Feb 2010

Teachers open the door.
Volume - 5 Issue - 8 You enter by yourself.

February, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 FEBRUARY 2010

Volume-5 Issue-8
February, 2010 (Monthly Magazine) CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.

Regulars ..........
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
NEWS ARTICLE 4
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths IIT Madras team wins New York competition
Much more IIT-JEE News. Bio-energy centre launched at IIT-Kharagpur
IIT-Kharagpur best technology school in India-survey
IIT-JEE Mock Test Paper with Solution
AIEEE & BIT-SAT Mock Test Paper with Solution

IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 8
Dr. Pradip K. Dutta
KNOW IIT-JEE 10
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS 15
8-Challenging Problems [Set# 10]
Success Tips for the Month Students’ Forum
Physics Fundamentals
• If you haven nothing else to do, look about Prism & Wave Nature of Light
you and see if there is not something close Waves & Doppler Effect
at hand that you can improve !
CATALYST CHEMISTRY 34
• He has achieved success who has worked
well, laughed often, and loved much. Key Concept
Carbonyl Compounds
• You always pass failure on the way to Co-ordination Compound & Metallurgy
success. Understanding: Physical Chemistry
• A journey of a thousand miles begins with DICEY MATHS 42

a single step.
Mathematical Challenges
• Your success will be largely determined by Students’ Forum
your ability to concentrates single- Key Concept
mindedly on one thing at a time. Integration
Trigonometrical Equation
• Success is a journey, not a destination.
Test Time ..........
• Success comes in "Cans". Failure comes in
"Can't". XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 57
• Success seems to be largely a matter of Class XII – IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
hanging on after others have let go. Class XII – IIT-JEE 2011 Paper
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Paper-3 [Class # XII]
Mock Test CBSE Pattern Paper-2 & 3 (Solution) [Class # XII]

IIT Madras team wins New West Bengal: The country's first Kharagpur is the best technology
York competition bio-energy centre was launched at school in the country followed by
the Indian Institute of Technology- IIT-Delhi, revealed a new survey
New York: An entrepreneur team
Kharagpur (IIT-K) on Tuesday for released recently.
from the Indian Institute of
undertaking research, teaching and
Technology, Madras (IIT-M) has Crack the IIT code, it's too
technological implementati.
won the NYC Next Idea 2009- easy
2010, an inaugural global business When there are no
Kolkata: From next year, the IIT
plan competition launched by teachers to teach at IITs entrance test is likely to get
New York City last...
Mumbai: Luring requires no effort simpler.
Organs may soon be if the perks are high and in the
Concerned over the immense
grown like nails at IIT Delhi field of employment what does
stress that IIT-JEE puts on
New Delhi: "Science is a cemetery one need if he is placed in one of
thousands of students, the Union
of dead ideas," said an eminent the prestigious centrally funded
HRD ministry has set up a high-
scientist but engineers at the technical institutions (collectivel).
level panel to modify the test
Indian Institute of Technology, 'Share and Share Alike'- IIT pattern.
Delhi (IIT-D) believe in re-creating Bombay's motto
those dead ideas and harvest Of the 1.5 lakh aspirants every
Mumbai: 'Share and share alike' is year, only 3,500 make it to the
new. ...
what the Indian Institute of seven IITs. To tone down the
India developing e-dog to Technology, Bombay (IIT-B) is gruelling test, the ministry has
sniff out explosives spreading across the message to formed a committee with teachers
Thiruvananthapuram: reach out to the smaller from IITs and representatives of
engineering colleges to share their the two +2 level national boards -
Indian scientists are developing an
exper. CBSE and ICSE.
electronic device that will sniff out
explosives like RDX, which remain DRDO, IIT-D joins hands According to sources, the first
undetected by existing security for weather forecast system change may be to limit questions
equipments."A prototype of the Chandigarh: In order to develop to the +2 syllabus. "The HRD
e-device. an indigenous capability and ministry feels many of the IIT-JEE
methodology for long term questions are based on topics that
India develops affordable
forecast of weather, the Defence are not taught at the +2 stage, and
nano sensors to detect
Research and Development are, in fact, of a far advanced
heart attack
Organization (DRDO) in its first standard. This forces candidates to
Thiruvananthapuram: A team of kind of venture. start preparing at least three years
Indian scientists and engineers has in advance - from Class IX itself.
developed affordable sensors using IIT–Kharagpur best They overload themselves and this
nano materials to detect a heart technology school in leads to depression, which
attack quickly. India – survey sometimes leads to suicides,"
Bio-energy centre launched New Delhi: The premier Indian IIT-Kharagpur director SK Dubey
at IIT-Kharagpur Institute of Technology (IIT) told TOI.

Dubey and IIT-JEE chairman VK IITs move to hike fee, not suffer from the hike, sources
Tewari are on the committee, adopt IIM fee strategy said.
which is expected to submit its The new fee-hike strategy aims at
New Delhi : Taking a cue from the
recommendations by July. The Indian Institutes of Management, following the IIM practice of a
changes could be introduced from the IIT bosses are drawing a cautious gradual but regular fee hike
IIT-JEE, 2006. plan to gradually equate their fee supported by an increase in
The government believes the structure with that of the IIMs. financial assistance for those
students who cannot afford the
tougher syllabus forces students
new fee structure.
to neglect their board
examinations for IIT-JEE. They also “The strategy of gradual fee hikes
end up spending a lot on coaching will allow us, for the first time, an
opportunity to hike fees
classes that claim to be tailor-
commensurate with rising costs,”
made for the entrance test, said
an IIT director said.
Dubey.
The IITs had a fixed tuition fee of
The committee, therefore, is
Rs 25,000 per annum for
singling out topics that are... ...not According to sources the exercise
undergraduate and post-graduate
taught in the +2 stage anywhere in is to make the Indian Institutes
science students for 10 years
the country. Technology self-reliant and to cut
before the fees were doubled last
dependence on state subsidy,
These topics will probably be year — to Rs 50,000 a year. But
which the IIT dons say, would
deleted. And every topic that is even with the new fee structure,
gradually taper off in the coming
now included in IIT-JEE will be the IITs earn only Rs 2 lakh for
years.
vetted by the representatives of four years of undergraduate
A panel set up by the IIT Council teaching, or Rs 1 lakh for two
CBSE and ICSE.
— the apex decision making body years of the masters in science
The two-tier exam system — headed by atomic energy chief programme from each student.
includes objective-type questions Anil Kakodkar has been asked to
The top IIMs — which typically
in the prelims and subjective ones draft the roadmap for gradual fee
raise their fees each year — in
in the finals. The panel will hikes, the sources said.
contrast earn around 10 times as
examine whether it should be Drafting the fee hike roadmap for much through tuition fees from
replaced with a uniform system. the IITs is one of the components each student over comparable
In the finals, candidates have to of the mandate of the Kakodkar course lengths.
answer three papers - physics, panel set up at the Council
IIM Ahmedabad, for instance
meeting on October 19. The
chemistry and mathematics - raised the fees for its two-year
Kakodkar panel has been asked to
through a gruelling six hours on a postgraduate diploma in
submit its report in six months.
single day. management to Rs 12.5 lakh this
The IIT Council, which met here year, from Rs 11.5 lakh last year.
The ministry feels it is too taxing
on October 19, discussed the fee-
and has asked the committee to The IIMs in Bangalore and
hike possibility in view of the
work out a better "fatigue and Calcutta charge Rs 9.5 lakh and Rs
government starting a loan
rest cycle." 9 lakh for their two year
scheme with subsidised interest
postgraduate diploma courses
The committee will also compare rate to help poor students in
respectively.
IIT-JEE question papers with those higher studies, sources said. The
of the All India Engineering Kakodkar panel will also suggest Six IITs figure among top
Entrance Examination (AIEEE) and how the IITs should increase the ten technology institutes
other engineering entrance number of scholarships, PTI, 14 January 2010, 12:19pm IST
fellowships and other financial aid
examinations conducted by KOLKATA: As many as six among
to ensure that deserving but
various states to check if there is the top 10 technology institutes in
economically weak students do
too wide a gap in their standards. the country are from the

prestigious Indian Institute of legs, as crossing the legs is harmful Commenting on the appointment
Technology, a survey has revealed. to those with cerebral palsy. Prof. U. B. Desai, Director, IIT
The top slot in the pecking order Hyderabad expressed confidence
IIT Kharagpur ties up with
is occupied by the IIT- Kharagpur that under his Chairmanship IIT
Taiwan school
followed by IIT-Delhi, IIT-Madras, Hyderabad would become a
IIT-Kanpur, IIT- Roorkee and IIT- IIT Kharagpur ties up with Taiwan world-class institute.
school The Indian Institute of
Guwahati, according to the 5th "We are very privileged and
IDC-Dataquest T-School 2009 Technology at Kharagpur (IIT-
enthused that Ajai Chowdhry has
Survey of 111 engineering colleges KGP) has is in the process of
been appointed as chairman BoG
across the country. signing a memorandum of
understanding with National Chiao for IIT Hyderabad in its formative
IIT-Bombay did not participate in years. His vision will add new and
Tung University (NCTU) of
the survey, global market challenging dimensions to IIT."
Taiwan which will facilitate
intelligence provider IDC said. An engineer by training,
research collaboration, joint
The seventh best technology research, joint mentoring for Chowdhry is one of the six
institute of the country is IIIT, students and student and faculty founder members of HCL,
Hyderabad followed by BITS Pilani, exchange especially in the field of according to a press release. He is
the survey report said. chip designing and fabrication. currently the Chairman of
IIIT, Hyderabad is the youngest While the Indian market has Confederation of Indian Industry's
T-School, set up in 1998, in the facilities and trained manpower for (CII) National Committee on
top 10 list. chip designing, those for chip Technology and innovation,
Close behind BITS Pilani is the fabrication are not available. besides being a part of the IT
National Institute of Technology Although IIT-KGP has a VLSI (very Hardware Task Force set up by
(NIT), Surathkal and the Institute large scale integration) designing the Prime Minister of India.
of Technology (IT) of the Banaras laboratory, we are still trying to Chowdhry also has chaired CII's
Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, set up a chip laboratory. National Committee for IT, ITES
it said. Ajai Chowdhry to chair IIT & E-Commerce, where he actively
encouraged the deployment of IT
IIT Bombay exhibits Hyderabad's BoG
in Indian SMEs to increase their
masterpieces New Delhi, India: Hardware,
productivity and to make them
From collapsible bamboo bar services and ICT system
globally competitive.
stools to workstations for people Integration company HCL
with cerebral palsy, the Degree Infosystems Ltd today announced Number of women at IITs
Design Show by IIT-Bombays that Ajai Chowdhry, the founder triples in 5 years
Industrial Design Centre has it all. chairman and CEO of the
In the last five years, women’s
A number of designs have been company has been nominated by
presence in certain IITs has gone
sanctioned and designed by the Honorable President of India
as high as 10 percent. In 2005,five
corporates. to be the Chairman of the Board
per cent of the total number of
of Governors, IIT Hyderabad.
The youngsters behind the those who cleared the JEE were
machines have designed a number Accepting his nomination, Ajai women(381 out of 6,433). In 2009,
of socially relevant products for Chowdhry said it is a matter of this number has increased to 10
the less privileged. immense pride and privilege to be per cent (1,048 of 10,035).
Sarabjit Singh Kalsis workstation associated with this esteemed
“The number of applications from
for cerebral palsy patients has a knowledge body.
women has also increased and
circular grip at the base of the "I look forward to furthering IIT courses at IIT are no longer
rotating chair that keeps it in Hyderabad's objectives of setting viewed as only-for-men. Even
place, a C-shaped table that helps new standards in engineering women are interested in technical
the patient maintain the right practice in India contribute fields,” said Anil Kumar, IIT-
posture and an abductor in the actively to growth of India in the
Bombay’s JEE chairperson.
chair that separates the persons decades to come," he added.

