat their males after
4πT 2 mating.
Work done by surface tension = (2 πrT) × h =
ρg • When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20
U, potential energy of water in the tube times that of the space shuttle during launch.
= (πr2hρ)gh/2; it is multiple by h/2 because the cg of • The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around
the water in the capillary tube is at a height h/2. 2300 BC.
2πT 2 • If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest
⇒ U=
ρg star would be 445 miles away.
Thus it is seen that the mechanical energy is not • The Australian billy goat plum contains 100
conserved. times more vitamin C than an orange.
4πT 2 2πT 2 • Astronauts cannot belch - there is no gravity to
∴ mechanical energy loss = –
ρg ρg separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.
2πT 2 • The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029
= feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.
ρg
This energy is converted into heat. • One million, million, million, million, millionth of
a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the
5. Calculate the difference in water levels in two size of a …pea.
communicating tubes of diameter d = 1 mm and • DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss
d = 1.5 mm. Surface tension of water = 0.07 Nm–1 Friedrich Mieschler.
and angle of contact between glass and water = 0º. • The molecular structure of DNA was first
2T cos θ determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.
Sol. Pressure at A = p0 –
r2 • The thermometer was invented in 1607 by
(Q pressure inside a curved surface is greater than Galileo.
that outside) • Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying
2T cos θ glass in 1250.
Pressure at B = p0 –
r1

KEY CONCEPT
Organic
Chemistry CARBOXYLIC ACID
Fundamentals
Acidity of carboxylic acids. (1.27Å) which is nearly intermediate between C O

Fatty acids are weak acids as compared to inorganic and C—O bond length values. This proves resonance
acids. The acidic character of fatty acids decreases in carboxylate anion.
with increase in molecular weight. Formic acid is the
O –
strongest of all fatty acids. O
The acidic character of carboxylic acids is due to H C H C Na+
resonance in the acidic group which imparts electron OH O
deficiency (positive charge) on the oxygen atom of
Formic acid Sodium formate
the hydroxyl group (structure II).
It is important to note that although carboxylic acids
O O– and alcohols both contain –OH group, the latter are
+
R C O H not acidic in nature. It is due to the absence of
R C O H
resonance (factor responsible for acidic character of
I II –COOH) in both the alcohols as well as in their
Non-equivalent structures (Resonance less important) corresponding ions (alkoxide ions).
R—O—H R—O– + H+
O–
Alcohol Alkoxide ion
R C O+H + (No resonance) (No resonance)
Relative acidic character of carboxylic acids with
The positive charge (electron deficiency) on oxygen
common species not having —COOH group.
atom causes a displacement of electron pair of the
O—H bond towards the oxygen atom with the result RCOOH > Ar—OH > HOH > ROH >
the hydrogen atom of the O—H group is eliminated HC CH > NH3 > RH
as proton and a carboxylate ion is formed. Effect of Substituents on acidity.
Once the carboxylate ion is formed, it is stabilised by The carboxylic acids are acidic in nature because of
means of resonance. stabilisation (i.e., dispersal of negative charge) of
O O– carboxylate ion. So any factor which can enhance the
R C R C dispersal of negative charge of the carboxylate ion
O– O will increase the acidity of the carboxylic acid and
vice versa. Thus electron-withdrawing substitutents
Resonating forms of carboxylate ion (Equivalent structures)
(Resonance more important) (like halogens, —NO2, —C6H5, etc.) would disperse
the negative charge and hence stabilise the
– carboxylate ion and thus increase acidity of the
O
R C parent acid. On the other hand, electron-releasing
O substituents would increase the negative charge,
destabilise the carboxylate ion and thus decrease
Resonance hybrid of carboxylate ion
acidity of the parent acid.
Due to equivalent resonating structures, resonance in –
carboxylate anion is more important than in the O
parent carboxylic acid. Hence carboxylate anion is X C
more stabilised than the acid itself and hence the O
equilibrium of the ionisation of carboxylic acids to The substituent X withdraws electrons, disperses negative
the right hand side. charge, stabilises the ion and hence increases acidity
RCOOH RCOO– + H+ –
O
The existence of resonance in carboxylate ion is
Y C
supported by bond lengths. For example, in formic O
acid, there is one C=O double bond (1.23 Å) and one
C—O single bond (1.36Å), while in sodium formate The substituent Y releases electrons, intensifies negative
both of the carbon-oxygen bond lengths are identical charge, destabilises the ion and hence decreases acidity

Now, since alkyl groups are electron-releasing, their Comparison of nucleophilic substitution (e.g.,
presence in the molecule will decrease the acidity. In hydrolysis) in acid derivatives. Let us first study the
general, greater the length of the alkyl chain, lower mechanism of such reaction.
shall be the acidity of the acid. Thus, formic acid O O
(HCOOH), having no alkyl group, is about 10 times (i) Addition step
R C Z + Nu R C Nu
stronger than acetic acid (CH3COOH) which in turn
is stronger than propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) and Z
so on. Similarly, following order is observed in O
(ii) Elimination step
chloro acids. R C Nu + Z
Cl Cl (where Z= —Cl, —OCOR, —OR, —NH2 and Nu =
A nucleophile)
Cl C CO2H > Cl C CO2H
Nucleophilic substitution in acid derivatives
Cl H
O O OH
pKa 0.70 1.48 Nu H+
R C R' R C Nu R C Nu
H H
R' R'
> Cl C CO2H > H C CO2H
(where R' = H or alkyl group)
H H
Nucleophilic addition on aldehydes and ketones
pKa 2.86 4.76
The (i) step is similar to that of nucleophilic addition
Decreasing order of aliphatic acids
in aldehydes and ketones and favoured by the
(i) O2NCH2COOH > FCH2COOH > ClCH2COOH
presence of electron withdrawing group (which
> BrCH2COOH
would stabilise the intermediate by developing
(ii) HCOOH > CH3COOH > (CH3)2 CHCOOH
negative charge) and hindered by electron-releasing
> (CH3)3CCOOH
group. The (ii) step (elimination of the leaving group
(iii) CH3CH2CCl2COOH > CH3CHCl.CHCl.COOH
Z) depends upon the ability of Z to accommodate
> ClCH2CHClCH2COOH
electron pair, i.e., on the basicity of the leaving
(iv) F3CCOOH > Cl3CCOOH > Br3CCOOH
group. Weaker bases are good leaving groups,
Benzoic acid is somewhat stronger than simple
hence weaker a base, the more easily it is removed.
aliphatic acids. Here the carboxylate group is
Among the four leaving groups (Cl–, –OCOR, –OR,
attached to a more electronegative carbon (sp2
and –NH2) of the four acid derivatives, Cl– being the
hybridised) than in aliphatic acids (sp3 hybridised).
weakest base is eliminated most readily. The relative
HCOOH > C6H5COOH > CH3COOH.
order of the basic nature of the four groups is
Nucleophilic substitution at acyl carbon : –
NH2 > –OR > –O.COR > Cl–
It is important to note that nucleophilic substitution
Hence acid chlorides are most reactive and acid
(e.g., hydrolysis, reaction with NH3, C 2H5OH, etc.) in
amides are the least reactive towards nucleophilic
acid derivatives (acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters
acyl substitution. Thus, the relative reactivity of acid
and amides) takes place at acyl carbon atom
derivatives (acyl compounds) towards nucleophilic
(difference from nucleophilic substitution in alkyl
substitution reactions is
halides where substitution takes place at alkyl carbon
ROCl > RCO.O.COR > RCOOR > RCONH2
atom). Nucleophilic substitution in acyl halides is
Acid Acid Esters Acid
faster than in alkyl halides. This is due to the
chlorides anhydrides amides
presence of > CO group in acid chlorides which
facilitate the release of halogen as halide ion. OH– being stronger base than Cl–, carboxylic acids
δ– (RCOOH) undergo nucleophilic substitution
O
δ– δ+ δ–
(esterfication) less readily than acid chlorides.
R C Cl R Cl
δ+
Alkyl chloride
Acid chloride

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KEY CONCEPT
Physical
Chemistry CHEMICAL KINETICS
Fundamentals
The temperature dependence of reaction rates : behaviour is a signal that the reaction has a complex
The rate constants of most reactions increase as the mechanism.
temperature is raised. Many reactions in solution fall The temperature dependence of some reactions is
somewhere in the range spanned by the hydrolysis of non-Arrhenius, in the sense that a straight line is not
methyl ethanoate (where the rate constant at 35ºC is obtained when ln k is plotted against 1/T. However,
1.82 times that at 25ºC) and the hydrolysis of sucrose it is still possible to define an activation energy at any
(where the factor is 4.13). temperature as
(a) The Arrhenius parameters :  dln k 
Ea = RT2   .......(ii)
It is found experimentally for many reactions that a  dT 
plot of ln k against 1/T gives a straight line. This This definition reduces to the earlier one (as the slope
behaviour is normally expressed mathematically by of a straight line) for a temperature-independent
introducing two parameters, one representing the activation energy. However, the definition in eqn.(ii)
intercept and the other the slope of the straight line, is more general than eqn.(i), because it allows Ea to
and writing the Arrhenius equaion. be obtained from the slope (at the temperature of
Ea interest) of a plot of ln k against 1/T even if the
ln k = ln A – ......(i) Arrhenius plot is not a straight line. Non-Arrhenius
RT
behaviour is sometimes a sign that quantum
The parameter A, which corresponds to the intercept mechanical tunnelling is playing a significant role in
of the line at 1/T = 0(at infinite temperature, shown in the reaction.
figure), is called the pre-exponential factor or the (b) The interpretation of the parameters :
'frequency factor'. The parameter Ea, which is
We shall regard the Arrhenius parameters as purely
obtained from the slope of the line (–Ea/R), is called
empirical quantities that enable us to discuss the
the activation energy. Collectively the two quantities
variation of rate constants with temperature;
are called the Arrhenius parameters.
however, it is useful to have an interpretation in mind
ln A and write eqn.(i) as
k = Ae − Ea / RT .......(iii)
Slope = –Ea/R To interpret Ea we consider how the molecular
potential energy changes in the course of a chemical
ln k
reaction that begins with a collision between

molecules of A and molecules of B(shown in figure).
1/T Ea
Potential energy
A plot of ln k against 1/T is a straight line when

the reaction follows the behaviour described by
the Arrhenius equation. The slope gives –E a/R
Reactants
and the intercept at 1/T = 0 gives ln A.
The fact that Ea is given by the slope of the plot of
ln k against 1/T means that, the higher the activation
energy, the stronger the temperature dependence of Products
the rate constant (that is, the steeper the slope). A
high activation energy signifies that the rate constant Progress of reaction
depends strongly on temperature. If a reaction has
A potential energy profile for an exothermic
zero activation energy, its rate is independent of
reaction. The height of the barrier between
temperature. In some cases the activation energy is
the reactants and products is the activation
negative, which indicates that the rate decreases as
energy of the reaction
the temperature is raised. We shall see that such

As the reaction event proceeds, A and B come into ratio of the two rates, and therefore of the two rate
contact, distort, and begin to exchange or discard constants :
atoms. The reaction coordinate is the collection of [P2 ] k
motions, such as changes in interatomic distances and = 2
bond angles, that are directly involved in the [ P1 ] k1
formation of products from reactants. (The reaction This ratio represents the kinetic control over the
coordinate is essentially a geometrical concept and proportions of products, and is a common feature of
quite distinct from the extent of reaction.) The the reactions encountered in organic chemistry where
potential energy rises to a maximum and the cluster reactants are chosen that facilitate pathways
of atoms that corresponds to the region close to the favouring the formation of a desired product. If a
maximum is called the activated complex. After the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium, then the
maximum, the potential energy falls as the atoms proportion of products is determined by
rearrange in the cluster and reaches a value thermodynamic rather than kinetic considerations,
characteristic of the products. The climax of the and the ratio of concentration is controlled by
reaction is at the peak of the potential energy, which considerations of the standard Gibbs energies of all
corresponds to the activation energy Ea. Here two the reactants and products.
reactant molecules have come to such a degree of The kinetic isotope effect
closeness and distortion that a small further
distortion will send them in the direction of products. The postulation of a plausible mechanism requires
This crucial configuration is called the transition careful analysis of many experiments designed to
state of the reaction. Although some molecules determine the fate of atoms during the formation of
entering the transition state might revert to reactants, products. Observation of the kinetic isotope effect, a
if they pass through this configuration then it is decrease in the rate of a chemical reaction upon
inevitable that products will emerge from the replacement of one atom in a reactant by a heavier
encounter. isotope, facilitates the identification of bond-breaking
events in the rate-determining step. A primary
We also conclude from the preceding discussion that, kinetic isotope effect is observed when the rate-
for a reaction involving the collision of two determining step requires the scission of a bond
molecules, the activation energy is the minimum involving the isotope. A secondary isotope effect is
kinetic energy that reactants must have in order the reduction in reaction rate even though the bond
to form products. For example, in a gas-phase involving the isotope is not broken to form product.
reaction there are numerous collisions each second, In both cases, the effect arises from the change in
but only a tiny proportion are sufficiently energetic to activation energy that accompanies the replacement
lead to reaction. The fraction of collisions with a of an atom by a heavier isotope on account of
kinetic energy in excess of an energy Ea is given by changes in the zero-point vibrational energies.
the Boltzmann distribution as e −E a / RT . Hence, we First, we consider the origin of the primary kinetic
can interpret the exponential factor in eqn(iii) as the isotope effect in a reaction in which the rate-
fraction of collision that have enough kinetic energy determining step is the scission of a C–H bond. The
to lead to reaction. reaction coordinate corresponds to the stretching of
The pre-exponential factor is a measure of the rate at the C–H bond and the potential energy profile is
which collisions occur irrespective of their energy. shown in figure. On deuteration, the dominant
Hence, the product of A and the exponential factor, change is the reduction of the zero-point energy of
e −E a / RT , gives the rate of successful collisions. the bond (because the deuterium atom is heavier).
The whole reaction profile is not lowered, however,
Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions : because the relevant vibration in the activated
In some cases reactants can give rise to a variety of complex has a very low force constant, so there is
products, as in nitrations of mono-substituted little zero-point energy associated with the reaction
benzene, when various proportions of the ortho-, coordinate in either isotopomeric form of the
meta-, and para- substituted products are obtained, activated complex.
depending on the directing power of the original
substituent. Suppose two products, P 1 and P2, are
produced by the following competing reactions : Ea(C–H)
Potential energy
C–H
A + B → P1 Rate of formation of P 1 = k1[A][B] C–D
Ea (C–D)
A + B → P2 Rate of formation of P 2 = k2[A][B]
The relative proportion in which the two products
have been produced at a given state of the reaction
(before it has reached equilibrium) is given by the Reaction coordinate