IBM collaborates with The new institute to be set admissions at the PG level by
engineering colleges to up in Quatar will be called framing a policy that includes
set up COE the International Institute of introducing scholarships for
Technology and this will be set up studying at IIT and fee reduction
IBM India has collaborated with six
all the IITs in a concerted effort. for PG students in the IITs.
engineering colleges of Tamil
The entire process of setting up a Permitting IITs to create extra
Nadu for setting up Centre of
new institute in Quatar will be co- seats for foreign PG students to
Excellence (COE) to promote high
ordinated by IIT Council, the top ensure that youth from other
quality education by providing
decision-making body for all IITs. countries take part in R&D in a big
state-of the-art technologies in
Though the HRD ministry has way is also being considered by
colleges with the objective of
initially opposed to IITs or Indian
nurturing highly skilled computer the IIT council.
Institute of Managements
professionals.The colleges will
venturing abroad, arguing that IIT Kanpur to hold B-Plan
provide infrastructure and high
“elite” educational institutions Competition in Techkriti
end systems while IBM will extend
must stay focused on India alone, IIT Kanpur is going to organize
its entire range of software suite
the new dispensation in the its annual festival Techkriti on
free of charge. This will enable
ministry is keen that Brand India 11-14 February 2010. One of the
students to learn new skill sets on
makes a mark abroad and for this flagship events of Techkriti will be
IBM software products including
reason IITs has got the go-ahead ‘Ideas 10’, the international
DB2, WebSphere, Lotus, Rational,
signal from the Indian Human
and Tivoli. business plan competition. The
Resource Development Ministry.
event will witness participation
HRD suggests Engineers IIT-Qatar will be set up in Qatar from leading MBA schools,
Bill to standardize Foundation’s Education City, such as IIMs and XLRI as well as
engineers which already has branch IITs and many international
In order to standardize the Indian campuses of six noted universities. institutes like Stanford University,
engineers globally, the HRD Cornell University, University of
Top IT companies continue
ministry is planning to introduce Purdue and the National
to flock IITs
the Engineers Bill, 2009, that University of Singapore. Cut
With the economic recession
would require obligatory throat competition from the
certification of professional taking backstage, top IT companies
best in the world will give
are quite happy to offer huge
engineers. The bill aims to participants tremendous exposure
streamline the quality of engineers salaries to the IIT graduates .
and will be an excellent test of
Training and Placement head at IIT
in the country and plans to set up their business acumen. There are
the ICE, which will maintain a Kharagpur, Suneel Srivastava, said
high chances for the participants
that the highest number of offers
national and international record to start a company based on the
of professional engineers and (13) and the highest salary package
B-plan.
of Rs 22 lakh was offered by
associate professional engineers
Barclays Singapore. The institute IDEAS is the platform where the
and will standardize the
also had about 27 pre-placement seeds of future business tycoons
engineering profession.
offers made to the students, about will be laid down. Ideas will have
To Set up a Campus in 10 of which were made by best prizes for Bio Business plan
Quatar Reliance Industries (RIL). Competition, Web Business idea,
India’s premier technological Clean Energy Solutions and Social
IITs to reduce foreign Business Plan. This year IDEAS has
institutes, Indian Institutes of
student fee at PG level American Embassy as its co-
Technology (IITs) has reportedly
Under the chairmanship of HRD sponsor and NEN, VC Hunt,
been given a nod by the central
government to set up their first minister Kapil Sibal, the first IIT Rajeev Kumar Foundation as its
offshore campus in Qatar. Council is eyeing for more foreign associates.

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Dr. Pradip K. Dutta

B.Tech -Electronics Engineering IIT Kharagpur,
MS & Ph.D.
Corporate Vice President & Managing Director,
Synopsys (I) Pvt. Ltd.
Dr. Pradip K. Dutta is the Corporate VP & MD of Prior to joining Synopsys, Dr. Dutta started his career
Synopsys (India) Private Limited, a wholly owned in the field of automotive electronics with General
subsidiary of Synopsys Inc., a world leader in Motors in USA and held a variety of positions in
Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software. His engineering and management both in the US and in
primary focus is to position Synopsys as a leader in the Asian-Pacific region.
the Indian semiconductor eco-system and help foster Dr. Dutta has earned his B.Tech in Electronics
its growth through partnership with government, Engineering from IIT Kharagpur followed by MS and
academia and industry. Dr. Dutta has been heading Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of
the India operations since 2000, overseeing the Maryland, College Park under a US government
growth from a little over 50 employees operating from fellowship grant from National Institute of Standards
one small office in Bangalore to more than 600 highly and Technology. He sits on the Advisory Board of the
skilled employee base spread across Bangalore, Govt. of West Bengal (IT Ministry) and is a member
Hyderabad and Noida. of Executive Committees of several industry
associations
Adventure :
• Adventure is not outside man; it is within.
• There are two kinds of adventures: those who go truly hoping to find adventure and those who go secretly.
hoping they won't.
• Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.
• Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them.
• Life is an adventure. The greatest pleasure is doing what people say you cannot do.

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
T = 0, θ = 0º
PHYSICS mv 2
∴ mg – Fe = … (iii)
1. A small ball of mass 2 × 10–3 kg having a charge of l
1 µC is suspended by a string of length 0.8 m. 1 1
and mv 2b = mv2 + mg(2l)
Another identical ball having the same charge is kept 2 2
at the point of suspension. Determine the minimum ∴ v 2b = v2 + 4gl …(iv)
horizontal velocity which should be imparted to the
Putting the value of v from (iii) in (iv) we get
lower ball so that it can make complete revolution.
Fe
[IIT-2001] ∴ v 2b = gl – l + 4gl
m
Sol. This is a case of vertical of circular motion. The body
undergoing vertical circular motion is moving under Fe
= 5gl – l
the action of three forces as shown m
(i) mg (Gravitation pull) 9 ×10 9 ×10 −6 × 10 −6 0.8
vb = 5 × 10 × 0.8 – ×
(ii) Electrostatic force of repulsion 0.8 × 0.8 0.002
(iii) Tension of the string  Kq1q 2 
V Q Fe = 
Fe  r2 
P ∴ vb = 5.86 m/s.
mgcosθ
lcosθ θ l T θ mgsinθ 2. Shown in the figure is a container whose top and
mg bottom diameters are D and d respectively. At the
bottom of the container, there is a capillary tube of
l outer radius b and inner radius a.
D
Reference level P
Vb
for P.E. B
For the body to move in circular motion, a centripetal
ρ
force is required. Therefore at P h
mv 2
(T + mg cos θ) – Fe = … (i)
r
Applying conservation of mechanical energy. d
Total mechanical energy at B The volume flow rate in the capillary is Q. If the
1 1 capillary is removed the liquid comes out with a
= mVb2 + mg (0) = mVb2
2 2 velocity of v0. The density of the liquid is given as in Fig.
Total mechanical energy at P Calculate the coefficient of viscosity η. [IIT-2003]
1 Sol. When the tube is not there, using Bernoulli's theorem
= mV2 + mg( l + l cos θ)
2 1 1
P + P0 + ρν12 + ρgH = ρν 02 + P 0
1 1 2 2
∴ mVb2 = mV2 + mg( l + l cos θ) …(ii)
2 2 1
⇒ ρ(ν 20 − ν12 )
P + ρgH =
On using the eq. (i) and (ii) for the condition of just 2
completing a circle we get for eq. (i) But according to equation of continuity

A2 v2 = 2[PBVB – P AVA] = 2[nRTB – nRTA]
A1v1 = A2v2 or v1 =
A1 = 2nR[T1 – 2T1] = (2) (2) R [300 – 600]
= – 1200R
1  2  A2  
2
 
∴ P + ρgH = ρ v 0 −  v0  
 Therefore work done on the gas in the process AB is
2   A1   1200 R.