UNDERSTANDING
Inorganic Chemistry
1. A black coloured compound (A) on reaction with dil. 2. An unknown inorganic compound (X) gives the
H2SO4 gives a gas (B) which on passing in a solution following observations :
of an acid (C) gives a white turbidity (D). Gas (B) (i) When added to CuSO4 solution it liberates iodine
when passed through an acidified solution of a and a white ppt. (Y) is formed. The liberated I2
compound (E), gives ppt.(F) which is soluble in reacts with Na 2S2O3 solution to give NaI and a
dilute nitric acid. After boiling this solution an excess colourless compound (Z).
of NH4OH is added, a blue coloured compound (G) is (ii) When CHCl3 and Cl2 water is added to aqueous
produced. To this solution, on addition of CH3COOH solution of (X), a violet layer of chloroform is
and aqueous K4[Fe(CN) 6], a chocolate ppt. (H) is formed.
produced. On addition of an aqueous solution of (iii)(X) gives a violet colour flame when heated in
BaCl2 to aqueous solution of (E), a white ppt. Bunsen burner flame.
insoluble in HNO3 is obtained. Identify compounds (iv)When aqueous solution of (X) is added to
(A) to (H). aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow ppt. (M) is formed.
Sol. From the data on compounds (G) and (H), it may be (v) Addition of (X) to HgCl2 gives a red ppt. which
inferred that the compound (E) contains cupric ions dissolves in excess of (X) to give Nessler's
reagent.
(Cu2+), i.e., (E) is a salt of copper. Since the addition
(vi) On heating (X) with dil. HCl and KNO2, violet
of BaCl2 to (E) gives a white ppt. insoluble in HNO3,
vapours of a compound (N) are formed which
it may be said that the anion in the salt is sulphate ion
condenses on the wall of test tube.
(SO42–). Hence, (E) is CuSO4. What are (X), (Y), (Z), (M) and (N) ? Explain the
The gas (B) which is obtained by adding dil. H2SO4 reactions.
to a black coloured compound (A), may be H2S since Sol. Observation (iii) indicates that the compound (X)
it can cause precipitation of Cu2+ ions in acidic contains K+, it is because it gives a violet coloured
medium. The black coloured compound (A) may be flame. On the other hand set (ii) confirmed that (X)
ferrous sulphide (iron pyrite). contains I– ions, thus (X) is KI. Now the different
Hence, the given observation may be explained from reactions may be formulated as follows.
the following equations.
2KI + Cl2 CHCl
3 → I2 + 2KCl
Fe S + H2 SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S
Violet layer
(A) Dil. (B)
(i) When CuSO4 reacts with KI, I2 is liberated and a
H2S + 2HNO3 → 2NO2 + 2H2O + S (D) ppt. of cuprous iodide (Y) is formed.
(C) White turbidity [CuSO4 + 2KI → K2SO4 + CuI2] × 2
CuSO4 + H2S → CuS ↓ + H2SO4 2CuI2 → Cu2I2 + I2
(E) (B) (F) Unstable
Black ppt. On adding,
3CuS + 8HNO3 → 2CuSO4 + 4KI → 2K2SO4 + Cu2I2 + I2
Dil. 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 3S + 4H2O (Y) white ppt.
Cu + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3) 4]2+
++
The librated iodine is titrated against standard hypo
(G) Blue colour solution when a colourless sodium tetrathionate (Z) is
[Cu(NH3)4] + 4CH3COOH →
2+
formed.
Cu2+ + 4CH3COONH4 2Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Cu + [Fe(CN)6] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
2+ 4–
(Z) (colourless)
(H) (iv) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3
Chocolate colour (M) yellow ppt
CuSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4 ↓ + CuCl2 (v) HgCl2 + 2KI → HgI2 ↓ + 2KCl
(E) White ppt. Red ppt.
Insuluble in HNO3 HgI2 + 2KI → K2HgI4
Hence, (Soluble)
(A) is FeS, (B) is H2S, (C) is HNO3, (D) is S, K2HgI4 + NaOH → Nessler's reagent
(E) is CuSO4, (F) is CuS, (G) is [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 and (vi) HCl + KNO2 → HNO2 + KCl
(H) is Cu2[Fe(CN)6] HCl + KI → KCI + HI

2HNO2 + 2HI → I2 + 2H2O + 2NO 2Bi + 6HCl → ∆
2BiCl3 + 3H2
(N) (G) (A)
Hence, Hence,
(X) is KI, (A) is BiCl3,
(Y) is Cu2I2, (B) is Bi2S3,
(Z) is Na2S4O6, (C) is H2S,
(M) is PbI2 and (N) is I2. (D) is Bi(NO3)2,
(E) is Bi(OH)3, (F) is BiOCl and (G) is Bi
3. An inorganic halide (A) gives the following
reactions. 4. (i) An inorganic compound (A) is formed on passing
(i) The cation of (A) on raction with H2S in HCl a gas (B) through a concentrated liquor containing
medium, gives a black ppt. of (B). (A) neither Na2S and Na 2SO3.
gives ppt. with HCl nor blue colour with (ii) On adding (A) into a dilute solution of AgNO3, a
K4Fe(CN) 6. white ppt. appears which quickly changes into
(ii) (B) on heating with dil.HCl gives back black coloured compound (C).
compound(A) and a gas (C) which gives a black (iii) On adding two or three drops of FeCl3 into
ppt. with lead acetate solution. excess of solution of (A), a violet coloured
(iii) The anion of (A) gives chromyl chloride test. compound (D) is formed. This colour disappears
(iv) (B) dissolves in hot dil. HNO3 to give a solution, quickly.
(D). (D) gives ring test. (iv) On adding a solution of (A) into the solution of
(v) When NH4OH solution is added to (D), a white CuCl2, a white ppt. is first formed which dissolves
precipitate (E) is formed. (E) dissolves in on adding excess of (A) forming a compound (E).
minimum amount of dil. HCl to give a solution of Identify (A) to (E) and give chemical equations for
(A). Aqueous solution of (A) on addition of water the reactions at steps (i) to (iv)
gives a whitish turbidity (F). Sol. (i) The compound (A) appears to be Na2S 2O3 from its
(vi) Aqueous solution of (A) on warming with method of preparation given in the problem.
alkaline sodium stannite gives a black precipitate Na2S + Na2SO3 + I2 → 2NaI + Na2S 2O3
of a metal (G) and sodium stannate. The metal (B) (A)
(G) dissolves in hydrochloride acid to give
or Na2SO3 + 3Na 2S + 3SO2 → 3Na 2S2O3
solution of (A). (B) (A)
Identify (A) to (G) and give balanced chemical (ii) White ppt. of Ag2S2O3 is formed which is
equations of reactions. hydrolysed to black Ag2S
Sol. Observation of (i) indicates that cation (A) is Bi3+
Na2S2O3 + 2AgNO3 → 2NaNO3 + Ag2S 2O3 ↓
because it does not give ppt. with HCl nor blue
White ppt
colour with K4Fe(CN)6, hence it is neither Pb2+ nor
Cu2+. Since anion of (A) gives chromyl chloride test, Ag2S 2O3 + H2O → Ag2S + H2SO4
(C)
hence it contains Cl– ions. Thus, (A) is BiCl3. Its
(iii) A violet ferric salt is formed.
different reactions are given below :
3Na2S2O3 + 2FeCl3 → Fe2(S 2O3)3 + 6NaCl
(i) 2BiCl3 + 3H2S → Bi2S3 + 6HCl
(A) (B) (D)(violet)
(ii) Bi2S3 + 6HCl → 3H2S + 2 BiCl3 (iv) 2CuCl2 + 2Na2S2O3 → 2CuCl + Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl
White ppt.
(B) (C) (A)
∆ 2CuCl + Na2S 2O3 → Cu2S2O3 + 2NaCl
(iii) Bi2S3 + 8HNO3 → 2Bi(NO3)3 + 2NO 3Cu2S2O3 + 2Na 2S2O3 → Na 4[Cu6(S2O3) 5]
(B) (D) + 3S + 4H2O (E)
(iv) Bi(N O3)3 + 3NH4OH → or 6CuCl + 5Na2S2O3 → Na4[Cu6(S2O3)5] + 6NaCl
(D) Bi(OH)3 ↓ + 3NH4NO3 (E)
(E) White ppt. Hence,
∆ (A) is Na2S2O3,
Bi(OH)3 + 3HCl → BiCl3 + 3H2O
Dil. (A) (B) is I2 or SO2,
BiCl3 + H2O → BiOCl + 2HCl (C) is Ag2S,
(A) (F) (D) is Fe2(S2O3)3 and
Bismuth oxychloride (E) is Na4[Cu6(S2O3) 5]
(White turbidity)
(v) BiCl3 + 2NaOH +Na2[SnO2] → 5. A colourless solid (A) on heating gives a white solid
(A) (B) and a colourless gas (C). (B) gives off reddish-
Bi + NaSnO3 + H2O + 3NaCl brown fumes on treating with H2SO4. On treating
(G) Black ppt. with NH4Cl, (B) gives a colourless gas (D) and a

residue (E). The compound (A) on heating with
(NH4)2SO4 gives a colourless gas (F) and white
residue (G). Both (E) and (G) impart bright yellow
colour to Bunsen flame. The gas (C) forms white
TRUE OR FALSE
powder with strongly heated Mg metal which on
hydrolysis produces Mg(OH) 2. The gas (D) on 1. The magnitude of charge on one gram of
heating with Ca gives a compound which on electrons is 1.60 × 10–19 coulomb.
hydrolysis produces NH3. Identify compounds (A) to 2. Chromyl chloride test of Cl– radical is not given
(G) giving chemical equations involved. by HgCl2.
Sol. The given information is as follows :
3. The energy levels in a hydrogen atom can be
(i) A Heat
→ B + C compared with the steps of a ladder placed at
Colourless Solid Colourless equal distance.
Solid gas
∆ 4. In SN1 mechanism, the leaving group in the
(ii) B + H2SO4 → Reddish brown gas
molecule, leaves the molecule, well before
∆
(iii) B + NH4Cl → D + E joining of an attacking group.
Colourless gas
∆
5. Metamerism is special type of isomerism where
(iv) A + (NH4)2SO4 → F + G isomers exist simultaneously in dynamic
olourless gas White equilibrium.
Residue
(v) E and G imparts yellow colour to the flame. 6. Addition of HCN with formaldehyde is an
example of electrophilic addition reaction.
(vi) C + Mg Heat
→ White powder
7. Ligroin is essentially petroleum ether containing
H
2O
 → Mg(OH)2
aliphatic hydrocarbons and is generally used in
(vii) D + Ca Heat
→ Compound H 2O
 → NH3 dry cleaning clothes.
Information of (v) indicates that (E) and (G) and also
(A) are the salts of sodium because Na+ ions give Sol.
yellow coloured flame. Observations of (ii) indicate 1. [False] Thomson through his experiment
that the anion associated with Na+ in (A) may be determined the charge to mass ratio of an
NO3–. Thus, the compound (A) is NaNO3. electron and the value of e/m is equal to 1.76 ×
The reactions involved are as follows : 108 coulomb/gm. Hence one gm of electrons
∆
(i) 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 ↑ have charge 1.76 × 10 8 C.
(A) (B) (C) 2. [True]
(ii) 2NaNO2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HNO2
(B) Dil. 3. [False]
3HNO2 → HNO3 + H2O + 2NO↑ 4. [True] SN1 reaction mechanism takes place in
2NO + O2 → 2NO2 ↑ two steps as :
Reddish brown
Fumes R—X Slow
→ R+ + X–
(iii) NaNO2 + NH4Cl → NaCl + N2 ↑ + 2H2O R+ + OH– Fast
→ ROH
(B) (E) (D)
∆ 5. [False] In metamerism isomers differ in structure
(iv) 2NaNO3 + (NH4)2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2NH3
due to difference in distribution of carbon atoms
(A) (G) (F)
about the functional group.
2HNO3
∆ For example :
(v) O2 + 2Mg → 2MgO H
2O
 → Mg(OH)2
(C) CH3CH2–O–CH2CH3 and CH3–OCH2CH2CH3
∆ Conditions mentioned in the statement are
(vi) N2 + 3Ca → Ca3N2
(D) associated with phenomenon of trautomerism.
Ca3N2 + 6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3 ↑ 6. [False]
Hence,
H H
(A) is NaNO3,
(B) is NaNO2, H – C = O + H+ CN– H – C = OH
(C) is O2,
(D) is N2, CN
(E) is NaCl, 7. [True]
(F) is NH3 and (G) is Na2SO4.

Set
`tà{xÅtà|vtÄ V{tÄÄxÇzxá 8
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Sol ut i ons w il l be publ i s he d i n ne xt is s ue Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
1. Show that the six planes through the middle point of 9. Find the sum to infinite terms of the series
each edge of a tetrahedron perpendicular to the 3 5 7 9 11
opposite edge meet in a point. + + + + + ........ ∞
4 36 144 400 900
2. Prove that if the graph of the function
y = f (x), defined throughout the number scale, is 10. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle. Two of its
symmetrical about two lines x = a and x = b, (a < b), sides are parallel to two given straight lines. Show
then this function is a periodic one. that the locus of foot of the perpendicular from the
centre of the circle on to the third side is also a circle,
3. Show that an equilateral triangle is a triangle of concentric to the given circle.
maximum area for a given perimeter and a triangle of
minimum perimeter for a given area.
4. Let az2 + bz + c be a polynomial with complex Dimensional Formulae of Some
coefficients such that a and b are non zero. Prove
that the zeros of this polynomial lie in the region
Physical Quantities
b c Dime nsional
Physical Quantity
|z|≤ + Formulae
a b
Work (W) [ML2T–2]
5. An isosceles triangle with its base parallel to the Stress [ML–1T–2]
x2 y2 Torque (τ) [ML2T–2]
major axis of the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2 Moment of Inertia (I) [ML2]
circumscribed with all the three sides touching the Coefficient of viscosity (η) [ML–1T–1]
ellipse. Find the least possible area of the triangle.
Gravitational constant (G) [M–1L3T–2]
2
6. If one of the straight lines given by the equation ax +
Specific heat (S) [L2T–2θ–1]
2hxy + by2 = 0 coincides with one of those given by
a′x2 + 2h′ xy + b′ y2 = 0 and the other lines represented Coeficient of thermal conductivity (K) [MLT–3θ–1]
ha´b´ háb´ Universal gas constant (R) [ML2T–2θ–1]
by them be perpendicular, show that =
b´− a´ b−a Potential (V) [ML2T–3A–1]
7. Prove that Intensity of electric field (E) [MLT–3A–1]
n  m  n   m + 1 n  m + 2 Permittivity of free space (ε0) [M–1L–3T4A2]
    +     +     + ....... to
0  n  1   n   2  n  Specific resistance (ρ) [ML3T–3A2]
(n + 1) terms Magnetic Induction (B) [MT–2A–1]
n  m n  m n  m Planck's constant (h) [ML2T–1]
=     +     2 +     22 + ..... to (n +
0   0  1   1   2  2  Boltzmann's constant (k) [ML2T–2θ–1]
1) terms
1 Entropy (S) [ML2T–2θ–1]
8. ∫
If n ≥ 2 and In = (1 − x 2 ) n cos mx dx, then show that Decay constant (λ ) [T–1]
−1 Bohr magnetic (µB) [L2A]
m 2I n = 2n(2n – 1) I n–1 – 4n(n – 1) I n–2.
Thermmionic current density (J) [AL–2]

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR NOVEMBER ISSUE (SET # 7)
1. Let the line be y = 2x + c

AD DC + BD
 9 − c 9 + 2c  = .
Point A  ,  BC BD.CD
 6 3 
AD AD AD 1
= = = .
 2c − 3 + c − 6  BD.CD AD 2 AD AD
Point B  , 
 −3 −3 
1
so it is vector along AB with magnitude .
 c + 6 5c + 12  AD
Point C  , 
 3 3  1
|a+b |=
1  2c − 3 c + 6  AD
mid point of B & C is . + ,
2  −3 3 
3. The line PQ always passes through (α, β) so it is
1  − c + 6 5c + 12   9 − c 2c + 9  y –β = m(x – α)
+ = ,
2  + 3 3   6 3  Let the circle be x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky = 0
which is point A, so AB and AC are equal. Joint equation of OP and OQ.
( y − mx )
2. x2 + y2 – 2 (hx + ky) =0
β − mα
A
P
b
a
O
(h,k)
C
B D
Q
1 AB 1 AC
a+b = . + .  2k  2  h − mk   2hn  2
AB AB AC AC 1 −  y – 2   xy + 1 +  x = 0
 β − mα   β − mα   β − mα 
1 1
= AB + AC
AB 2
AC2 It must represent y2 – x2 = 0
1 1 h − mk
= (AD + DB) + (AD + DC) so = 0 ⇒ m = h/k ...(1)
AB2 AC2 β − mα
 1 1  DB DC 2k 2hm
= +  AD + + and 1– = –1 –
2 2 BD.DC CD.CB β − mα β − mα
 AB AC 
⇒ β – mα – 2k = –β + mα – 2hm
 1 1   DB DC  1
+  
= 
 AB2 AC 2 
AD +  BD + CD  BC ⇒ –β + mα + k – hm = 0
 
⇒ –β + k + h/k(α – h) = 0 (using (1) in it)
 1 1 
⇒ k2 – βy + αh – h2 = 0 so required locus is
= AD .  + 
 BD.DC CD.CB 
x2 – y2 – α x + β y = 0
AD  1 1 
= . + 
CD  BD CD 

 π π
4. As |f(x)| ≤ |tan x| for ∀ x ∈  − , 
 2 2 (–1,log23)
so f(0) = 0
so |f(x) – f(0)| ≤ |tan x|
divides both sides by |x|
(–1,0) (1,0)
f ( x ) − f (0) tan x (3/2,–1)
⇒ ≤ (0,–1)
x x
f ( x ) − f (0) tan x 1 0
1
⇒ lim ≤ lim
∫ ∫ (2 − 2
y
x →0 x x →0 x = log 2 (2 − x ) dx + ) dy + π
4
−1 −1
⇒ |f´(0)| ≤ 1
2 1 π
1 1 1 = log 2 3 − + 2 log 2 3 + 2 – +
⇒ a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ..... + a n ≤ 1 ln 2 2ln 2 4
2 3 n
e2 e π
n = – log2 +2+ sq units
ai
⇒ ∑i i =1
≤1 27 4
7.
A
5. Let the number is xyz, here x < y and z < y.
Let y = n, then x can be filled in (n – 1) ways.
(i.e. from 1 to (n – 1)) and z can be filled in n ways F E
(i.e. from 0 to (n – 1)) M
here 2 ≤ n ≤ 9
B C
so total no. of 3 digit numbers with largest middle D
digit
9 9 9 ∠BMC = 2∠BAC = 2∠BMD
= ∑ n(n −1) = ∑ n – ∑ n
n =2 n =2
2
n =2 so tan A =
BD
=
BC
=
BC
=
a
MD 2MD 4 r1 4r1
9.10.19 9.10
= – a2
6 2 so = tan2A
r12
= 285 – 45 = 240
a2 b2 c2
240 so + +
required probability = r12 r22 r32
9 × 10 ×10
= 16 (tan2A + tan2B + tan2C) ...(1)
8
= Now as tan A + tan B + tan C ≥
30
3 (tan A . tan B . tan C)1/3
4 and for a triangle tan A + tan B + tan C
=
15 = tan A . tan B . tan C
so (tan A . tan B . tan C)2/3 ≥ 3
6. The region bounded by the curve y = log2(2 – x) and ⇒ tan A . tan B . tan C ≥ 3 3
the inequality (x – |x|)2 + (y – |y|)2 ≤ 4 is required area ⇒ tan2A + tan2B + tan2C
is ≥ 3(tan A. tan B tan C)2/3 ≥ 3.3
a2 b2 c2
so from (1), + + ≥ 144.
r12 r22 r32

8. Z1, Z2, Z3 are centroids of equilateral triangles ACX, = a + (1 – r2)
ABY and BCZ respectively. a
sec 2 u / 2
Z1 – ZA = (ZC – ZA)
Z1 − Z A iπ/6
e
∫ (1+ r
0
2
)(1 + tan 2 u / 2) − 2r(1 − tan 2 u / 2)
ZC − ZA
a
sec 2 u / 2
ZA x = a + (1 – r2) ∫ (1+ r ) 2
tan 2 u / 2 + (1 − r ) 2
A Z1 0
y
a
Z2 1− r 2 sec2 u / 2 du
=a+
(1 + r) 2 ∫ (1 − r) 2
B C 0 tan 2 u / 2 +
ZB ZC (1 + r) 2
Z3 Let tan u/2 = t
z tan a / 2
1− r 2 2 dt
1  3 i 
so, Tr = a +
(1 + r) 2 ∫ 1− r
2
Z1 – ZA = (ZC – ZA) + ...(1) 0 t2 +
3  2 2  1+ r
tan a / 2
similarly, 2(1 − r 2 ) 1 + r  −1  1 + r 
=a+ tan  t 
1  3 i  (1 + r) 2 1 − r   1− r  0
Z2 – ZA = (ZB – ZA) − ...(2)
3  2 2  2(1 + r )(r − 1) π
Now lim Tr = a – = a–π
1 i r→1+ (1 + r )(r − 1) 2
So, Z1 – Z2 = (ZC – ZB) + (ZC + ZB – 2ZA)
2 2 3 2(1 − r)( r + 1) π
and lim+ Tr = a + = a+π
...(3) r→1 (1 + r )(r − 1) 2
1 a
similarly Z2 – Z3 = (ZA – ZC)
2 and (from (1)) T1 = ∫ du = a
0
i
+ (ZA + ZC – 2ZB) ..(4) Hence lim+ Tr, T1, lim− Tr form an A.P. with common
2 3 r→1 r→1
To prove ∆xyz as equilateral triangle, we prove that difference π.
(Z3 – Z2)eiπ/3 = Z1 – Z2
1 10. Let α, β, γ be the three real roots of the equation
So, (Z3 – Z2)eiπ/ 3 = ( (ZC – ZA)
2 without loss of generality, it can be assumed that
1 α ≤ β ≤ γ.
i 3 
– (ZA + ZC – 2ZB))  + i so
2 3 2 2 
 
x 2 + ax 2 + bx + c = (x – γ) (x 2 + (a + γ) x + (γ 2 + aγ + b))
1 i
= (ZC – ZB) + (ZC + ZB – 2ZA) where – γ (γ2 + aγ + b) = c, as γ is the root of given
2 2 3 equation, so x2 + (a + γ) x + (γ2 + aγ + b) = 0 must
= Z1 – Z2 have two roots i.e. α and β. So its discriminant is non
negative, thus
a (γ + a)2 – 4(γ2 + aγ + b) ≥ 0
1 − r cos u
9. Tr = 2 ∫ 1 − 2r cos u + r
0
2
du. ...(1)
3γ2 + 2aγ – a2 + 4b ≤ 0
a − a + 2 a 2 − 3b
1 − 2r cos u + r 2 − r 2 + 1 so γ ≤
= ∫
0
1 − 2r cos u + r 2
du 3
so greatest root is also less than or equal to
a
 1− r  2
− a + 2 a 2 − 3b
= ∫1 + 
 1 − 2r cos u + r 2  du
0  3
.