  A 2  (b) Heat absorbed/released in different processes.
1
P + ρgH = ρv 02 1 −  2   Since the gas is monatomic, therefore
2   A1  
  3 5 5
CV = R and CP = R and γ = .
Here P + ρgH = ∆P 2 2 3
According to Poisseuille's equation Process A – B :
4 4
π(∆P)a π( ∆P )a 3 
Q= ∴η= ∆U = nCV ∆T = (2)  R  (TB – T A)
8ηl 8Ql
2 
π(P + ρgH)a 4 π 1  A 
2
∴ η= = × ρv 20 1 −  2   × a4 3 
= (2)  R  (300 – 600) = – 900 R
8Ql 8Ql 2   A1   2 
 
A 2 b2 QA → B = WA → B + ∆U = (– 1200R) – (900R)
Where =
A1 D 2 QA → B = – 2100 R (Heat released)
3. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas is taken 4. A metal bar AB can slide on two parallel thick
through a cycle ABCA as shown in the P-T diagram. metallic rails separated by a distance l. A resistance R
During the process AB, pressure and temperature of and an inductance L are connected to the rails as
the gas vary such that PT = Constant. If T1 = 300 K, shown in the figure. A long straight wire carrying a
calculate [IIT-2000] constant current I0 is placed in the plane of the rails
P and perpendicular to them as shown. The bar AB is
held at rest at a distance x0 from the long wire. At
2P1 B C
t = 0, it is made to slide on the rails away from the
P1 A wire. Answer the following questions. [IIT-2002]
A
T
T1 2T1
(a) the work done on the gas in the process AB and R
(b) the heat absorbed or released by the gas in each I0 l
of the processes. L
Give answer in terms of the gas constant R.
x0 B
Sol. (a) Number of moles, n = 2, T1 = 300 K
During the process A → B di dφ
PT = constant or P2V = constant = K (say) (a) Find a relation among i, and , where i is
dt dt
K the current in the circuit and φ is the flux of the
Therefore P= .
V magnetic field due to the long wire through the
circuit.
VB VB K
Therefore, WA → B = ∫ VA
P.dV = ∫ VA V
dV (b) It is observed that at time t = T, the metal bar AB
is at a distance of 2x0 from the long wire and the
= 2 K [ VB − VA ] resistance R caries a current i1. Obtain an
expression for the net charge that has flown
= 2[ KVB − KVA ]
through resistance R from t = 0 to t = T.
= 2 [ (PB2 VB ) VB − ( PA2 VA ) VA ]
(K = P 2V)

(c) The bar is suddenly stopped at time T. The 1  µ 0 I 0l  L
q=  log e 2 – i1 from eq. (ii)
i R  2π  R
current through resistance R is found to be 1 at
4
(c) When the metal bar AB is stopped, the rate of
L
time 2T. Find the value of in terms of the change of magnetic flux through ABCD becomes
R
zero.
other given quantities.
Sol. As the metal bar AB moves towards the right, the di
From (i) iR = – L
magnetic flux in the loop ABCD increases in the dt
downward direction. By Lenz's law to oppose this, 2T L i1 / 4 di
current will flow in anticlockwise direction as shown ∫ T
dt =
R ∫ 0 i
in figure.
L i /4
A T=– loge 1
D R i1
R L T
⇒ =
V R 2 log e 2
I0 i
L
5. In hydrogen-like atom (z = 11), nth line of Lyman
C B series has wavelength λ. The de-Broglie's wavelength
x of electron in the level from which it originated is
Applying Kirchoff's loop law is ABCD we get
also λ. Find the value of n? [IIT-2006]
 di  Sol. nth line of lyman series means electron jumping from
Einduced – iR – L   = 0 …(i)
 dt  (n + 1)th orbit to Ist orbit. for an electron to move in
dφ  di dφ  (n + 1)λ
⇒ – Q E induced = − dt 
= iR + L
dt  dt  2π 2π
Let AB be at a distance x from the long straight wire ⇒ λ= ×r=
( n + 1) ( n + 1)
at any instant of time t during its motion. The
magnetic field at that instant at AB due to long ( n + 1) 2
= [0.529 × 10 –10]
straight current carrying wire is z
µ I 1 Z
B= 0 0 ⇒ = …(i)
2πx λ 2π[0.529 ×10 −10 ](n + 1)
The change in flux through ABCD in time dt is
Also we know that when electron jumps from
dφ = B (dA) = Bldx
(n + 1)th orbit to Ist orbit.
Therefore the total flux change when metal bar moves
from a distance x 0 to 2x0 is 1 1 1 
= RZ2  2 − 
2x 0 2x 0 µ 0I 0 µ Il λ 1 (n + 1) 2 
∆φ = ∫ x0
Bldx = ∫ x0 2πx
dx = 0 0 [loge x ]2x x 0
2π 0
 1 
µ 0 I 0l = 1.09 × 107 Z2 1 −
= loge 2 … (ii) 2
2π  (n + 1) 
The charge flowing through resistance R in time T is From (i) and (ii)
T T 1  di 
q= ∫ 0
idt = ∫ 0 R  E induced − L dt  dt
 
[from eq. (i)] Z
2π(0.529 × 10 −10 )(n + 1)
1 T L i1
=
R ∫ 0
E induced dt −
R ∫ 0
di 
= 1.09 × 10 7 Z2 1 −
1 
2
 (n + 1) 
1 L
= ( ∆φ) − i1
R R on solving, we get n = 24.

8. Hydrogen peroxide acts both as an oxidising and as a
CHEMISTRY reducing agent in alkaline solution towards certain
first row transition metal ions. IIIustrate both these
6. A graph is plotted between PVm along Y-axis and P properties of H2O 2 using chemical equations.
along X-axis, where Vm is the molar volume of a real [IIT-1998]
gas. Find the intercept along Y-axis. [IIT-2004] Sol. When H2O2 acts as oxidising agent, therefore,
Sol. The van der Waal equation (for one mole) of a real following reaction takes place :
gas is
H2O2 + 2e → 2OH–
 
 P + a  (V m – b) = RT While regarding its action as reducing agent, the
 2 
Vm 
 following reaction takes place :
a ab H2O2 + 2OH– → O2 + 2H2O + 2e
PVm – Pb + – 2 = RT
Vm Vm Examples of oxidising Character of H2O2 in alkaline
a ab medium
PVm = RT + Pb – + 2 ....(i) 2Cr(OH)3 + 4NaOH + 3H2O2 → 2Na2CrO 4 + 8H2O
Vm Vm
Here Fe3+ (Fe is a first row transition metal) is
To calculate the intercept P → 0, hence Vm → ∞ due
to which the last two terms on the right side of the reduced to Fe2+.
equation (i) can be neglected. Example of reducing character of H2O2 in alkaline
∴ PVm = RT + Pb medium
When P = 0, intercept = RT 2K3Fe(CN)6 + 2KOH + H2O2 → 2K4[Fe(CN)6] +
2H2O + O2
7. The solubility product of Ag2C2O4 at 25ºC is Here Cr3+ (Cr is a first row transition metal) is
1.29 × 10 –11 mol3 l–3. A solution of K2C2O 4 oxidised to Cr6+
containing 0.1520 mole in 500 ml water is shaken at
25ºC with excess of Ag2CO3 till the following
equilibrium is reached : 9. Write the structures of (CH3)3N and (Me3Si)3N. Are
Ag2CO3 + K2C2O4 Ag2C2O4 + K2CO 3 they isostructural ? Justify your answer. [IIT-2005]
At equilibrium the solution contains 0.0358 mole of Sol. (CH3)3N and (Me3Si)3N are not isostructural, the
K2CO 3. Assuming the degree of dissociation of former is pyramidal while the latter is trigonal planar.
K2C2O4 and K2CO3 to be equal, calculate the Silicon has vacant d orbitals which can accommodate
solubility product of Ag2CO 3. [IIT-1991] lone pair of electrons from N(back bonding) leading
Sol. Ag2CO3 + K2C2O4 → Ag2C2O4 + K2CO3 to planar shape.
Moles at start Excess 0.1520 0 0 SiMe3
Moles after reaction ..
0.1520 – 0.0358 0.0358 0.0358
= 0.1162 N N
Molar concentration of K2C2O4 or C2O42– left H3C CH3 SiMe3 SiMe3
0.1162 CH3
unreacted = = 0.2324 moles l–1
0.5
0.0358 10. How is boron obtained from borax ? Give chemical
[K2CO3] = [CO32–] at equilibrium =
0.5 equations with reaction conditions. Write the
= 0.07156 moles l–1 structure of B2H6 and its reaction with HCl.
Given that Ksp for Ag2C2O4 = 1.29 × 10–11 mol3 l–3 at [IIT-2002]
25ºC Sol. When hot concentrated HCl is added to borax
So, [Ag+]2[C2O42–] = 1.29 × 10 –11 (Na2B4O7.10H2O) the sparingly soluble H3BO3 is
or [Ag+]2 × 0.2324 = 1.29 × 10–11 formed which on subsequent heating gives B2O3
1.29 which is reduced to boron on heating with Mg, Na or
Hence [Ag+]2 = × 10 –11 K
0.2324
Then Ksp for Na2B4O7(anhydrous) + 2HCl(hot, conc.)
1.29 ×10 −11 → 2NaCl + H2B4O7
Ag2CO3 = [Ag+]2 [CO32–] = × 0.0716
0.2324 H2B4O7 + 5H2O → 4H3BO3 ↓
= 3.794 × 10–12 mol3 l–3
2H3BO3 strong
 heating
→ B2O3 + 3H2O
B2O 3 + 6K → 2B + 3K2O or

B2O3 + 6Na → 2B + 3Na2O or ⇒ a = –1/2
B2O3 + 3Mg → 2B + 3MgO Putting a = –1/2 in (4), we get
Hydrogen bridge 12(–1/2) – 4b = –3
bonding (3C-2e bond) ⇒ –6 – 4b = –3
⇒ –3 = 4b
H H H
1.19Å ⇒ b = –3/4
Structure of B2H6 B 97º B 122º Hence, a = –1/2, b = –3/4 and c = 3
H H1.37Å H 12. Prove that :

1.77Å 3x ( x + 1)  π
sin x + 2x ≥ , ∀ x ∈ 0, 
B2H6 + HCl → B2H5Cl + H2 π  2
Normally this reaction takes place in the presence of (justify the inequality, if any used). [IIT-2004]
Lewis acid (AlCl3). 3x ( x + 1)
Sol. Let f(x) = sin x + 2x –
π
MATHEMATICS f´(x) = cos x + 2 –