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
1. Suppose f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are 3. Let g be a real valued function satisfying g(x) + g(x +
chosen respectively by throwing a die three times. x +8
Find the probability that f(x) is an increasing

4) = g(x + 2) + g(x + 6), then prove that ∫ x
g (t ) dt
function. is a constant function.
Sol. f´(x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b Sol. given that g(x) + g(x + 4) = g(x + 2) + g(x + 6) ...(1)
y = f(x) is strictly increasing putting x = x + 2 in (1) ........
⇒ f´(x) > 0 ∀ x g(x + 2) + g(x + 6) = g(x + 4) + g(x + 8) ...(2)
⇒ (2a)2 – 4.3.b < 0 from (1) & (2)
This is true for exactly 15 ordered pairs (a, b); 1 ≤ a, g(x) = g(x + B)
15 5
b ≤ 6, so probability = = x +8
36 12 Now, f(x) = ∫ x
g (t ) dt
2. If (a, b, c) is a point on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 7, f´(x) = g(x + 8) – g(x) = 0
then find the least value of a2 + b 2 + c2, using vector ⇒ g is constant function
methods.
4. If exactly three distinct chords from (h, 0) point to the
→
Sol. Let A = a î + b ˆj + c k̂ circle x2 + y2 = a2 are bisected by the parabola
y2 = 4ax, a > 0, then find the range of 'h' parameter.
→
⇒ B = 3 î + 2 ˆj + k̂
Sol. Let M(at2, 2at) is mid-point of chord AB, then chord
→ → → → AB = T = S1
⇒ ( A . B) 2 ≤ | A |2 | B |2
B
3a + 2b + c ≤ a 2 + b2 + c 2 14
M
(7) ≤ (a + b + c ) (14)
2 2 2 2 A
{Q 3a + 2b + c = 7, point lies on the plane}
49 7
a2 + b2 + c 2 ≥ =
14 2
AB : x.at2 + y.2at = a2t4 + 4a2t2
since AB chord passes through (h, 0)

so, h.at2 = a 2t4 + 4a2t2 Sol. Let P be (x1, y1),
at2 [at2 + (4a – h)] = 0

Q A
If a > 0 ⇒ 4a – h < 0 P
⇒ h > 4a ...(i)
Now point (at2,2at) must lie inside the circle, on S

solving
N M
a2t4 + 4a2t2 – a 2 < 0
B
we get, h < a ( 5 + 2) ...(ii)
Points of intersection of tangent and normal at P
from (i) & (ii)  b2   a2y 
points with y-axis and A  0,  , B  0, y1 − 2 1  ,
4a < h < a ( 5 + 2)  y1   b 
S : (ae, 0)
5. Find the sum of the terms of G.P. a + ar + ar 2 + ..... + ∞ slope (SA). slope (SB) = –1
⇒ ∠ASB = 90º (PA and PB are tangent and normal)
where a is the value of x for which the function
P must lie on the circle with AB as diameter.
7 + 2x loge25 – 5x – 1 – 52– x has the greatest value and Hence the point of intersection of the ellipse and the
x t 2dt circle is P. Due to symmetry the angles made by AB
r is the Lt
x →0 0 ∫ x 2 tan(π + x ) at P,Q,M, N are all 90º.
a
Sol. S = ,
1− r
To get the greatest value f´(x) = 2log e25 – 5 x – 1 log 5 Do you know
+ 52– x log 5
• 100 years ago: The first virus was found in both
f´(x) = 4 loge5 – 5 x– 1
loge5 + 5.5 1– x
loge5 plants and animals.
• 90 years ago: The Grand Canyon became a
⇒ f´(x) = 0 put 5 x – 1 t(> 0) national monument & Cellophane is invented.
• 80 years ago: The food mixer and the domestic
t2 – 4t – 5 = 0 ⇒ t = 5 ⇒ 5 x –1 = 5 ⇒ x = 2 refrigerator were invented.
to evaluate r : • 70 years ago: The teletype and PVC (polyvinyl-
chloride) were invented.
x t 2dt 1 •
r = Lt ∫
x →0 0 2
x tan(π + x )
=
π
60 years ago: Otto Hahn discovered nuclear
fission by splitting uranium, Teflon was invented.
1 2π • 50 years ago: Velcro was invented.

since a = 2, r = ⇒ sum of G.P. =
π π −1 • 40 years ago: An all-female population of lizards
was discovered in Armenia.
6. The tangent and normal at a point P on the ellipse • 30 years ago: The computer mouse was
invented.
x2 y2
+ = 1 meets the y-axis at A and B • 20 years ago: First test-tube baby born in
a2 b2
England, Pluto’s moon, Charon, discovered.
respectively. Find the angle subtended by AB at the • 10 years ago: First patent for a genetically-
points of intersection of the circle (through A,S,B) engineered mouse was issued to Harvard
Medical School.
and the ellipse. S being one of the foci.

MATH MONOTONICITY,
MAXIMA & MINIMA
Mathematics Fundamentals
Monotonic Functions : according as f(x) is monotonic increasing or

A function f(x) defined in a domain D is said to be decreasing at x = a.
(i) Monotonic increasing : So at x = a, function f(x) is
x < x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) ≤ f (x 2 ) monotonic increasing ⇔ f´(a) > 0
⇔  1 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ D
x 1 > x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) ≥ f (x 2 ) monotonic decreasing ⇔ f´(a) < 0
(ii) In an interval : In [a, b], f(x) is
y y
monotonic increasing ⇔ f´(x) ≥ 0

monotonic decreasing ⇔ f´(x) ≤ 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b)
constant ⇔ f´(x) = 0

x x Note :
O O
(i) In above results f´(x) should not be zero for all
x < x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) >/ f ( x 2 )
i.e., ⇔  1 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ D values of x, otherwise f(x) will be a constant
x 1 > x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) </ f ( x 2 ) function.
(ii) Monotonic decreasing : (ii) If in [a, b], f´(x) < 0 at least for one value of x and
f´(x) > 0 for at least one value of x, then f(x) will
x < x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) ≥ f ( x 2 )
⇔  1 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ D not be monotonic in [a, b].
x 1 > x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) ≤ f ( x 2 ) Examples of monotonic function :
y y If a functions is monotonic increasing (decreasing ) at
every point of its domain, then it is said to be
monotonic increasing (decreasing) function.
In the following table we have example of some
x x monotonic/not monotonic functions
O O Monotonic Monotonic Not
x < x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) </ f ( x 2 ) increasing decreasing monotonic
i.e., ⇔  1 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ D x3 1/x, x > 0 x2
x 1 > x 2 ⇒ f (x 1 ) /> f ( x 2 )
x|x| 1 – 2x |x|
A function is said to be monotonic function in a x –x
domain if it is either monotonic increasing or e e ex + e– x
monotonic decreasing in that domain. log x log2x sin x
Note : If x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) ∀ x1, x2 ∈ D, then sin h x cosec h x, x > 0 cos h x
f(x) is called strictly increasing in domain D and [x] cot hx, x > 0 sec h x
similarly decreasing in D.
Method of testing monotonicity : Properties of monotonic functions :
(i) At a point : A function f(x) is said to be If f(x) is strictly increasing in some interval, then in
monotonic increasing (decreasing) at a point x = a of that interval, f–1 exists and that is also strictly
its domain if it is monotonic increasing (decreasing) increasing function.
in the interval (a – h, a + h) where h is a small If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in
positive number. Hence we may observer that if f(x) (a, b), then
is monotonic increasing at x = a then at this point
tangent to its graph will make an acute angle with x- f´(c) ≥ 0 ∀ c ∈ (a, b) ⇒ f(x) is monotonic increasing
axis where as if the function is monotonic decreasing in [a, b]
there then tangent will make an obtuse angle with x- f´(c) ≥ 0 ∀ c ∈ (a, b) ⇒ f(x) is monotonic decreasing
axis. Consequently f´(a) will be positive or negative in [a, b]

If both f(x) and g(x) are increasing (or decreasing) in where x = c is a point such that f´(c) = 0.
[a, b] and gof is defined in [a, b], then gof is If a continuous function has only one maximum
increasing. (minimum) point, then at this point function has
If f(x) and g(x) are two monotonic functions in [a, b] its greatest (least) value.
such that one is increasing and other is decreasing Monotonic functions do not have extreme points.
then gof, it is defined, is decreasing function.
Conditions for maxima and minima of a function
Maximum and Minimum Points :
Necessary condition : A point x = a is an extreme
The value of a function f(x) is said to be maximum at
point of a function f(x) if f´(a) = 0, provided f´(a)
x = a if there exists a small positive number δ such exists. Thus if f´(a) exists, then
that f(a) > f(x)
y x = a is an extreme point ⇒ f´(a) = 0 or
f´(a) ≠ 0 ⇒ x = a is not an extreme point
But its converse is not true i.e.
f´(a) = 0 ⇒ / x = a is an extreme point.
For example if f(x) = x3, then f´(0) = 0 but x = 0 is
( ) ( ) ( ) x not an extreme point.
O a b c
Sufficient condition : For a given function f(x), a
Also then the point x = a is called a maximum point point x = a is
for the function f(x). a maximum point if f´(a) = 0 and f´´(a) < 0
Similarly the value of f(x) is said to be minimum at x
a minimum point if f´(a) = 0 and f´´(a) > 0
= b if there exists a small positive number δ such that
not an extreme point if f´(a) = 0 = f´´(a) and
f(b) < f(x) ∀ x ∈ (b – δ, b + δ)
f´´´(a) ≠ 0.
Also then the point x = b is called a minimum point
Note : If f´(a) = 0, f´´(a) = 0, f´´´(a) = 0 then the sign
for f(x)
of f(4)(a) will determine the maximum or minimum
Hence we find that : point as above.
(i) x = a is a maximum point of f(x)
Working Method :
f (a ) – f(a + h) > 0 Find f´(x) and f´´(x).
⇔ 
 f(a) – f(a – h) > 0 Solve f´(x) = 0. Let its roots be a, b, c, ...
(ii) x = b is a minimum point of f(x) Determine the sign of f´´(x) at x = a, b, c, .... and
f (b ) – f(b + h) < 0 decide the nature of the point as mentioned above.
⇔ 
 f(b) – f(b – h) > 0 Properties of maxima and minima :
(iii) x = c is neither a maximum point nor a minimum If f(x) is continuous function, then
point Between two equal values of f(x), there lie atleast one
maxima or minima.
f (c) – f (c + h )
⇔  and  have opposite signs. Maxima and minima occur alternately. For example
f (c) − f (c − h ) if x = –1, 2, 5 are extreme points of a continuous
Where h is a very small positive number. function and if x = –1 is a maximum point then x = 2
will be a minimum point and x = 5 will be a
Note :
maximum point.
The maximum and minimum points are also
When x passes a maximum point, the sign of dy/dx
known as extreme points.
changes from + ve to – ve, where as when x passes
A function may have more than one maximum through a minimum point, the sign of f´(x) changes
and minimum points. from –ve to + ve.
A maximum value of a function f(x) in an interval
If there is no change in the sign of dy/dx on two sides
[a, b] is not necessarily its greatest value in that
of a point, then such a point is not an extreme point.
interval. Similarly a minimum value may not be
the least value of the function. A minimum value If f(x) is maximum (minimum) at a point x = a, then
may be greater than some maximum value for a 1/f(x), [f(x) ≠ 0] will be minimum (maximum) at that
function. point.
The greatest and least values of a function f(x) in If f(x) is maximum (minimum) at a point x = a, then
an interval [a, b] may be determined as follows : for any λ ∈ R, λ + f(x), log f(x) and for any k > 0, k
Greatest value = max. {f(a), f(b), f(c)} f(x), [f(x)]k are also maxmimum (minimum) at that
Least value = min. {f(a), f(b), f(c)} point.

FUNCTION
MATH
Mathematics Fundamentals
Definition of a Function : If f and g are two functions then their sum,

difference, product, quotient and composite are
Let A and B be two sets and f be a rule under which
denoted by
every element of A is associated to a unique element
of B. Then such a rule f is called a function from A to f + g, f – g, fg, f/g, fog
B and symbolically it is expressed as and they are defined as follows :
f:A→B (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
f
or A 
→ B (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
Function as a Set of Ordered Pairs (fg) (x) = f(x) f(g)
Every function f : A → B can be considered as a set (f/g) (x) = f(x)/g(x) (g(x) ≠ 0)

of ordered pairs in which first element is an element
(fog) (x) = f[g(x)]
of A and second is the image of the first element.
Thus
f = {a, f(a) /a ∈ A, f(a) ∈ B}. Formulae for domain of functions :
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function : Df ± g = Df ∩ Dg
If f : A → B is a function, then A is called domain of Dfg = Df ∩ Dg

f and B is called codomain of f. Also the set of all Df/g = Df ∩ Dg ∩ {x |g(x) ≠ 0}
images of elements of A is called the range of f and it
is expressed by f(A). Thus Dgof = {x ∈ Df | f(x) ∈ Dg}
f(A) = {f(a) |a ∈ A} D f
= Df ∩ {x |f(x) ≥ 0}
obviously f(A) ⊂ B. Classification of Functions

Note : Generally we denote domain of a function f by 1. Algebraic and Transcendental Functions :
Df and its range by R f.
Algebraic functions : If the rule of the function
Equal Functions : consists of sum, difference, product, power or
Two functions f and g are said to be equal functions roots of a variable, then it is called an algebraic
if function.
Transcendental Functions : Those functions
domain of f = domain of g which are not algebraic are named as
codomain of f = codomain of g transcendental or non algebraic functions.
f(x) = g(x) ∀ x. 2. Even and Odd Functions :

Even functions : If by replacing x by –x in f(x)
Algebra of Functions : there in no change in the rule then f(x) is called an
even function. Thus
f(x) is even ⇔ f(–x) = f(x)

Odd function : If by replacing x by –x in f(x) Period of f(x) = T
there is only change of sign of f(x) then f(x) is
⇒ Period of f(nx + a) = T/n
called an odd function. Thus
Periods of some functions :
f(x) is odd ⇔ f(–x) = – f(x)
Function Period
3. Explicit and Implicit Functions :
sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x, 2π
Explicit function : A function is said to be
explicit if its rule is directly expressed (or can be tan x, cot x π
expressed( in terms of the independent variable.
sinnx, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x 2π if n is odd
Such a function is generally written as
y = f(x), x = g(y) etc. π if n is even
Implicit function : A function is said to be tann x, cotn x π∀ n∈ N

implicit if its rule cannot be expressed directly in |sin x|, |cos x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| π
terms of the independent variable. Symbolically
we write such a function as |tan x|, |cot x|, π
f(x, y) = 0, φ(x, y) = 0 etc. |sin x| + |cos x|, sin4x + cos 4x π

|sec x| + |cosec x| 2
4. Continuous and Discontinuous Functions :
Continuous functions : A functions is said to be |tan x| + |cot x| π
continuous if its graph is continuous i.e. there is 2
no gap or break or jump in the graph.
x – [x] 1
Discontinuous Functions : A function is said to
be discontinuous if it has a gap or break in its Period of f(x) = T ⇒ period of f(ax + b) = T/|a|
graph atleast at one point. Thus a function which Period of f1(x) = T1, period fo f2(x) = T 2
is not continuous is named as discontinuous.
⇒ period of a f1(x) + bf2(x) ≤ LCM {T1, T 2}
5. Increasing and Decreasing Functions :
Increasing Functions : A function f(x) is said to
be increasing function if for any x1, x2 of its Kinds of Functions :
domain One-one/ May one Functions :
x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) A function f : A → B is said to be one-one if
different elements of A have their different
or x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2)
images in B.
Decreasing Functions : A function f(x) is said to
Thus
be decreasing function if for any x1, x2 of its
domain  a≠b ⇒ f (a ) ≠ f (b)

x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) f is one-one ⇔  or
f (a ) = f (b) ⇒ a =b

or x1 > x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2)
A function which is not one-one is called many
Periodic Functions :
one. Thus if f is many one then atleast two
A functions f(x) is called a periodic function if there different elements have same f-image.
exists a positive real number T such that
Onto/Into Functions : A function f : A → B is
f(x + T) = f(x). ∀x said to be onto if range of f = codomain of f
Also then the least value of T is called the period of Thus f is onto ⇔ f(A) = B
the function f(x).

Hence f : A → B is onto if every element of B Domain and Range of some standard functions :
(co-domain) has its f–preimage in A (domain).
Function Domain Range
A function which is not onto is named as into
Polynomial R R
function. Thus f : A → B is into if f(A) ≠ B. i.e., function
if there exists atleast one element in codomain of
Identity R R
f which has no preimage in domain.
function x
Note : Constant R {c}
function c
Total number of functions : If A and B are finite
sets containing m and n elements respectively, Reciprocal R0 R0
then function 1/x
x2, |x| R R+ ∪ {0}
total number of functions which can be defined
from A to B = nm. x3, x |x| R R
Signum R {–1, 0, 1}
total number of one-one functions from A to B function
 n p if m≤n x + |x| R R+ ∪ {0}
=  m
 0 if m>n x – |x| R R– ∪ {0}
[x] R Z
total number of onto functions from A to B (if m
≥ n) = total number of different n groups of m x – [x] R [0, 1)
elements. x [0, ∞) [0, ∞)
Composite of Functions : ax R R+
Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two functions, then log x R+ R
the composite of the functions f and g denoted by sin x R [–1, 1]
gof, is a function from A to C given by gof : A → C, cos x R [–1, 7]
(gof) (x) = g[f(x)].
tan x R – {± π/2, ± 3π/2, ...} R
Properties of Composite Function : cot x R – {0, ± π. ± 2 π, ..... R
The following properties of composite functions can sec x R – (± π/2, ± 3π/2, ..... R – (–1, 1)
easily be established.
cosec x R – {0, ±π, ± 2 π, ......} R –(–1, 1)
Composite of functions is not commutative i.e., sinh x R R
fog ≠ gof cosh x R [1, ∞)
Composite of functions is associative i.e. tanh x R (–1, 1)
(fog)oh = fo(goh) coth x R0 R –[1, –1]

sech x R (0, 1]
Composite of two bijections is also a bijection.
cosech x R0 R0
Inverse Function : –1
sin x [–1, 1] [–π/2, π/2]
If f : A → B is one-one onto, then the inverse of f i.e., –1
cos x [–1, 1] [0, π]
f–1 is a function from B to A under which every b ∈ B –1
tan x R (–π/2, π/2}
is associated to that a ∈ A for which f(a) = b.
–1
cot x R (0, π)
Thus f–1 : B → A, –1
sec x R –(–1, 1) [0, π] – {π/2}
f–1(b) = a ⇔ f(a) = b. –1
cosec x R – (–1, 1) (– π/2, π/2] – {0}

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 8
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions with multiple correct answer. +4 marks and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +2 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
Section - III
• Question 12 to 19 are numerical response type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and -1 mark
for wrong answer.
PHYSICS 4. A particle starts from rest and travels a distance x

with uniform acceleration, then moves uniformly a
Questions 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions. Each distance 2x and finally comes at rest after moving
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of further 5x distance with uniform retardation. The
which ONLY ONE is correct. ratio of maximum speed to average speed is -
5 5
1. A deuterium plasma is a neutral mixture of (A) (B)
2 3
negatively charged electrons and positively charged
deuterium charged electrons and positively charged 7 7
(C) (D)
deuterium nuclei. Temperature required to produced 4 5
fusion in deuterium plasma is : (Take the range of
nuclear forces 2 fermi) Questions 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
(A) 835 K 7
(B) 835 × 10 K question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(C) 8.35 × 107 K (D) 273 K
5. A body moves in a circular path of radius R with
2. As observed in the laboratory system, a 6 MeV deceleration so that at any moment of time its
proton is incident on a stationary 12C target velocity tangential and normal accelerations are equal in
of center of mass of the system is : (Take mass of magnitude. At the initial moment t = 0, the velocity
proton to be 1 amu) of body is v0 then the velocity of body will be-
(A) 2.6 × 106 m/s (B) 6.2 × 106 m/s v0
(A) v = at time t
(C) 10 × 106 m/s (D) 10 m/s  v0 t 
1+ 
 R 
3. Find the de Broglie wavelength of Earth. Mass of
Earth is 6 × 1024 kg. Mean orbital radius of Earth (B) v = v 0 e −S / R after it has moved S meter
around Sun is 150 × 106 km - (C) v = v0e–SR after it has moved S meter
–63
(A) 3.7 m (B) 3.7 × 10 m (D) None of these
(C) 3.7 × 1063 m (D) 3.7 × 10–63 cm

6. Three identical rods of same material are joined to 9. In passing through a boundary refraction will not
form a triangular shape ABC as shown. Angles at take place if -
edge A and C are respectively θ1 and θ2 as shown. (A) light is incident normally on the boundary
When this triangular shape is heated then - (B) the indices of refraction of the two media are same
A (C) the boundary is not visible
θ1 (D) angle of incidence is lesser than angle of
µ 
θ2 refraction but greater then sin–1  R 
 µD 
B C
(A) θ1 decreases and θ2 increases This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11).
(B) θ1 increases and θ2 decreases Each question contains statements given in two
(C) θ1 increases columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
(D) θ2 increases C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
7. Direction of current in coil (2) is opposite to (P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
direction of current in coil (1) and coil (3). All three questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
coils are coaxial and equidistant coil (1) and coil (3) illustrated in the following example. If the correct
are fixed while coil (2) is suspended thus able to matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
move freely. Then - D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix
should be as follows :
P Q R S T
R R R A P Q R S T
B P Q R S T
C P Q R S T
1 2 3 D P Q R S T
(A) coil (2) is in equilibrium
(B) equilibrium state of coil (2) is stable 10. Match column I with column II in the light of
equilibrium along axial direction possibility of occurrence of phenomena listed in
(C) equilibrium state of coil (2) is unstable column I using the systems in column II -
equilibrium along axial direction Column-I Column-II
(D) if direction of current in coil (2) is same as that (A) Interference (P) Non-mechanical
of coil (1) and coil (3) then state of equilibrium waves
of coil (2) along axial direction is unstable
(B) Diffraction (Q) Electromagnetic
8. Which of the following statements are correct about waves
the circuits shown in the figure where 1 Ω and 0.5 (C) Polarisation (R) Visible light
Ω are internal resistances of the 6 V and 12 V (D) Reflection (S) Sound waves
batteries respectively –
(T) None
6V, 1Ω 12V, 0.5Ω 11. Column-I Column-II

P Q (A) 5000 Å (P) De-Broglie wavelength of
4Ω 0.5Ω electron in x-ray tube
(B) 1 Å (Q) Photoelectric threshold
R S
wavelength
(A) The potential at point P is 6 V (C) 0.1 Å (R) x-ray wavelength
(B) The potential at point Q is – 0.5 V (D) 10 Å (S) De-Broglie wavelength of
(C) If a voltmeter is connected across the 6 V
most energetic photoelectron
battery, it will read 7 V
emitted from metal surface
(D) If a voltmeter is connected across the 6 V
battery, it will read 5 V (T) None

This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19). between the particles in process of their motion in
The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE- meters is (g = 10 m/s2).
DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The u = 2 m/s
appropriate bubbles below the respective question A 45°
numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For v = 14 m/s
9m
example, if the correct answers to question numbers X, 45° B
Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2, respectively, then
the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the
following :
22m
X Y Z W
0 0 0 0 17. Consider the circuit shown in figure. What is the
1 1 1 1 current through the battery just after the switch is
2 2 2 2 closed.
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 2mH 9Ω
18V
5 5 5 5 9Ω
S 2mH
6 6 6 6 9Ω
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 18. A rectangular plate of mass 20 kg is suspended from
points A and B as shown. If the pin B is suddenly
12. The minimum speed in m/s with which a projectile
removed then the angular acceleration in rad/sec2 of
must be thrown from origin at ground so that it is able to the plate is : (g = 10 m/s2).
pass through a point P (30 m, 40 m) is : (g = 10 m/s 2)
A B
(Ans. in .............. × 10)
13. In U238 ore containing Uranium the ratio of U234 to

Pb206 nuclei is 3. Assuming that all the lead present in
the ore is final stable product of U238. Half life of b =0.15m
U238 to be 4.5 × 10 9 years and find the age of ore.
(in 109 years)
l =0.2m
14. Under standard conditions the gas density is 19. If the temperature of a gas is raised by 1 K from
1.3 mg/cm3 and the velocity of sound propagation in 27ºC. Find the percentage change in speed of sound.
it is 330 m/s, then the number of degrees of freedom (Speed = 300 ms–1)
of gas is.
(Ans. in .............. × 102)
15. A single conservative force acts on a body of mass
1 kg that moves along the x-axis. The potential energy
U(x) is given by U (x) = 20 + (x – 2)2, where x is in CHEMISTRY
meters. At x = 5.0 m the particle has a kinetic energy of
20 J, then the maximum kinetic energy of body in J is. Questions 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions. Each
(Ans. in .............. × 10) question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.
16. Two particles are simultaneously thrown from top of
1. In the precipitation of sulphides of second group
two towers with making angle 45º with horizontal.
basic radicals. H2S is passed into acidified solution
Their velocities are 2 m/s and 14 m/s. Horizontal and
with dilute HCl. If the solution is not acidified, then
vertical separation between these particles are 22 m which of the following is correct ?
and 9 m respectively. Then the minimum separation

(A) Only the sulphides of second group get 5. The difference between ortho and para hydrogen
precipitated is/are -
(B) Only the sulphides of fourth group get (A) they are electron spin isomer, where the spins of
precipitated electrons are opposite
(C) Neither of the sulphides of second and fourth (B) ortho hydrogen is more stable at lower
groups get pricipitated temperature
(D) Sulphides of both the groups second and fourth (C) they are nuclear spin isomer, where the spins of
get precipitated protons are same in para and different in ortho
isomer
(D) they are nuclear spin isomers, where the spins of
2. The geometrical shapes of XeF5+, XeF6 and XeF82–
protons are opposite in para but same in ortho
respectively are -
isomer
(A) trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral and square
planar
6. NGP assistance support for S N2 reaction will be seen
(B) square based pyramidal, distorted octahedral and
in -
octahedral
OH
(C) planar pentagonal, octahedral and square anti
prismatic (A) (B) CH3–S–CH2–CH2–Cl
(D) square based pyramidal, distorted octahedral and
Cl
square anti prismatic
OH OH
3. Regarding graphite the following informations are
(C) (D)
available : Cl
Θ
COO
Top view 7. When the compound called isoborneol is heated with

50% sulfuric acid the product of the reaction is/are ?
3.35Å
HO
Isoborneol
(A) (B)
The density of graphite = 2.25 gm/cm3. What is C–C
bond distance in graphite ?
(A) 1.68Å (B) 1.545Å
(C) (D)
(C) 2.852 Å (D) 1.426Å
4. The molecular formula of a non-stoichiometric tin 8. Regarding the radial probability distribution
oxide containing Sn(II) and Sn (IV) ions is Sn4.44 O8. (4nr2R 2nl) vs r plot which of the following is/are
Therefore, the molar ratio of Sn(II) to Sn(IV) is correct ?
approximately -
(A) The number of maxima is (n-l)
(A) 1 : 8 (B) 1 : 6
(B) The number of nodal points is (n-l-1)
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 1 : 1
(C) The radius at which the radial probability density
Questions 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each reaches to maxima is 3s < 3p < 3d
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of (D) The number of angular nodes is l