(6x + 3)
π
11. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5, touches the x-axis 6  π
f´´(x) = –sin x – < 0 for all x ∈ 0, 2 
at P(–2, 0) and cuts the y axis at a point Q, where its π  
gradient is 3. Find a, b, c. [IIT-1994]  π
Sol. It is given that y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches x-axis ∴ f´(x) is decreasing for all x ∈ 0, 
 2
at P(–2, 0) which implies that x-axis is tangent at
⇒ f´(x) > 0 {as, x < π/2
(–2, 0) and the curve is also passes through (–2, 0).
The curve cuts y-axis at (0, 5) and gradient at this ⇒ f´(x) > f´( π/2)}
point is given 3 therefore at (0, 5) slope of the tangent ∴ f(x) is increasing
is 3. Thus, when x ≥ 0
dy f(x) ≥ f(0)
Now, = 3ax2 + 2bx + c 3x ( x + 1)
dx sin x + 2x – ≥0
since x-axis is tangent at (–2, 0) therefore π
dy 3x ( x + 1)
=0 or sin x + 2x ≥
dx π
x = −2
⇒ 0 = 3a(–2)2 + 2b(–2) + c
13. A window of perimeter (including the base of the
⇒ 0 = 12a – 4b + c ...(1)
arch) is in the form of a rectangle surrounded by a
again slope of tangent at (0, 5) is 3
semi-circle. The semi-circular portion is fitted with
dy coloured glass while the rectangular part is fitted with
⇒ =3
dx (0 , 5 ) clear glass. The clear glass transmits three times as
⇒ 3 = 3a(0)2 + 2b(0) + c much light per square meter as the coloured glass
⇒ 3=c ...(2) does.
Since, the curve passes through (–2, 0), we get What is the ratio for the sides of the rectangle so that
0 = a(–2)3 + b(–2)2 + c(–2) + 5 the window transmits the maximum light?[IIT-1991]
0 = –8a + 4b – 2c + 5 ...(3) Sol. Let '2b' be the diameter of the circular portion and 'a'
from (1) and (2), we get be the lengths of the other sides of the rectangle.
12a – 4b = –3 ...(4) Total perimeter = 2a + 4b + πb = K (say) ...(1)
from (3) and (2), we get Now, let the light transmission rate (per square
–8a + 4b = 1 ...(5) metre) of the coloured glass be L and Q be the total
adding (4) and (5), we get amount of transmitted light.
4a = –2

a 2 + c2 − b 2
Coloured cos B =
glass 2ac
25λ2 + 49λ2 − 36λ2 19
= 2
=
a Clear glass a 70λ 35
a + b − c2
2 2
cos C =
2ab
1 2
Then, Q = 2ab(3L) + πb (L) 49λ2 + 36λ2 − 25λ2 5
2 = =
2
84λ 7
L
Q= { πb 2 + 12ab} 1 19 5
2 ∴ cos A : cos B : cos C = : : = 7 : 19 : 25
5 35 7
L
Q= { πb 2 + 6b (K – 4b – πb)}
2
15. Let ABC be a triangle with incentre I and inradius r.
L Let D, E, F be the feet of the perpendiculars from I to
Q= {6Kb – 24b2 – 5πb 2}
2 the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. If r1, r2 and r3
dQ L are the radii of circles inscribed in the quadrilaterals
= {6K – 48b – 10πb} = 0
db 2 AFIE, BDIF and CEID respectively, prove that :
6K r1 r2 r r1 r2 r3
⇒ b= ...(2) + + 3 =
48 + 10 π r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 ( r − r1 )(r − r2 )(r − r3 )
d 2Q L [IIT-2000]
and = {–48 + 10 π}La Sol. The quadrilateral HEKJ is a square because all four
db 2 2
angles are right angle and JK = JH.
Thus, Q is maximum and from (1) and (2), A
(48 + 10 π) b = 6K and K = 2a + 4b + πb
A/2 A/2
⇒ (48 + 10 π) b = 6{2a + 4b + πb} r1 K
2b 6 J 90º
Thus, the ratio = = F 90º E
a 6+π r1
H
Circle Circle
14. With usual notation, if in a triangle ABC
B C
D 90º
b+c c+a a+b
= = , then prove that Therefore, HE = JK = r1 and IE = r (given)
11 12 13
⇒ IH = r – r1
cos A cos B cos C Now, in right angled triangle IHJ, ∠JIH = π/2 – A/2
= = [IIT-1984]
7 19 25
[Q ∠IEA = 90º, ∠IAE = A/2 and ∠JIH = ∠AIE] in
b+c c+a a+b triangle JIH
Sol. Let = = =λ
11 12 13 r1
tan(π/2 – A/2) =
⇒ (b + c) = 11λ, c + a = 12 λ, a + b = 13λ r − r1
⇒ 2(a + b + c) = 36λ r1
⇒ cot A/2 =
or a + b + c = 18λ r − r1
Now, b + c = 11λ and a + b + c = 18 λ ⇒ a = 7λ r2 r
Similarly, cot B/2 = and cot C/2 = 3
c + a = 12, and a + b + c = 18 λ ⇒ b = 6λ r − r2 r − r3
a + b = 13λ and a + b + c = 18λ ⇒ c = 5 λ adding above results, we obtain
2 2 2 A B C A B C
b +c −a cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
∴ cos A =
2bc 2 2 2 2 2 2
r1 r2 r r1 r2 r3
36λ2 + 25λ2 − 49λ2 1 ⇒ + + 3 =
= 2
= r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 ( r − r1 )(r − r2 )(r − r3 )
2(30)λ 5

Physics Challenging Problems Set #10
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
So lu tio n s wi ll b e p ub lish ed in n ex t is su e Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Passage # 1 (Q. No. 1 to 4) Passage # 2 (Q. No. 5 to 8)

A circular coil is placed in a time varying A rod ab of mass M, resistance R and length L is
magnetic field as shown in figure. The numeral
supported by two supports SP-1 and SP-2 against
relation between the radius and the resistance of
gravity At t = 0 both the supports get removed
R and the rod starts falling under the gravity in a
the coil is - r = where r = radius of coil
π very long spread uniform magnetic field
R = resistance of the coil perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed
inwards then
the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of
→
paper and inwards and given by B = B0 + B1t2 B
where B0 is a positive and B1 is a negative × × × ×
constant. The numeral values of B0 and B1 are × × × ×
1 and 2 respectively. t=0 × a × b × x=0
→
×
B × × × ×
× × × × × SP-1 × × SP-2
× × × × × ×
r × ×
× × × ×
× × × ×
× × × × L
× × × ×
× × × ×
× × × ×
Q.1 The value of induced electric field in the circular SP-1 and SP-2 Rigid supports
coil
(A) Depends only on radius of circular coil in Q.5 Expression for the speed at time t is
linear manner
(B) Independent of the radius of circular coil g g –kt
(A) (1 – e–kt) (B) .e
(C) Varies nonlinearly with respect to time k k
(D) Numeral value depends on the radius of
k k –kt
circular coil and for given radius it varies (C) (1 – e–kt) (D) .e
linearly with respect to time g g
Q.2 Induced current in the coil at t = 0 B 2 L2
(A) 4 amp. (B) zero (C) 1 amp. (D) π amp. where k =
MR
Q.3 RMS value of the induced current for the time
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2s Q.6 Time after which the acceleration of rod is 37%
(A) 8 amp. (B) 4 amp. of the maximum acceleration
(C) 8/ 3 amp. (D) 8/3 amp. MR 1 MR
Q.4 Induced charge for time period as stated above (A) 2 2
(B)
B L 2 B 2 L2
(A) 8x Faraday (B) 2x Faraday
(C) x Faraday (D) 4x Faraday MR MR
(C) 0.37 (D) 0.63
1 B 2 L2 B 2 L2
Here x =
96500

Q.7 Time after which the velocity of the rod is 63% of Q.8 Expression for a real velocity at any instant t
terminal velocity gL
(A) (1 – e–kt) (B) gL(1 – e–kt)
MR 1 MR K
(A) (B) L
B 2 L2 2 B 2 L2 (C) gK(1 – e–kt) (D) (1 – e–kt)
K
MR MR
(C) 0.37 (D) 0.63 B 2 L2
B L 2 2
B 2 L2 Where K =
MR
ELECTRONIC NOSE
NASA researchers are developing an exquisitely sensitive artificial nose for space exploration.
Onboard the space station, astronauts are surrounded by ammonia. It flows through pipes, carrying heat
generated inside the station (by people and electronics) outside to space. Ammonia helps keep the station
habitable.
But it's also a poison. And if it leaks, the astronauts will need to know quickly. Ammonia becomes dangerous at
a concentration of a few parts per million (ppm). Humans, though, can't sense it until it reaches about 50 ppm.
Ammonia is just one of about forty or fifty compounds necessary on the shuttle and space station, which cannot
be allowed to accumulate in a closed environment.
And then there's fire. Before an electrical fire breaks out, increasing heat releases a variety of signature
molecules. Humans can't sense them either until concentrations become high.
Astronauts need better noses!
That's why NASA is developing the Electronic Nose, or ENose for short. It's a device that can learn to recognize
almost any compound or combination of compounds. It can even be trained to distinguish between Pepsi and
Coke. Like a human nose, the ENose is amazingly versatile, yet it's much more sensitive.
"ENose can detect an electronic change of 1 part per million," says Dr. Amy Ryan who heads the project at JPL.
She and her colleagues are teaching the ENose to recognize those compounds - like ammonia - that cannot be
allowed to accumulate in a space habitat.
Here's how it works: ENose uses a collection of 16 different polymer films. These films are specially designed to
conduct electricity. When a substance - such as the stray molecules from a glass of soda - is absorbed into
these films, the films expand slightly, and that changes how much electricity they conduct.
Because each film is made of a different polymer, each one reacts to each substance, or analyte, in a slightly
different way. And, while the changes in conductivity in a single polymer film wouldn't be enough to identify an
analyte, the varied changes in 16 films produce a distinctive, identifiable pattern.
Electronic Noses are already being used on Earth. In the food industry, for example, they can be used to detect
spoilage. There's even an Electronic Tongue, which identifies compounds in liquids. The ENose needs to be
able to detect lower concentrations than these devices.
E-Nose
Right now, Ryan is working on a stand-alone version of ENose. "Everything is in one package," she explains:
polymer films, a pump to pull air (and everything in the air) through the device, computers to analyze data, the
energy source. The noses could simply be posted, like smoke detectors, at various points around the habitat.