9. H2C 2O4 and NaHC2O4 behave as acids as well as Cl Me Me Me Me
reducing agents which is/are correct statement (s) ?
(A) Equivalent wt. of H2C 2O4 and NaHC 2O4 are (B) Me
equal to their molecular weights when behaving
as reducing agent Me Me Me Me Cl
(B) 100 mL of 1N solution of each is neutralised by
equal volumes of 1M Ca(OH)2 Cl Me Br Me Me Cl
(C) 100 mL of 1N solution of each is neutralised by
(C) Me Me
equal volumes of 1N Ca(OH)2
(D) 100 mL of 1M solution of each is oxidised by Me Me Br Me
equal volumes of 1M KMnO4
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11). Cl Me Br Me Me

Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, (D) Me Me
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these Me Me Br Me Cl
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as Column- II
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and (P) Optically active
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix (Q) Cis compound
should be as follows : (R) Trans compound
P Q R S T
(S) Optically inactive
A P Q R S T
(T) Chiral axis (element of chirality)
B P Q R S T
C P Q R S T This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19).
D P Q R S T The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE-
DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The
appropriate bubbles below the respective question
10. Column- I Column- II
numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For
 a  example, if the correct answers to question numbers X,
(A) If force of attraction (P)  P + 2  (V–b)= RT
 V  Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2, respectively, then
among the gas molecules the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the
following :
be negligible
X Y Z W
(B) If the volume of the (Q) PV = RT –a/V
0 0 0 0
gas molecules be
1 1 1 1
negligible 2 2 2 2
(C) At STP (for real gas) (R) PV = RT + Pb 3 3 3 3
(D) At low pressure and (S) PV = RT 4 4 4 4
at high temperature 5 5 5 5
(T) PV/RT = 1–a/VRT 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
11. Column- I
9 9 9 9
Me Me Me Me Cl
(A) Me Me 12. What is the number of lone pair on the molecule

XeO2F 2 ?
Me Me Me Me

13. 15g of a solute in 100g water makes a solution freeze x x
4. If f(x) = and g(x) = where 0 < x ≤ 1,
at –1ºC. What will be the depression in freezing point sin x tan x
if 30g of a solute is dissolved in 100g of water ? then in this interval -
14. The half lives of decomposition of gaseous CH3CHO (A) both f(x) and g(x) are increasing functions
at constant temperature but at initial pressure of (B) both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing functions
364mm and 170mm Hg were 410 second and 880 (C) f(x) is an increasing function
second respectively. Hence what is the order of (D) g(x) is an increasing function
reaction.
Questions 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
15. The number of S–S bonds in sulphur trioxide trimer
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
(S3O9) is ....... . which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
16. The number of peroxo linkages present in the
[H4B2O8] 2– is ..... . 5. If a, b, c are in A.P., and a 2, b2, c 2 are in H.P., then
1
17. The maximum number of structural isomers (acyclic (A) a = b = c (B) a, b, – c are in G.P.
2
and cyclic) possible for C4H8 are ....... .
1
18. What is the no. of lone pair of electrons present on N (C) a, b, c are in H.P. (D) – a, b, c are in G.P.
2
in Trisilylamine ?
19. A small amount of solution containing 24Na with 6. The system of equations
activity 2 × 103 dps was administered into the blood –2x + y + z = a
of patient in a hospital. After 5 hour a sample of the x – 2y + z = b
blood drawn out from the patient shared an activity x = y – 2z = c
of 16 dps per cm3. (t1/2 of 24Na = 15 hrs.) Find the has
volume (in L) of blood in patient. (A) no solution if a + b + c ≠ 0
[Given : log 1.2598 = 0.1003] (B) unique solution if a + b + c = 0
(C) infinite number of solutions if a + b + c = 0
MATHEMATICS (D) none of these
x
7. The function f(x) = is differentiable on -
1+ | x |
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of (A) (0, ∞) (B) [0, ∞)
which ONLY ONE is correct. (C) (–∞, 0) (D) (– ∞,∞)
1. The largest term in the expansion of (3 + 2x)50, where

 x 4 cos 2 x − x sin x + cos x 
x = 1/5, is - 8. ∫
If l = e x sin x +cos x 
 x 2 cos 2 x
dx


(A) 5th (B) 6th
(C) 8th (D) 9th then l equals -
1  3 sin 2θ   sec x 
2. If sin–1 –1 (A) ex sin x + cos x  x − +C
2  5 + 4 cos 2θ  = tan x, then x =  x 
 
(A) tan 3 θ (B) 3 tan θ  cos x 
(B) ex sin x + cos x  x sin x − 
(C) (1/3) tan θ (D) 3 cot θ  x 
(cos x − 1)(cos x − e x )  x sec x 

3. The integer n for which lim is (C) ex sin x + cos x  −  +C
n tan x x 
x →0 x 
a finite nonzero number is -
 cos x − x sin x 
(A) 1 (B) 2 ∫
(D) xe x sin x+cos x – e x sin x +cos x 1 −
 x 2 cos 2 x 
 dx
(C) 3 (D) 4

y x This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19).
9. If for the differential equation y′ = + φ   the The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE-
x y DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The
x appropriate bubbles below the respective question
general solution is y = then f (x / y) is numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For
log | Cx |
example, if the correct answers to question numbers X,
given by -
(A) – x2 / y2 (B) y2 / x2 the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the
(C) x2 / y2 (D) – y2 / x2 following :
X Y Z W
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11). 0 0 0 0
Each question contains statements given in two 1 1 1 1
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, 2 2 2 2
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements 3 3 3 3
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as 4 4 4 4
illustrated in the following example. If the correct 5 5 5 5
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and 6 6 6 6
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix 7 7 7 7
should be as follows : 8 8 8 8
P Q R S T 9 9 9 9
A P Q R S T
B P Q R S T 12. Suppose X follows a binomial distribution with
C P Q R S T parameters n = 6 and p. If 9P(X = 4) = P(X = 2), find
D P Q R S T 4p.
13. If Q is the foot of the perpendicular from the point
10. The domain of the functions x −5 y + 2 z− 6
P(4, –5,3) on the line = = then
Column- I Column- II 3 −4 5
–1
(A) sin (x/2 – 1) (P) (3 – 2π, 3 – π) ∪ (3,4] 100
(PQ)2 is equal to
+ log (x – [x]) 457
(B) ex + 5sin π 2 / 16 − x 2 (Q) (0, 4) – {1, 2, 3} 14. If a = (0, 1, –1) and c = (1, 1, 1) are given vectors,
then |b|2 where b satisfies a × b + c = 0 and a . b = 3
(C) log10sin (x – 3) (R) [– π/4, π/4] is equal to
+ 16 − x 2 15. ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle of
1 − 2x radius r. If AB = AC and h is the altitude from A to
(D) cos–1 (S) [– 3/2, 5/2] BC. If the triangle ABC has perimeter P and area ∆
4
∆
(T) None then lim 512r 3 is equal to
h →0 p
11. Column- I Column- II 16. If f(x) = sin x, x ≠ n π, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, .....
I denotes an integral =0 otherwise
π and g(x) = x2 + 1, x ≠ 0, 2
(A) ∫ 0
x log sin x dx (P) I = ( π/8) log 2 =4 x=0
=5 x=2
∞ dx − π2
(B) ∫ 0
log (x+x–1)
1+ x 2
(Q) I =
2
log 2 then lim g(f(x)) is .....
x →0
π/4
2 y 2 ( 2) + 1 / 8
(C) ∫ 0
log (1+ tan x)dx (R) I = π log 2 17. If y = (1 + 1/x) x then
(log 3 / 2 − 1 / 3)
is equal to
π
If the greatest value of y = x/log x on [e, e3] is u then
(D) ∫ 0
log (1 – cos x)dx (S) I = π log 2 18.
e3/u is equal to
(T) None 19. If z ≠ 0 and 2 + cos θ + i sin θ = 3/z, then find the
value of 2(z + z ) – |z|2.

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 8
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions with multiple correct answer. +4 marks and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, +2 marks will be given for a correctly
marked answer in any row.
Section - III
• Question 12 to 19 are numerical response type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and -1 mark
for wrong answer.
PHYSICS
1. Velocity of block 2 shown in figure is -
u 2 Mω2 MR 2 ω
(A) (B)
∆t 2∆t
MR 2 ω
(C) (D) Zero
2 ∆t
60º
4. Select the incorrect statement -
(A) The velocity of the centre of mass of an isolated
system must stay constant
2 (B) Only a net external force can change the
1 velocity of the center of mass of a system
u (C) A system have non-zero kinetic energy but zero
linear momentum
3u 3u 3 3u →
→ d v → dm
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2u (D) Fext =m +v is true for all situation
2 2 2 dt dt
2. Which of the following restoring force can give rise Questions 5 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
to S.H.M - question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
(A) F = 2x (B) F = 2 – 4x which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(C) F = – 2x2 (D) None of these 5. Velocity of a particle moving on straight line varies
3. A disk of mass M and radius R is rotating about its 1
as th power of displacement. Then -
axis with angular velocity ω . Axis of disk is rotated 2
(A) K.E. ∝ S (B) P ∝ S1/2
by 90º in time ∆t. Average torque acting on disk is -
(C) a = constant (D) S ∝ t2

6. A block of density ρ is floating in a liquid X kept in P Q R S T
container. A liquid Y of density ρ′ (< ρ) is slowly A P Q R S T
poured into container –
B P Q R S T
(A) The block will move up if liquid X and Y are
immiscible C P Q R S T
(B) The block will sink more if liquid X and Y are D P Q R S T
immiscible
(C) The block will sink more if liquid X and Y are 10. There are four identical rod having thermal
miscible
resistance 10 Ω, each column I contains various
(D) The block will not move if liquid X and Y are
miscible arrangement of rod. Column II contains current
flowing across point C when a temperature
7. Six identical rod are connected as shown in figure
and temperature difference of 100ºC is maintained difference of 100ºC is maintained across A & B.
across P and Q – Match them.
Column-I Column-II
(A) A (P) 2 J/sec

P A B Q C B
C
C (B) A B (Q) 4 J/sec
(A) Temperature of point 'A' is 50ºC
200
(B) Temperature of point A is ºC
3
(C) Thermal current passing through B is zero (C) A (R) 6 J/sec
(D) Thermal current passing through A is twice of C B
that through C
A
8. A solid iron cylinder A rolls down a ramp and an
identical iron cylinder B slides down the same ramp 20
without friction – (D) (S) J/sec
C B 7
(A) B reaches the bottom first
(B) A and B have the same kinetic energy (T) None
(C) B has greater translational kinetic energy than
that of A
11. A car of mass 500 kg is moving in a circular road
(D) Linear speed of centre of mass of B is greater
than that of A of radius 35 / 3 . Angle of banking of road is
30º. Coefficient of friction between road and tyres
9. A mass and spring system oscillates with amplitude
A and angular frequency ω – 1
is µ = . Match the following:
(A) The average speed during one complete cycle 2 3
2Aω Column-I Column-II
of oscillation is
π (A) Maximum speed (in m/s) of (P) 5 2
(B) Maximum speed is ω A car for safe turning
(C) Average velocity of particle during one
(B) Minimum speed (in m/s) of (Q) 12.50
complete cycle of oscillation is zero
(D) Average acceleration of particle during one car for safe turning
complete cycle of oscillation is zero (C) Speed (in m/s) at which friction (R) 210
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11). force between tyres and road
Each question contains statements given in two is zero
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, 350
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements (D) Friction force (in 102 Newton) (S)
3
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as between tyres and road if
illustrated in the following example. If the correct 350
speed is m/s
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and 6
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix (T) None
should be as follows :

This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19). 14. A longitudinal wave of frequency 220 Hz travels
The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE- down a copper rod of radius 8.00 mm. The average
DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The
appropriate bubbles below the respective question power in the wave is 6.50 µW. The amplitude of the
numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For wave is n × 10–8 m. Find n.
example, if the correct answers to question numbers X,
the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the 15. A piston-cylinder device with air at an initial
following : temperature of 30ºC undergoes an expansion
X Y Z W process for which pressure and volume are related
0 0 0 0 as given below
1 1 1 1 P (kPa) 100 25 6.25
2 2 2 2 3
V (m ) 0.1 0.2 0.4
3 3 3 3
The work done by the system is n × 103 J. Find n.
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 16. The block connected with spring is pushed to
7 7 7 7 compress the spring by 10 cm and then released. All
8 8 8 8 surfaces are frictionless and collision are elastic.
9 9 9 9 Time period of the motion in sec (mass of block = 9 kg
and spring constant 4 π2 N/m).
12. Pulley 'P' shown in figure is pulled upward with
F = 2t N, where t is time in sec. Velocity of block 5 cm
of mass 1 at the time block 2 is about to lift is
(in cm/sec). (Ans. in ................. × 10 1)
F = 2t
17. RMS velocity of gas at 27ºC is 300 × 381 m/s.

RMS velocity (in m/s) when temperature is
increased four times is. (Ans. in ................. × 10 2)
18. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on a wedge of mass

2 1 10 kg kept on a horizontal surface. Coefficient of
m 1 = 0.5 kg friction between all surfaces is µ = 0.2. If block is
m 2 = 1 kg slipping down the wedge with constant speed then
friction force on wedge due to horizontal surface is
13. The upper edge of a gate in a dam runs along the (in Newton) :
water surface. The gate is 2.00 m high and 4.00 m
wide and is hinged along a horizontal line through 19. A particular quantity 'y' varies as 'x' as shown in
its center. The torque about the hinge arising from figure. RMS value of y with respect to x for large
the force due to the water is (n × 104 Nm). Find values of 'x' is.
value of n.
y
2m
60º 60º
1 2 3 4
x

(C) The first ionization energies of elements in a
CHEMISTRY period do not increase with the increase in
atomic numbers
(D) For transition elements the d-subshells are filled
with electrons monotonically with the increase
in atomic number
1. An ideal gaseous mixture of ethane (C2H6) and 7. Which of the following statements regarding
ethene (C 2H4) occupies 28 litre at STP. The mixture hydrogen peroxide is/are correct ?
reacts completely with 128 gm O2 to produce CO2 (A) Hydrogen peroxide is a pale blue viscous liquid
and H2O. Mole fraction of C2H4 in the mixture is - (B) Hydrogen peroxide can act as oxidising as well
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.8 as reducing agent
(C) The two hydroxyl groups in hydrogen peroxide
2. A bulb of constant volume is attached to a lie in the same plane
manometer tube open at other end as shown in figure. (D) In the crystalline phase, H2O2 is paramagnetic
The manometer is filled with a liquid of density
(1/3rd) that of mercury. Initially h was 228 cm. 8. Which of the following is/are state function ?
(A) q (B) q – w (C) q + w (D) q / w
9. The IUPAC name of the following compound is -

h OH
Gas
Through a small hole in the bulb gas leaked assuming Br CN

dp (A) 3-Bromo-3-cyano phenol
pressure decreases as = – kP. (B) 3-Bromo-5-hydroxy benzonitrile
dt
(C) 3-Cyano-3-hydroxybromo benzene
If value of h is 114 cm after 14 minutes. What is the
(D) 5-Bromo-3-hydroxy benzonitrile
value of k (in hour–1) ?
[Use : ln(4/3) = 0.28 and density of Hg = 13.6 g/mL]
(A) 0.6 (B) 1.2 This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11).
(C) 2.4 (D) None of these Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
3. When 300 mL of 0.2 M HCl is added to 200 mL of C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
0.1 M NaOH. Resultant solution require how many (P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
equivalent of Ba(OH)2 ? questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
(A) 0.06 (B) 0.12 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.04 illustrated in the following example. If the correct
4. The dipole moment of HCl is 1.03D, if H–Cl bond matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and
distance is 1.26Å, what is the percentage of ionic D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix
character in the H–Cl bond ? should be as follows :
(A) 60% (B) 29% (C) 17% (D) 39% P Q R S T
A P Q R S T
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of B P Q R S T
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. C P Q R S T
5. Consider the following carbides CaC2, BeC2, MgC2 D P Q R S T
and SrC 2 which of the given carbides on hydrolysis
yield same product - 10. Column- I Column- II
(A) CaC2 (B) Be2C (C) MgC2 (D) SrC2 (A) 5.4 g of Al (P) 0.5 NA electrons
(B) 1.2 g of Mg2+ (Q) 15.9994 amu
6. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the (C) Exact atomic weight (R) 0.2 mole atoms
periodic classification of elements ?
of mixture of oxygen
(A) The properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic number isotopes
(B) Non metals are lesser in number than metals (D) 0.9 mL of H2O (S) 0.05 moles
(T) 3.1 × 1023 electrons

11. Column- I Column- II 18. The equivalent weight of a metal is 4.5 and the
(Ionic species) (Shapes) molecular weight of its chloride is 80. The atomic
(A) XeF5+ (P) Tetrahedral weight of the metal is.
(B) SiF5– (Q) Square planar
19. No. of π bond in the compound H2CSF 4 is.
(C) AsF4+ (R) Trigonal bipyramidal
(D) ICl4– (S) Square pyramidal
(T) Octahedral MATHEMATICS
This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19). Questions 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions. Each
The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE- question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The which ONLY ONE is correct.
appropriate bubbles below the respective question
numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For 1. If 0 < r < s ≤ n and nPr = nPs , then value of r + s is -
example, if the correct answers to question numbers X, (A) 2n – 2 (B) 2n – 1
Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2, respectively, then (C) 2 (D) 1
the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the
following : 2. If sin x + sin2 x + sin3 x = 1, then cos6 x – 4 cos4 x +
8 cos2 x is equal to -
X Y Z W
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 3. If x is real, and
2 2 2 2 x2 − x +1
k= then
3 3 3 3 x2 + x +1
4 4 4 4 (A) 1/3 ≤ k ≤ 3 (B) k ≥ 5
5 5 5 5 (C) k ≤ 0 (D) none of these
6 6 6 6 4. A flagstaff stands in the centre of a rectangular field
7 7 7 7 whose diagonal is 1200 m, and subtends angles 15º
8 8 8 8 and 45º at the mid points of the sides of the field. The
height of the flagstaff is -
9 9 9 9
(A) 200 m (B) 300 2 + 3 m
12. How much volume (in mL) 0.001 M HCl should we
add to 10 cm3 of 0.001 M NaOH to change its pH by (C) 300 2 − 3 m (D) 400 m
one unit ?
13. The stopcock, connecting the two bulbs of volumes
5 litres and 10 litres containing an ideal gas at 9 atm
and 6 atm respectively, is opened. What is the final 5. If a, b, c are the sides of the ∆ABC and a2, b 2, c2 are
presure (in atm) in the two bulbs if the temperature the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – k = 0, then
remained the same ? cos A cos B cos C p
(A) + + =
14. An acid type indicator, HIn differs in colour from its a b c 2 k
conjugate base (In– ). The human eye is sensitive to 4q − p 2
colour differences only when the ratio [In– ] / [HIn] is (B) a cos A + b cos B + c cos C =
2 k
greater than 10 or smaller than 0.1. What should be
the minimum change in the pH of the solution to 2p∆
(C) a sin A + b sin B + c sin C =
osberve a complete colour change ? (Ka = 1.5 × 10–5) k
3
15. What is the sum of total electron pairs (b.p. + l.p.) 8∆
(D) sin A sin B sin C =
present in XeF6 molecule ? k
6. The coordinates of the feet of the perpendiculars
16. The number of geometrical isomers of
from the vertices of a triangle on the opposite sides
CH3CH=CH–CH=CH–CH=CHCl is.
are (20, 25), (8, 16) and (8, 9). The coordinates of a
vertex of the triangle are -
17. At 200ºC, the velocity of hydrogen molecule is
(A) (5, 10) (B) (50, –5)
2.0 × 105 cm/sec. In this case the de-Broglie
(C) (15, 30) (D) (10, 15)
wavelength (in Å) is about.

1 1   1 2  (D) 3 x–1 + 3 x–2 + 3 x–3 + ... (S) 7
7. Let E =  +  +  +  + ... upto 50 terms, then -
 3 50   3 50   1 1 
= 2  5 2 + 5 + 1 + + 2 + ... 
(A) E is divisible by exactly 2 primes  5 5 
(B) E is prime (T) None
(C) E ≥ 30
(D) E ≤ 35 This section contains 8 questions (Questions 12 to 19).
The answer to each of the questions is a SINGLE-
8. If m is a positive integer, then [( 3 + 1) 2m ] + 1, DIGIT INTEGER, ranging from 0 to 9. The
where [x] denotes greatest integer ≤ n, is divisible appropriate bubbles below the respective question
by- numbe rs in the OMR have to be darkened. For
(A) 2m (B) 2m+1 (C) 2m+2 (D) 22m example, if the correct answers to question numbers X,
9. If A and B are acute angles such that sin A = sin2 B, the correct darkening of bubbles will look like the
2 cos2 A = 3 cos2 B; then - following :
(A) A = π/6 (B) A = π/2 X Y Z W
(C) B = π/4 (D) B = π/3
0 0 0 0
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10 to 11). 1 1 1 1
Each question contains statements given in two 2 2 2 2
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, 3 3 3 3
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements 4 4 4 4
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as 5 5 5 5
illustrated in the following example. If the correct 6 6 6 6
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and 7 7 7 7
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 × 5 matrix 8 8 8 8
should be as follows : 9 9 9 9
P Q R S T
A P Q R S T 12. Fifteen persons, among whom are A and B, sit down at
B P Q R S T random at a round table. if p is The probability that
there are exactly 4 persons between A and B find 14 p.
C P Q R S T
D P Q R S T 13. If l is the length of the intercept made by a common
tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the ellipse
x2/25 + y2/4 = 1, on the coordinate axes, then
10. For the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 19 = 0
Column- I Column- II 81l 2 + 3
is equal to
72 226 1059
(A) Length of the tangent (P)
113 14. If x + y = k is a normal to the parabola y2 = 12x, p is
from (6, 4) to the circle the length of the perpendicular from the focus of the
(B) Length of the chord (Q) 113 3k 3 + 2p 2
parabola on this normal; then is equal to
of contact from (6, 4) 741
to the circle
15. The volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are
(C) Distance of (6, 4) (R) 113 – 32 (0, 1, 2) (3, 0, 1) (4, 3, 6) (2, 3, 2) is equal to
from the centre of the
1
circle 16. Let a1 = , ak+1 = ak2 + ak ∀ k ≥ 1 and
(D) Shortest distance of (S) 9 2
(6, 4) from the circle 1 1 1
xn = + + ... +
(T) None a 1 +1 a 2 + 1 a n +1
11. Value of x when Find [x100] where [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.
Column- I Column- II 17. Find the value of x which satisfy the equation
(A) 52 54 5 6 ... 52x = (0.04)–28 (P) 3 log3 5 log2 (x2 – 3) – log2 (6x – 10) + 1 = 0
 1 + 1 + 1 +... 
2
log 5
 4 8 16 
 18. Find the coefficient of x2009 in the expansion of
(B) x = (0.2) (Q) 4 (1 – x)2008 (1 + x + x2)2007
log 2.5  + 2 + 3 +...
1 1 1 1 / log2 x
 3 3 3  19. Find the value of x satisfying 4 = 2.
(C) x = (0.16) (R) 2

MOCK TEST PAPER-1
CBSE BOARD PATTERN
CLASS # XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS , CHEMISTRY & MATHEMATICS
Sol ut i ons w il l be publ i s he d i n ne xt is s ue
General Instructions : Physics & Che mistry

• Time given for each subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 70 for each.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Marks for each question are indicated against it.
• Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short-answer questions and carrying 1 mark each.
• Question numbers 9 to 18 are short-answer questions, and carry 2 marks each.
• Question numbers 19 to 27 are also short-answer questions, and carry 3 marks each.
• Question numbers 28 to 30 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
General Instructions : Mathematics
• Time given to solve this subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 100.
• All questions are compulsory.
• The question paper consists of 29 questions divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A comprises of 10 questions of one mark each.
Section B comprises of 12 questions of four marks each.
Section C comprises of 7 questions of six marks each.
• All question in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
• There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 4 questions of four marks each and
2 question of six marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
If nuclear density d ∝ An, where A is the atomic

PHYSICS
7.
number then write the value of n.
8. Why standard resistors are made of alloys.

q0
1. q = is valid or not, q is the charge on
v2 9. Name the quantities whose SI units are given below :
1−
c2 1. V – m 2. C-m
particle when it is moving with velocity v, q0 is the out of the two also name the vector quantity.
rest charge and c is the velocity of light .
10. A transistor is shown in figure.
2. A concave mirror is dipped inside the liquid of
absolute refractive index 1.25. What will be the
percentage change in its focal length.
3. Write the name of a compound semiconductor.
4. If one of the slit get closed in Young's Double slit +2V

experiment then fringe pattern will be observed or +1V +3V
not on the screen. (i) Name the type of transistor
. (ii) Is the transistor is properly biased.
5. Write one of the use of Zener Diode.
11. A time variant current is given -
6. Name the experiment which proves the Dual Nature i(t) = 1 + 3 2 sin (314 t + 30º)
of electron. Find its root mean square value.

12. A metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-sectional 18. (i) Write the order of colors in secondary rainbow.
area is shown in figure. (ii) Why sun appears reddish at the time of sunrise
and sunset.
i
19. The charges on the capacitors are Qa, Qb and Qc then
p1 p2 p3 calculate -
1µF
a b
Qa
Qb
(i) Out of p 1, p 2, and p3 at which point the drift speed
of the electron is maximum.
12µF
(ii) Out of p 1, p2 and p3 at which point the current
3µF
density is minimum. Qc
13. Stopping potential versus freq. of the incident light
graph is shown in figure for metal-1 and metal-2
metal-1 metal-2 key-K
30V
V0
(i) Ratio of energy stored in 1 µF and 3 µF capacitor.
θ1 θ2 (ii) Potential difference across 12 µF capacitor
υ
(iii) Energy supplied by the battery.
20. (i) A uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T exist in the

(i) Which metal will have the higher value of given solenoid. If an electron is projected along the
threshold wavelength. axis of solenoid from a towards b with the speed of
(ii) Is θ1 = θ2 if yes then why ? 3 × 10 2 m/s then find the Lorentz force working on
electron.
14. Draw the circuit diagram for finding the internal i
resistance of the cell using potentiometer. a b
15. (i) Define angle of Dip.