8 Solution
Set # 9
Physics Challenging Problems

Q u estio n s wer e Pu b lis h ed in J an ua r y I s su e
1. Question is based on Ampere's circuital law → → →

Magnetic force on particle F m = ±q ( v × B)
As line integral of magnetic field over the closed
→ →
= ± q[ v 0 ĵ × B 0 (k̂ )]
loop
∫ B.d 1 = µ 0 .i net
here inet = 4 – 3 = 1 amp. = ± qv 0 B 0 ( ĵ × k̂ )
→ → 1  1 
∫ B . d1 = µ0 (1) = µ 0 = 2 As c2 =
c .ε 0 

µ 0 .ε 0 
→
F m = ± q.v 0 .B 0 (î )
→ →
where c is the speed of light As F m and F e are in opposite direction so either
so line integral of magnetic field over the closed
the particle is positively charged or negatively it
→ → 1
loop abcda ∫ B . ds = µ 0 = 2
c ε0
can go undeviated if
→ →
| F m |=| Fe |
As we know that surface integral of magnetic
→ → Option C is correct
field over the closed loop,
∫ B . d s is always zero
→ →
according to Gauss law for magnetostatics. 4. As | F m |=| Fe |
Option D is correct. qv0.B0 = qE 0
E0
2. Positively charged particle will turn towards left v0 = = (19.6) m / s
B0
and moves anticlockwise. In mirror it is seen
Height achieved by the particle
clockwise. Just opposite for negatively charged
particle. v2 19.6
h= = = 1m
2g 2(9.8)
mv
Radius of circular path r =
qB As from mirror point of view focal length
f = 20cm (Negative for concave mirror)
mv
To avoid hitting the upper plate d ≥ r, d ≥ Using mirror formula. 1/v + 1/u = 1/f
qB
A positively charged particle will never hit the 1 1 1 1 1 1 2−3 1
+ = ⇒ = − = =−
v − 30 − 20 v 30 20 60 60
mv
upper plate if d ≥ it rotates anticlockwise but So image is at, v = -60cm
qB
Height achieved by the particle behaves like
if viewed in mirror it is clockwise.
object so mirror forms it's image and the
Option D is correct.
magnification
→ → −60
3. Electric force on particle F e = ± q E m = v/u = – =2
− 30
= ± qE 0 ( −î ) = ± qE 0 î As height achieved by the charged particle
upward = Height of object = 1m

Height achieved by the charged particle PA = P B Means momentum of both the particles is
downward = Height of image same.
HOI As the radius of circular path in magnetic field is
as m = So HOI = m (HOO) = 2(1) = 2m
HOO
PA PB
r = p/qB so rA = , rB =
Option D is correct q A .B q B .B
Particle moving left Particle moving right
5. (1). Initial current is 18 amp.
Positively charged Negatively charged
Total energy stored in the inductor
radius of path less - Particle B electron
1 2 1
= Li = (2/3)(18)2 - Particle A radius of path is more
2 2
as shown in figure
1
= (18)2 = 108 Joule
3 Particle A should have more charge as compared
{L = L1 + L2 = 1/3 + 1/3 = 2/3(As two inductor to electron so it is doubly ionized Helium atom.
are in series)} Option D is correct.
(1). Total energy dissipated in resistors = 108 J
7. 1. Force on each and every coil is zero
(2). Time constant
2. Torque on coil of option A and option B is
The equivalent circuit is
→ →
1/3H 1/3H maximum because angle between M and B is
90º.
a 6Ω b
τmax. = MB τm ≠ 0
3Ω
1Ω 3. Torque on coil of option C and option D is zero
1Ω → →
because angle between M and B is zero
L eq
τ= between terminals a and b. So τmin. = MB sin 0 = 0
R eq
4. Coil in option C and option D are having the
2/3 2 tendency of compression.
= = = 0.4
5/3 5
[2.Time constant of the circuit = 0.4 sec.] 8. Conceptual problem
(3). Potential drop across R1 initially 1. Gauss law for electrostatics
v = i.R1 = 18(1) = 18 volt → → 1  2 1 

(4). Using current division formula.
∫
φe E .d s =
ε0
.q net = µc2qnet c =


ε 0µ 0 
Current passing through the R2 initially is 2. Gauss law for magnetistatics
= 12 amp. → →
So potential drop v = i.R = R(1) = 12 volt.

∫
φ m E . d s = 0 , Magnetic monopole is impossible
3. Ampere's circuital law

6. As the particles are having same de-Broglie wave → → 1
lengths so ∫ B.d 1 = µ 0inet =
C ε02
.inet
λA = λ B 4. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

h h → →
=
PA PB
Induced emf e = E . d e ∫

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
1. AB is a horizontal diameter of a ball of mass m = 0.4 kg Moment of inertia of ball about centroidal axis is
and radius R = 0.10 m. At time t = 0, a sharp impulse 2
I= mR2 = 1.6 × 10–3 kg m2
is applied at B at angle of 45º with the horizontal, as 5
shown in Fig. So that the ball immediately starts to Initial angular momentum of ball (about centre)
move with velocity v0 = 10 ms–1.
= J (R. sin 45)
or Iω 0 = J.R. sin 45º
45º
A ∴ ω0 = 250 rad sec–1 (clockwise)
B
Now sphere slides on floor (to the left). Therefore,
friction on it acts towards right. Considering free
(i) Calculate the impulse body diagram of sphere Fig. (while it is sliding).
If coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor (Note: Since, the sphere is sliding on the floor,
therefore, A is not an instantaneous axis of rotation.
and the ball is µ = 0.1, calculate Hence, we can not take moments about A)
(ii) Velocity of ball when it stops sliding, For vertical forces, N = mg …(1)
(iii) time t at that instant, For horizontal forces, µN = ma or a = µg = 1 ms–2
(iv) horizontal distance traveled by the ball upto that Now taking moments (about O) of forces acting on
instant, sphere,
µN . R = Iα …(2)
(v) Angular displacement of the ball about horizontal
diameter perpendicular to AB, upto that instant, From equations (1) and (2) α = 25 rad/sec2
(anticlockwise)
and
Let sliding continue for a time 't'.
(vi) energy lost due to friction. (g = 10 ms–2)
At that instant, translational velocity, v = v0 – at
Sol. Since, the impulse applied is sharp and its line of or v = (10 – t)ms–1 (towards left)
action does not pass through centre of mass of the
and angular velocity, ω = (–ω0)+ αt (anticlockwise)
sphere, therefore, (just after application of impulse),
sphere starts to move, both translationally and or ω = (25t – 250) rad s–2
rotationally,. Translational motion is produced by But when sliding stops, v = rω
horizontal component of the impulse, while rotational
∴ (10 – t) = 0.1 (25t – 205) or t = 10 sec Ans. (iii)
motion is produced by moment of the impulse. Let
the impulse applied be J. ∴ At that instant v = 10 – t = 0 Ans. (ii)
mg Considering leftward translational motion of ball (for
first 10 second),
lα ma 1 2
O Distance moved by the ball is s = v 0t – at
2
or s = 50 m Ans. (iv)
µN
Now considering clockwise rotational motion of the
N
ball (about its centroidal axis),
Then its horizontal component,
1 2
J. cos 45º = Initial horizontal momentum (m.v0) of Angular displacement, θ = ω0t – αt
2
the ball.
or θ = 1250 radian (clockwise) Ans. (v)
∴ J = 4 2 kg ms –1 Ans. (i)

Since, the ball has stopped, it means whole of its Upthrust exerted by water = apparent weight of water
initial kinetic energy is lost against friction and that is displaced,
1 2 1 2 ∴ Upthrust F1 = 1.5x (g – a) = 120.x newton
 mv 0 + Iω 0 
 2 2  Upward force exerted by spring
∴ Energy lost against friction = 70 joule Ans. (vi) F2 = Kx = 280.x.
Considering free body diagram of the block, (Fig.)
2. A rectangular tank having base 15 cm × 20 cm is mg
filled with water (density ρ = 1000 kg m–3) upto
20 cm height. One end of an ideal spring of natural
m.a
length h0 = 20 cm and force constant K = 280 Nm–1 is
fixed to the bottom of a tank so that spring remains
vertical. This system is in an elevator moving
downwards with acceleration a = 2 ms–2. A cubical (F1 + F2)
block of side l = 10 cm and mass m = 2 kg is gently Fig. : 2
placed over the spring and released gradually, as Mg – (F1 + F2) = ma
shown in Fig. Substituting values of F1 and F2, x = 0.04 m
= 4 cm Ans. (i)
If the block is slightly pushed downward by dx, both
F1 and F2 increase.
a Increase in F 1 is dF1 = 120 dx
20cm
K Increase in F 2 is dF2 = 280.dx

restoring force on block = increase in F1 + increase in
F2 = dF1 + dF2 = (120 dx +280.dx) = 400.dx
400.dx
or Restoring acceleration = = 200.dx
(i) Calculate compression of the spring in m
equilibrium position. Since, restoring acceleration ∝ displacement (dx)
(ii) If block is slightly pushed down from equilibrium Therefore, block performs SHM.
position and released, calculate frequency of its Hence, frequency,
vertical oscillations. (g = 10 ms–2) 1 acceleration 1
f= = 200
Sol. Let, in equilibrium position, compression of spring be 2π displacement 2π
x. Liquid of volume l2x is displaced from its original
position and level of liquid in tank rises as shown in 5 2
= per second Ans. (ii)
l 2x π
Fig. This rise in level, ∆ x =
A −l2 3. A two way switch S is used in the circuit shown in
where A = 15 cm × 20 cm (Base area of tank) Fig. First, the capacitor is charged by putting the
switch in position 1.
Calculate heat generated across each resistor when
Increased level of ∆x switch is in position 2.
water surface x 60V
+ – 10Ω
Original level of K
water surface
1 0.1F
2 S
Fig. : 1
6Ω
or ∆x = 0.5x
∴ Mass of water displaced by the block 4Ω
= l2 (x + ∆x)ρ 3Ω
= 15x kg

Sol. Initially the switch was in position 1. Therefore, z
initially potential difference across capacitor was
equal to emf of the battery i.e. 60 volt.
R
∴ Initially energy stored in the capacitor was y
1 1 O
U = CV2 = × 0.1 × 602 J
2 2
= 180 J 45º
q x
+ –
i
Fig. (b)
6Ω The radius of the curved part of the wire is equal to R
i i1 and linear parts of the wire are very long.
Sol. (i) Current carrying wire shown in figure (a) can be
4Ω i2 considered in four parts.
3Ω
When switch is shifted to position 2, capacitor begins (1) A straight part along y-axis.
to discharge and energy stored in it is dissipated in Since, point O lies on its axis, therefore magnetic
the form of heat across resistances. Let at some →
induction due to it is B1 = 0.
instant discharging current through the capacitor be i
as shown in Fig. (2) A semi-circular part in y – z plane.
According to Kirchhoff's laws, Magnetic induction due to it is
i1 + i2 = i … (1) → µ (1 / 2)I µ I
6i1 – 3i2 = 0 or i2 = 2i1 … (2) B2 = 0 (– î ) = – 0 î
2R 4R
From above two equations, (3) One fourth circle in x – y plane.
i 2 Magnetic induction due to it is
i1 = and i2 = i
3 3 → µ (1 / 4)I µ I
But thermal power generated in a resistance R is B3 = 0 (– k̂ ) = – 0 k̂
2R 8R
P = i2R where i is current flowing through it.
Therefore, heat generated P1, P 2 and P3 across 4Ω, (4) A straight part in x – y plane carrying current
along negative y-directions.
6Ω and 3Ω resistances is in ration 4i 2 : 6i12 : 3i 22
Magnetic induction due to it is
2 4
or P1 : P2 : P3 = 4 : : =6:1:2 → µ 0I µ I
3 3 B4 = (– k̂ ) = – 0 k̂
But total heat generated is P 1 + P 2 + P3 = U 4πR 4πR
→ → → → →
∴ Heat generated across 4Ω is P1 = 120 J Ans. ∴ B = B1 + B2 + B3 + B 4
Heat generated across 6Ω is P2 = 20 J Ans.
Heat generated across 3Ω is P3 = 40 J Ans. µ0 I µ I
=– î – 0 (π+2) k̂ Ans. (i)
Since, during discharging, no current flows through 4R 8πR
10Ω, therefore heat generated across it is equal to (ii) Circuit segment shown in figure (b) can be
zero. Ans. considered in three parts.
4. Calculate magnetic induction at point O if the z
wire carrying a current I has the shape shown in
(i) Fig. (a) and (ii) Fig.(b).
z
y
R r O
O y 45º R
R
x 45º I
Fig. (a)

(1) A circular loop in y – z plane. Since, this loop is Let first black line be formed at distance y from
made of uniform wire, therefore, magnetic central bright fringe. Let at this position there be mth
induction at O due to it is B1 = 0 dark fringe of wavelength λ1 and nth dark fringe of
(2) A straight part, parallel to x-axis. Magnetic wavelength λ2.
µ I µ I ∴ Distance of first black line, from central bright
induction due to it is B2 = 0 (– k̂ ) = – 0 k̂ .
4πR 4πR line,
(3) A straight part in y – z plane. Perpendicular  1  1
y =  m −  ω1 =  n −  ω2 … (1)
distance of O from axis of this straight part is r =  2  2
R cos 45º as shown in fig (a). Angles subtended
by lines joining O and ends of this straight part 2m − 1 ω 2
or = …(2)
with perpendicular drawn from O are α = – 45º 2n − 1 ω1
and β = 90º. For first black line, y should be minimum possible
Magnetic induction at O due to this part is which corresponds to least possible integer values of
µ0 I m and n.
B3 = (sin α + sin β )
4πr 2m − 1 7
Hence, = or m = 4, n = 3
2n − 1 5
→ µ I
or B3 = 0 ( 2 – 1) î ∴ Position of first black line
4πR
→ → → →  1
∴ B = B1 + B2 + B3 y =  m −  ω1 = 280 µm Ans. (i)
 2
µ0 I µ I Since, interference pattern is always symmetric about
= ( 2 – 1) î – 0 k̂ Ans. (ii)
4πR 4πR central bright fringe, therefore, there are two first
black lines one is at height y from central bright
5. In a Young's double slit experiment a parallel light
fringe and the other at a depth y from it.
beam containing wavelength λ1 = 4000 Å and
Hence, distance between two consecutive black lines
λ2 = 5600 Å is incident on a diaphragm having two
= 2y = 560 µm Ans. (ii)
narrow slits. Separation between the slits is
d = 2 mm. If distance between diaphragm and screen
is D = 40 cm, calculate
(i) distance of first black line from central bright SCIENCE TIPS
fringe and
(ii) distance between two consecutive black lines.
Sol. When a monochromatic light of wavelength λ is used • By seeing a glowing electric bulb can you say if it is
to obtain interference pattern in Young's double slit being fed by A.C. or D.C. ® No
λD • What does the sudden burst of a cycle tyre
experiment, fringe width is given by ω = where
d represent? ® Adiabatic process
D is distance of screen from slits and d is distance
• What happens to the velocity and wavelength of
between the slits.
light when it enters a denser medium ?
Hence, fringe width for light of wavelength λ1,
® Both decrease
λ1D
ω1 =
d • The skylab space station did not have a safe landing.
∴ ω1 = 80 µm Why ?
and fringe width for light of wavelength, λ2, ® Because its remote control system failed
λ 2D • What happens when even a small bird hits a flying
ω2 = = 112 µm
d aeroplane ? ® It causes heavy damage
Since, the incident light beam has both the • When does the lunar eclipse occur ?
wavelength λ1 and λ2, therefore, interference patterns ® It occurs when the earth comes
are formed on the screen for both the wavelengths. A
in between the moon and the sun
black line is formed at the position where dark
fringes are formed for both of the wavelengths.

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Prism & Wave Nature of Light

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
(vii) Right-angled prism : These prisms are used to turn a

Prism : light beam to 90º or 180º. These are usually made of
(i) Deviation 'δ' produced by the prism, crown glass for which
A  1 
µ g = 1.5 and C = tan–1   = 42º.
 µg 
 
Such prisms are used in binoculars and submarine
periscopes.
Normal δ Normal
(viii) Deviation produced by a thin prism δ = (µ – 1)A
i i' (ix) Angular dispersion D = δv – δR = (µV – µR)A
P r r' Q
Where V and R stand for violet and red colours
respectively.
B C Mean deviation δY = (µY – 1)A
δ = i + i' – A where µY is the refractive index of mean yellow
and A = r + r' colour.
(ii) For minimum deviation 'δm' Angular dispersion
(x) Dispersive Power, ω =
i = i' and r = r' and also PQ||BC and the refractive Mean deviation
index for the material of prism is given by
δV − δ R
 A + δm  =
sin   δY
2 
µ=  µV − µR µ V + µR
A ω= where µY =
sin   µY −1 2
2
(xi) Pair of prisms (or crossed prism) : Two thin prisms
(iii) δ – i graph for prism
of different material when placed crossed, i.e., with
δ their refracting edges parallel and pointing in
opposite directions as shown in figure, produce a
total deviation δ given by δ = δ1~ δ2
δm Flint
A glass
i
Crown A'
(iv) For not transmitting the ray from prism, glass
A where δ1 and δ2 are the mean deviations produced by
µ > cosec  
2 the first and second prism respectively.
(v) For grazing incidence i = 90º and for grazing Total angular dispersion
emergence i' = 90º. For maximum deviation i = 90º or D = D1 ~ D2
i' = 90º where D1 and D2 are the angular dispersions
(vi) The limiting angle of prism = 2C produced by respective prisms.
when i = i' = 90º (xii) Dispersion without deviation : If the angle of two
If the angle of prism A > 2C, then the rays are totally prisms A and A' are so adjusted that the deviation
reflected. produced by the mean ray by the first prism is equal
and opposite to that produced by the second prism,
then the total final beam will be parallel to the

incident beam and there will be dispersion without Interference of light :
deviation. (a) Redistribution of light energy i.e. alternate
maximum and minima).
Here, Conditions for two light waves producing
δ = δ1 – δ2 = 0 or δ1 = δ2 interference is that
i.e., (µ 1 – 1)A = (µ2 – 1)A' (i) Wave should be of same wavelength/frequency.
This combination produces total angular dispersion. (ii) Waves should be travelling in the same direction.
D = D1 – D 2 = (µ1V – µ1R) A – (µ2V – µ2R)A' (iii)Wave should have a constant phase difference
(xiii) Deviation without dispersion : For the above conditions the two source must be
coherent and that is possible when we make two
If the combination is such that D = D 1 ~ D2 = 0 sources out of a single source of light.
or D1 = D2 For monochromatic light we get alternate maxima
or (µ 1V – µ1R) A = (µ2V – µ2R)A' and minima of same colour. For white light we
The combination is said to be achromatic and the get white central fringe flanked by coloured
total mean deviation will be fringes because fringe width of different colour is
different due to different wavelengths.
δ = δ1 ~ δ2 = (µ 1 – 1)A ~ (µ2 – 1)A'
Wave nature of light :: (b) Resultant intensity at a point is
Wave front : I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I 2 cos φ
A point source produces a spherical wave front When I1 = I2 = I0 then I = 4I0 cos2 φ/2
 1  1 For constructive interference
 A ∝  or 1 ∝ 2 
 r   r  φ = ± 2nπ and ∆x = ±nλ
Where A = Amplitude, I = intensity and
Imax = ( I1 + I 2 )2 ∝ (A1 + A2)2 [Q I ∝ A2]
r = distance of point of observation from source.
A line source produces a cylindrical wave front For destructive interference
  1
1   1 φ = (2n + 1)π and ∆x =  n −  λ
A ∝  or  I ∝  .  2
 r  r
Wave front is locus of points in the same phase. Imin = ( I1 – I 2 )2 ∝ (A1 – A2)2
A distance source produce a plane wave front. I max ( I1 + I 2 ) ( A1 + A 2 ) 2
Wave front for a parallel beam of light is plane. ⇒ = =
I min ( I1 − I 2 ) ( A1 − A 2 ) 2
The angle between ray and wave front is 90º
The energy remains conserved during the process
Huygen's principle:
of interference.
Huygen's principle is a geometrical method to find
secondary wave front produced by a primary wave P
front. S1
α
S2
Intensity of light at any point P as shown the