(ii) What is the value of angle of Dip at a place on
earth where Horizontal component and vertical (ii) When the current flows through the metallic
component of earth magnetic field are equal. spring why it get shrinked.
16. (i) State Kirchhoff's current law. 21. (i) For the given circuit diagram find the position of
(ii) Find the potential difference across the 2 ohm the null point.
resistance for the given circuit diagram. 5Ω 10 Ω
4A 1Ω 2Ω
A B
3Ω
1A G
100 cm
17. (i) State Lenz's law. Rh Key-k

(ii) If the current i increases then what will be the Vbb Rheostat
direction of induced current in the circular coil for the
given figure. (ii) For the given figure draw truth table.
A
i
b B Y
a
a >> b

22. (i) State Brewster's law for polarization . (iii) Where to put the proton that it will have
(ii) If the Brewster's angle for the given pair of maximum force on it.
medium is ip then express the critical angle for the
same pair of media in terms of ip. 27. For the given configuration find the -
(iii) If the lens is made of medium-2 and placed in –2q
medium-1. If the absolute refractive Index of
medium-2 is µ2 and of medium-1 is µ1 then µ2 > µ1.
Is it correct or not. 2a 2a
Incident rays
Refracted rays
+q +q
Medium -2
2a
Medium-1 (i) Dipole moment of the system.
Medium-1 (ii) Electric potential energy of the system.
28. Draw the circuit diagram for common emitter

23. What is the need of Modulation in communication transistor amplifier. Explain its working. What is the
system. Draw the shapes of signal, carrier wave and phase difference between input and output voltage in
amplitude Modulated wave. case of common emitter transistor amplifier.
24. How a Galvanometer can be converted into Ammeter 29. Explain construction and working of cyclotron. Why
explain it by drawing the circuit diagram. cyclotron can not be used to accelerate the electrons.
 ig 
Prove that S =  G
30. State Ampere's circuital law. Using Ampere's
 i − ig 
  circuital law find the magnetic field at the axis of the
G = Resistance of Galvanometer coil long solenoid.
S = value of shunt
ig = Full scale deflection current for Galvanometer
i = Range of Ammeter.
CHEMISTRY
25. (i) Find the equivalent resistance between A and B
for given fig. 1. Give the IUPAC name of the organic compound
R (CH3)2 C = CH – C – CH3 .
||
R R R R O
A R B 2. Complete the following reaction :

R
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2 + HCl → …..
(ii) α is the symbol for the temperature coefficient of
resistivity for the given material. If α → 0 then the
3. State a use for the enzyme streptokinase in medicine.
material will be copper or constantan ?
4. What is copolymerization ?
26. (i) What is the angle between electric field line and
equi-potential surface.
(ii) If Ea, Eb and Ec are the electric field intensities at 5. Which type of a metal can be used in cathodic
points a, b and c respectively, where to put a proton protection of iron against rusting ?
that it will have the maximum electric potential
energy. 6. Why is the bond dissociation energy of fluorine
molecule less than that of chlorine molecule ?
c
7. What is meant by inversion of sugar ?
b
8. What are the types of lattice imperfections found in
a crystals ?

9. Describe the mechanism of the formation of diethyl 21. Identify the substances A and B in each of the
ether from ethanol in the presence of concentrated following sequences of reactions :
sulphuric acid. alc.KOH Br
(i) C2H5 Br → A 
2
→ B
10. Predict, giving reasons, the order of basicity of the Cu ( CN )
NaNO + HCl
NH
2 0 → A2
 → B
2 2
following compounds in (i) gaseous phase and (ii) in (ii)
ºC
aqueous solutions (CH3)3 N, (CH3)2 NH, CH3NH2,
NH3.
H2SO 4
Heat
11. Write names of monomer/s of the following polymers (iii) NH 2 → A → B
and classify them as addition or condensation
polymers.
(i) Teflon 22. Give the electronic configuration of the
(ii) Bakelite (a) d-orbitals of Ti in [Ti (H2O)6]3– ion in an
(iii) Natural Rubber octahedral crystal field.
(b) Why is this complex coloured ? Explain on the
12. Give an example for each of the following reactions : basis of distribution of electrons in the d-orbitals.
(i) Kolbe’s reaction.
(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction. 23. State reasons for the following :
(a) Rusting of iron is said to be an electrochemical
13. Write one distinction test each for : phenomenon.
(i) Ethyl alcohol and 2–propanol (b) For a weak electrolyte, its molar conductance in
(ii) Acetaldeyde and acetone dilute solutions increases sharply as its concentration
in solution is decreased.
14. Distinguish between multimolecular and
macromolecular colloids. Give one example of each 24. Using the valence bond approach predict the shape
type. and magnetic character of [Co (NH3) 6] 3+. (Atomic
number of Co is 27).
15. Draw the structure of pyrophosphoric acid and how it
is prepared. 25. Explain the following :
(a) F-centre
16. If E° for copper electrode is +0.34 V how will you
(b) Schottky & Frenkel defect
calculate its emf value when the solution in contact
with it is 0.1 M in copper ions ? How does emf for
26. Account for the following :
copper electrode change when concentration of Cu2+
ions in the solution is decreased ? (i) Ferric hydroxide sol is positively charged.
(ii) The extent of physical adsorption decreases with
17. Physical and chemical adsorptions respond rise in temperature.
differently to a rise in temperature. What is this (iii) A delta is formed at the point where the river
difference and why is it so ? enters the sea.
18. Using the valence bond approach, predict the shape 27. Taking two examples of heterogeneous catalytic
and magnetic character of [Ni (CO)4]. reactions, explain how a heterogeneous catalyst helps
(At No. of Ni = 28). in the reaction.
19. Describe the following giving a chemical equation 28. (a) An organic compound ‘A’ with molecular
for each : formula C5H8O2 is reduced to n-pentane on treatment
(i) Markownikoff’s rule with Zn-Hg/HCl. ‘A’ forms a dioxime with
(ii) Hofmann Bromide Reaction hydroxylamine and gives a positive lodoform test and
Tollen’s test. Identify the compound A and deduce
20 (a) Write chemical equations and reaction conditions its structure.
for the conversion of : (b) Write the chemical equations for the following
(i) Ethene to ethanol conversions : (not more than 2 steps)
(ii) Phenol to phenyl ethanoate (i) Ethyl benzene to benzene
(iii) Ethanal to 2-propanol (ii) Acetaldehyde to butane – 1, 3–diol
(iii) Acetone to propene

29. Describe how potassium dichromate is made from → → →
chromite ore and give the equations for the chemical 8. If a = î + ĵ ; b = ĵ + k̂ ; c = k̂ + î find a unit vector
reactions involved. → → →
in the direction of a + b + c .
Write balanced ionic equations for reacting ions to
represent the action of acidified potassium → →
dichromate solution on : 9. What is the angle between vector a and b with
(i) Potassium iodide solution magnitude 3 and 2 respectively.
(ii) Acidified ferrous sulphate solution
Write two uses of potassium dichromate. 10. Find the direction cosines of a line which make equal
angles with the co ordinate axes.
30. Give appropriate reasons for each of the following
observations :
(i) Sulphur vapour exhibits some paramagnetic Section B
behaviour.
(ii) Silicon has no allotropic form analogous to
graphite. 11. Consider f : N → N, g : N → N and h : N → R
(iii) Of the noble gases only xenon is known to form defined as f (x) = 2x, g (y) = 3y + 4 and h (z) = sin
real chemical compounds. z ∀ x, y and z in N. Show the ho(gof) = (hog)of.
(iv) Nitrogen shows only a little tendency for
catenation, whereas phosphorus shows a clear 1− x 
tendency for catenation. 12. Differentiate cot–1   w.r.t. x.
1+ x 
MATHEMATICS 13. Solve the differential equations :

(1 + e2x) dy + e x (1 + y2) dx = 0. Give that y = 1,
when x = 0.
or
Section A dy
Solve the differential equation : x − y − 2x 3 = 0
dx
1. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} is given
π/ 4
by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is symmetric.
14. Evaluate : ∫ sin 2x sin 3x dx.
0
2. Evaluate : ∫ x. tan −1 x dx. or
π/ 4
3. Find the differential equation of the family of curves Evaluate : ∫ log(1 + tan x)dx
given by- x2 + y2 = 2ax. 0
4. Find the principle value of tan–1 (–1). 3x + 1

15. Evaluate : ∫ 2x 2
− 2x + 3
dx .
5. Find a matrix C such that 2A – B + C = 0
3 1  − 2 1 16. If x = a (θ – sin θ) and y = a (1 – cos θ),
Where A =   and B =  
0 2  0 3 d2y π
find 2
at θ = .
dx 2
6. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that
| adj A | = 64, find | A |. 17. Find the value of K so that the function,
Kx + 1, if x ≤ π
 4 3 5 f ( x) = 
 cos x , if x > π
7. Find the value of x if the matrix A =  3 − 2 7  is or
10 − 1 x 
x 3 + 3, if x ≠ 0
singular. Show that the function f ( x ) = 
 1 , if x = 0

 x −1   x +1  π 24. Using integration, find the area of the circle
18. Solve for x : tan −1   + tan −1  = ;
 x − 2  x+2 4 x2 +y2 = 16, which is exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x.
or
x < 1.
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the
x2 y2 x y
4 − 5 − 11 ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 and the line + = 1.
a b a b
19. If A = 1 − 3 1  find A–1
2 3 − 7 
25. Show that a right circular cylinder which is open at
or the top, and has a given surface area, will have the
Using the properties of determinates prove that - greatest volume if its height is equal to the radius of
a +x y z its base.
x a+y z = a 2 (a + x + y + z )
x y a+z 1 − 1 1 
26. For A = 2 1 − 3 , find A–1 and hence solve the
20. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the plane 1 1 1 
3x + 2y + 2z + 5 = 0, measured parallel to the line system of equations.
x +3 y −2 z x + 2y + z = 4
= =
3 6 2 –x+ y+z=0
x – 3y + z = 2
→ →
21. If a and b are unit vectors and θ is the angle
θ 1→ → 27. A letter is known to have come from either
between them, then prove that cos = a+ b TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelope
2 2
just two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is
the probability that the letter has come from-
22. A football match may be either won, drawn or lost by (i) TataNagar
the host country team. So there are three ways of (ii) Calcutta
forecasting the result of any one match, one correct
or
and two incorrect. Find the probability of forecasting
at least three correct results for four matches. Find the probability distribution of the number of
white balls drawn in a random draw of 3 balls
or
without replacement from a bag containing 4 white
A candidate has to reach the examination centre in and 6 red balls. Also find mean and variance of the
time. Probabilities of him going by bus or scooter or distribution.
3 1 3
by other means of transport are , ,
10 10 5
28. Find the distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the plane
respectively. The probability that he will be late is x + y + z = 2 measured parallel to the line 2x = y = z.
1 1
and respectively, if he travels by bus or scooter.
4 3
29. Every gram of wheat provides 0.1 gm of proteins and
But he reaches in time if he uses any other mode of 0.25 gm of carbohydrates. The corresponding values
transport. He reached late at the center. Find the
for rice are 0.05 gm and 0.5 gm respectively. Wheat
probability that he traveled by bus. costs Rs. 4 per kg and rice Rs. 6 per kg. The
minimum daily requirements of protein and
carbohydrates for an average child are 50 gms and
Section C 200 gms respectively. In what quantities should
wheat and rice be mixed in the daily diet to provide
minimum daily requirements of proteins and
π/ 2 carbohydrates at minimum cost. Frame an L.P.P. and
cos x
23. Evaluate : ∫
0
(1 + sin x )(2 + sin x )
dx solve it graphically.

XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2010 (December issue)
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans B A B C A, B C, D A, B, D B, C A, B, C, D
Ques 10 A → P,Q,R,S B → Q,P,Q,R C → P,Q,R,S D → P,Q,R,S
Ques 11 A→ Q B→R C→P D→S
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 3 2 5 2 6 2 1 1
C H EM I STR Y
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans D D D C D A, B, C B A, B, D B, C, D
Ques 10 A→ R B → Q,T C→P D→S
Ques 11 A → Q,S B → R,S C → P,Q,T D → R,S
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 1 2 2 0 2 9 0 6
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans B C C C A, B, D A, C A, B, C, D A, D D
Ques 10 A→ Q B→R C→P D→S
Ques 11 A→ Q B→S C→P D→R
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 1 4 6 4 1 3 3 3
IIT- JEE 2011 (December issue)
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans D B C D A, B, C, D A, C A, C, D A, B, C, D A, B, C, D
Ques 10 A→ Q B→S C→R D→P
Ques 11 A→ R B→P C→S D→Q
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 2 3 3 5 2 3 0 1
C H EM I STR Y
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans A B D C A, C, D A, B, D A, B, D C D
Ques 10 A→ R B → P,S,T C→Q D → P,T
Ques 11 A→ S B→R C→P D→Q
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 1 7 2 7 8 1 9 1
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans B C A C A, B, C, D A, B, C B, D A, B A, C
Ques 10 A→ S B→P C→Q D→R
Ques 11 A→ S B→R C→Q D→P
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans 2 5 3 6 1 2 0 4


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