 πd tan α 
figure I = I0cos2  
 λ 
λD
(c) The fringe width β =
d
β λ
Angular width θ = =
Thin lines shows the rays of light. D d
Dotted line shows the wavefronts. ⇒ θ does not depend on D

(d) When the source of light is placed asymmetrical Diffraction :
with respect to the slits then the central maxima Bending of light through an aperture / corner when
also shifts. the dimension of aperture is comparable to the
wavelength of light is called diffraction.
Dx Dy Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit
S Condition for minima :
S1
x y a sin θ n = n λ
α Condition of secondary maxima :

θ
 1λ
a sin θn =  n +  Where n = n = 1, 2 ...
 2 2
S2
Width of central maxima = 2λD/a
y x
= and θ = – α P
Dy Dx
(e) If young's double slit experiment is done in a
liquid of refractive index medium µ then the a θ O
fringe width β´ = β/µ
(f)
Angular width of central maxima = 2λ/a
t P Angular width of secondary maxima = λ/a
S1 2
O´  sin α 
Intensity at any point P = I0  
O  α 
S2 π
where α = (a sin θ)
λ
The ratio of intensities of secondary maxima are
If a transparent sheet of thickness t is placed in
1 1 1
front of upper slit then the central maxima shift , , , ...
22 61 121
upside. The new optical path becomes µt instead
of t and the increase in optical path is (µ – 1)t. For a path difference of λ, the phase difference is
2π radian.
D β
The shift = (µ – 1)t = (µ – 1)t Polarisation :
d λ
I0 I = I0/2 I cos2θ
(g) Interference in thin films :
1 2
i
r Unpolarised Polarised
t r
r light light
r
Transmitted rays ip r
Medium 1
For reflected rays interference
λ
Maxima 2 µt cos r = (2n – 1)
2 Medium 2 ½µ
Minima 2 µt cos r = nλ
ip = Angle of polarization, ip + r = 90º, µ = tan ip

2. The cross-section of a glass prism has the form of an
Solved Examples isosceles triangle. One of the equal faces is coated
with silver. A ray is normally incident on another
1. (i) A ray of light incident normally on one of the unsilvered face and being reflected twice emerges
faces of a right-angled isosceles prism is found to be through the base of the prism perpendicular to it.
totally reflected. What is the minimum value of the Find the angles of the prism.
refractive index of the material of prism ?
Sol. Suppose refracting angle of prism be α and other two
(ii) When the prism is immersed in water, trace the base angles of the isosceles prism be β. The light ray
path of the emergent ray for the same incident ray PQ, incident normally on the face AB, is refracted
indicating the values of all the angles (µω = 4/3) undeviated along QR. The refracted ray QR strikes
Sol. (i) According to the problem, ∠A = 90º, ∠B = ∠C = 45º. the silvered face AC and gets reflected from it. The
reflected ray RS now strikes the face AB from where
At face BC, incident ray PQ is totally reflected it is again reflected along ST and emerges
therefore i ≥ C fig. perpendicular to base BC.
P A
P
A B
45º α
N
R i Q
r=i Q i=α N´1
N´2 N1 i R
N´ S
θ=β
C N2
β 90º β
Here i = 45º, ∴ Cmax = 45º; ∴ µ = 1/sin C B C
T
or µmin = (1/sin Cmax) = (1/sin 45º) = 2 = 1.414
It follows from fig. that angle of incidence on face
(ii) When the prism is immersed in water, then for
AC = i = α and also angle of incidence of face
normal incident ray, the ray passes undeviated up to
AB = θ = β As N2 N2´ is parallel to PR, hence θ = 2i
PQ and becomes incident at face BC at angle of
incidence 45º(fig.) The ray travels from glass to i.e., β = 2α
water, therefore from Snell's law,
Also α + 2β = 180º or α + 2(2α) = 180º
sin i µ sin 45º µ w
= 2 , we have = = gµ w or α = 36º so β = 2α = 72º
sin r µ1 sin r µg
sin 45º sin 45º 3. Two coherent light sources A and B with separation
∴ sin r = = × µg
g µw µw 2λ are placed on the x-axis symmetrically about the
origin. They emit light of wavelength λ. Obtain the
1 1.414 3 positions of maximum on a circle of large radius,
= × = = 0.75
2 4/3 4 lying in the xy-plane and with centre at the origin.
∴ r = sin–1(0.75) = 48º36´ Sol. Distance between two coherent light sources = 2λ.
P Consider the interference of waves at some point C of

A B the circumference of circle.
90º 45º
R 45º BC = ( r 2 + λ2 − 2rλ cos θ)
Q
r AC = ( r 2 + λ2 + 2rλ cos θ)
45º
R
∴ Path difference = AC – BC = λ (For Maxima)
C
It is clear from figure, that
The path of light ray is shown in fig.
Path difference = AC – BC = AP + OM = 2λ cos θ

Y Thus there is brightness at O of nth order. Since the
path difference decreases, the other fringes will be of
C lower order. The next bright fringe will be of
M
(n – 1)th order. Hence for the next bright fringe
P r D2 – D2 = (n – 1)λ
θ θ X
A O B x2
d–d = (n – 1)λ
λ λ 2D( D + d)
x2
nλ – nλ = (n – 1)λ
2D( D + nλ)
∴ 2λ cos θ = λ or cos θ = 1/2
2D(D + nλ)
∴ Possible values of angle θ = 60º, 120º, 180º, 240º, ∴ x=
n
300º, 360º.
5. One slit of a Young's experiment is covered by a

4. Two point coherent sources are on a straight line glass plate (n = 1.4) and the other by another glass
d = nλ apart. The distance of a screen perpendicular plate (n' = 1.7) of the same thickness t. The point of
to the line of the sources is D >> d from the nearest central maximum on the screen, before the plates
source. Calculate the distance of the point on the were introduced, is now occupied by the previous
screen where the first bright fringe is formed. fifth bright fringe. Find the thickness of the plates
Sol. Consider any point P on the screen at a distance x (λ = 4800 Å)
from O. Then Sol. Path of the wave from slit S1 = D 1 + n't – t
Path of the wave from slit S2 = D 2 + nt – t
d ∴ Path difference = D2 + nt – t – D1 – n't + t
O = (D2 – D1) + (n – n')t
D
S1 S2
D1 O′
S1
D2 x
1/ 2
 x2   x2  O
D12 = D2 + x2 or D1 = D 1 + 2  = D 1 + ; d
 D   2D 2 
   
x2 S2 D
∴ D1 = D +
2D
xd
But D2 – D1 =
x2 D
Similarly, D2 = (D + d) +
2( D + d)
xd
∴ Path difference = + (n – n')t
x 2
x 2 D
∴ D2 – D 1 = (D + d) + –D–
2( D + d) 2D Let O' be the point where paths difference is zero.
xd
x2  1 1 x2 ∴ = (n' – n)t
=d+  − = d – d D
2  D+d D 2D( D + d )
D ( n '−n ) tβ  λD 
P or, x =
d
(n' – n) t =
λ Q β = d 
 
D2 ( n '−n ) tβ
D1 x Given that x = 5β ∴ 5β =
λ
D O 5λ 5 × 4800 × 10 −10
or, t = or, t = = 8 µm.
S1 d S2 n '−n 1.7 ×1.4
For the point O, D2 – D1 = d = nλ (given).

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Waves & Doppler Effect

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Key Concepts : Also velocity of sound ∝ γ / M

1. Equation of a harmonic wave is y = a sin(kx ± ωt ± φ).
Here y is measure of disturbance from zero level. and velocity of sound ∝ 1 / ρ .
y may represent as electric field, magnetic field, But velocity of sound does not depend on pressure
pressure etc. Also K = 2 π/λ = wave number. because P/ρ becomes constant.
Note : The positive sign between kx and ωt shows Velocity of sound depend on the frame of reference.
that the wave propagates is the +x direction. If the 7. (a) According to principle of superposition
wave travels in the –x direction then negative sign is
→ → →
used between kx and ωt. y = y1 + y 2 + ….
2. Particle Velocity :
(b) Interference of waves y1 = A1 sin(kx – ωt)
dy
v= = aω cos (kx ± ωt ± φ) y2 = A2 sin(kx – ωt + φ)
dt
For constructive interference φ = 2nπ
∴ Maximum particle velocity = aω = velocity amplitude
n = 0, 1, 2, ……
Particle velocity is different from wave velocity.
The wave velocity v = vλ. (i) Imax = ( I1 + I 2 )2
3. Particle acceleration : (waves should be in same phase)
dv 2
d y (ii) Amax = A1 + A2
A= = = – aω2 cos(kx + ωt ± φ) = – ω2 y
dt dt 2 For destructive interference φ = (2n + 1)π
Max acceleration = acceleration amplitude = – ω2a n = 0, 1, 2, ……
T (i) Imin = ( I1 – I 2 )2
4. Velocity of transverse wave on a string =
m (waves should be in opposite phase)
πD 2 (ii) Amin = A1 – A2
Where m = mass per unit length = ρ ×
4 (c) I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos φ
Where ρ = density of the wire material and
Where φ is the phase difference between the two
D = diameter of wire waves.
More the tension, more is the velocity 8. Beats : When two waves of same amplitude with
5. A wave, after reflection from a free end, suffers slight difference in frequency (<10), traveling in the
change of π. same direction superpose, beats are produced.
A wave, after reflection from a free end, suffers no The equation for beats is
change in the phase.  cos(ω1 − ω 2 ) t   ω1 − ω 2 
B
y =  2A
2  sin  2
t
6. Velocity of sound in a fluid =    
ρ Where amplitude at a given location
γP γRT  ω − ω2 
For air B = γP ∴ v= = = 2Acos  1 t
ρ M  2 
Velocity of sound in general follows the order The above expression shows that amplitude change
Vsolid > V liquid > V gas with time.
Beat frequency = no of maxima / minima per second
⇒ Velocity of sound ∝ T
= v1 – v2

9. Standing waves (stationary) 13. Doppler's effect :
When two waves of same amplitude and frequency  v ± vL 
moving in opposite direction superimpose, standing v = v0   vL = velocity of listener
waves are produced.  v ± vs 
Nodes are the point where the displacement is The above formula is valid when vs < v
always zero. Replace v by (v ± vm) if it is given that the
The amplitudes of different particles different and medium also moving.
is maximum at antinodes. When listener and source are not moving along
The equation of standing waves is the line joining the two, then the component of
y = [2A sin kx]cos ωt where amplitude = 2A sin kx velocity along the line joining the two are taken
The above expression shows that the amplitude is as velocity of listener or source.
different for different values of x and varies 14. If the source and listener are on the same vehicle and
sinusoidally. the sound is reflected from a stationary object
For a node to occur at position x, y = 0 ⇒ kx = 0 towards which the vehicle is approaching then the
For an antinode two occur at position x, y should frequency of sound as heard by the observer is
be max ⇒ kx = π/2 , ….  v + vL 
v´ = v0  
In terms of pressure ∆P = ∆P 0 cos kx cos ωt.  v + vs 
10. For standing waves on strings (and both end open 15. For a path difference of λ, the phase difference is 2π
organ pipe) for harmonic waves.
v v
Fundamental frequency v0 = = 16. For a transverse wave the energy per unit length
λ0 2l possessed by a string is given as
v  v  dE
First mode of vibration v1 = = 2  = m(4 π2f2)A2cos 2 (kx – ωt)
λ1  2l  dl
= 2v0 = 2 nd harmonic 17. Equation for a wave pulse is y = f(x + vt)
 v 18. When a wave on reaching on interface is partly
nth mode of vibration vn = n   = nv0
 2l  reflected and partly transmitted then for no power
loss.
T
= nth harmonic where v = for string. P i = P t + P r where P i = Power of incident wave
m
Also more the tension in the same string, higher is P t = Power of transmitted wave
the value of v0 P r = Power of reflected wave.
11. For closed organ pipe :
 v − v1   2v 2 
v v Also in this case Ar =  2  Ai; At =   Ai
Fundamental frequency v0 = =  v 2 + v1   v1 + v 2 
λ0 4l
Where Ai, Ar and At are amplitudes of incident
v  v
First mode of vibration v1 = = 3   = 3v0 reflected and transmitted waves v1 is the velocity in
λ1  4l  the medium of incidence and v2 is the velocity in the
= Third harmonic medium where transmitted wave is present.
v Problem Solving Strategy : Mechanical Waves
nth mode of vibration vn = (2n + 1)
4l Identify the relevant concepts : Wave problems fall
where n = 1, 2, ….. into two broad categories. Kinematics problems are
In case where end correction is taken replace l by concerned with describing wave motion; they involve
(l + e) wave speed v, wave length λ(or wave number k),
12. (a) Intensity of sound at a distance r from a point frequency f (or angular frequency ω), and amplitude
P A. They may also involve the position, velocity, and
source is I = where P = power of source. acceleration of individual particles in the medium.
4πr 2
Dynamics problems also use concepts from Newton's
P
(b) For a line source I = laws such as force and mass. In this chapter we'll
πrl encounter problems that involve the relation of wave
where l is the length of source speed to the mechanical properties of the wave
medium. We'll get into these relations.
1 (Pr essure amplitude) 2
(c) I = ρv(4 π2v2)A2 = As always, make sure that you identify the target
2 2ρν
variable(s) for the problem. In some cases it will be

the wavelength, frequency, or wave speed; in other at any point (value of x) and at any time by
cases you'll be asked to find an expression for the substituting into the wave function.
wave function. Evaluate your answer : Look at your results with a
Set up the problem using the following steps : critical eye. Check to see whether the values of v, f,
Make a list of the quantities whose value are and λ (or v, ω, and k) agree with the relationships
given. To help you visualize the situation, you'll given in eq. . v = λf or w = vk. If you've calculated
find it useful to sketch graphs of y versus x (fig. the wave function, check one or more special cases
a) and of y versus (fig. b). Label your graphs with for which you can guess what the results ought to be.
the values of the known quantities. Problem Solving Strategy : Standing waves
Wave displacement Wave displacement Identify the relevant concepts : As with traveling
y versus coordinate x y versus time t at
waves, it's useful to distinguish between the purely
at time t = 0 coordinate x = 0
kinematic quantities, such as wave speed v,
A A wavelength λ, and frequency f, and the dynamic
t quantities involving the properties of the medium,
t
such as F and µ for transverse waves on a string.
A A
Once you decide what the target variable is, try to
Wavelength λ determine whether the problem is only kinematic in
Period T nature or whether the properties of the medium are
(a)
(b) also involved.
Decide which equations you'll need to use. If any Set up the problem using the following steps :
two of v, f, and λ are given, you'll need to use eq. In visualizing nodes and antinodes in standing
v = λf (periodic wave) to find the third quantity. waves, it is always helpful to draw diagrams. For
If the problem involves the angular frequency ω a string you can draw the shape at one instant and
and / or the wave number k, you'll need to use the label the nodes N and antinodes A. The distance
definitions of those quantities and eq. (ω = vk). between two adjacent nodes or two adjacent
You may also need the various forms of the wave antinodes is always λ/2, and the distance between
function given in Eqs. a node and the adjacent antinode is always λ/4.
  x  Decide which equation you'll need to use. The
x 
y(x, t) = A cos ω − t  = A cos 2πf  − t  , wave function for the standing wave is almost
  v  v  always useful ex. y(x, t) = (ASW sin kx) sin ωt.
x t  You can compute the wave speed if you know
y(x, t) = A cos 2π  −  either λ and f (or, equivalently, k = 2π/λ and
λ T
ω = 2πf) or the properties of the medium (for a
and y(x, t) = A cos (kx – ωt). string. F and µ.)
If the wave speed is not given, and you don't have Execute the solution as follows: Solve for the
enough information to determine it using v = λf, unknown quantities using the equations you've
you may be able to find v using the relationship selected. Once you have the wave function, you can
between v and the mechanical properties of the find the value of the displacement y at any point in
system. the wave medium (value of x) and at any time. You
Execute the solution as follows : Solve for the can find the velocity of a particle in the wave
unknown quantities using the equations you've medium by taking the partial derivative of y with
selected. In some problems all you need to do is find respect to time. To find the acceleration of such a
the value of one of the wave variables. particle, take the second partial derivative of y with
If you're asked to determine the wave function, you respect to time.
need to know A and any two of v, λ and f(or v, k and Evaluate your answer : Compare your numerical
ω). Once you have this information, you can use it in answers with your diagram. Check that the wave
eq. (ω = vk). You may also need the various forms of function is compatible with the boundary conditions
the wave function given in Eqs. (for example, the displacement should be zero at a
fixed end).
  x  x 
y(x, t) = A cos ω − t  = A cos 2 πf  − t  , Problem Solving Strategy : Sound Intensity
  v  v 
Identify the relevant concepts : The relationships
x t  between intensity and amplitude of a sound wave are
y(x, t) = A cos 2π  −  and y(x, t) = A cos (kx – ωt) rather straightforward. Quite a few other quantities
λ T
are involved in these relationships, however, so it's
to get the specific wave function for the problem at particularly important to decide which is your target
hand. Once you have that, you can find the value of y variable.

Set up the problem using the following steps : wave crests arrive at the surface is fL. Then think
Sort the various physical quantities into of the surface as a new source, emitting waves
categories. The amplitude is described by A or with this same frequency fL. Finally, determine
pmax, and the frequency f can be determined from what frequency is heard by a listener detecting
ω, k, or λ. These quantities are related through the this new wave.
wave speed v, which in turn is determined by the Evaluate your answer: Ask whether your final result
properties of the medium: B and ρ for a liquid; γ, makes sense. If the source and the listener are
T, and M for a gas. moving towards each other, fL > FS; if they are
Determine which quantities are given and which moving apart, fL < fS. If the source and the listener
are the unknown target variables. Then start have no relative motion, fL = fS.
looking for relationships that take you where you
want to go.
Execute the solution as follows: Use the equations Solved Examples
you've selected to solve for the target variables. Be
certain that all of the quantities are expressed in the 1. A stationary wave is given by
correct units. In particular, if temperature is used to πx
calculate the speed of sound in a gas, make sure that y = 5 sin cos 40 πt
3
it is expressed in Kelvins (Celsius temperature plus
273.15). where x and y are in cm and t is in seconds.
(a) What are the amplitude and velocity of the
Evaluate your answer: There are multiple component waves whose superposition can give rise
relationships among the quantities that describe a to this vibration ?
wave. Try using an alternative one to check your (b) What is the distance between the nodes ?
results. (c) What is the velocity of a particle of the string at
Problem Solving Strategy : Doppler Effect the position x = 1.5 cm when t = 9/8 s ?
Identify the relevant concepts : The Doppler effect is Sol. Using the relation 2 sin C cos D = sin (C + D) +
relevant whenever the source of waves, the wave sin(C – D)
detector (listener), or both are in motion. πx 5 πx
y = 5 sin cos 40 πt = × 2 sin cos 40πt
Set up the problem using the following steps : 3 2 3
Establish a coordinate system. Define the positive 5   πx   πx 
direction to be the direction from the listener to ⇒ y= sin  + 40 πt  + sin  − 40πt  
2  3   3 
the source, and make sure you know the signs of
all relevant velocities. A velocity in the direction 5  πx  5  πx 
= .sin  40πt +  – sin  40πt − 
from the listener toward the source is positive; a 2  3  2  3 
velocity in the opposite direction is negative.
5  πx  5  πx 
Also, the velocities must all be measured relative = .sin  40πt +  + sin  40 πt − + π
to the air in which the sound is traveling. 2  3  2  3 
Use consistent notation to identify the various Thus, the given stationary wave is formed by the
quantities: subscript S for source, L for listener. superposition of the progressive waves
Determine which unknown quantities are your 5  πx  5  πx 
y1 = sin  40πt +  and y2 = sin  40 πt − + π
target variables. 2  3  2  3 
Execute the solutions : Comparing each wave with the standard form of the
progressive wave
v + vL
Use eq. fL = fS to relate the frequencies at  2π  5
v + vS y = a sin  ωt − + α ; a = = 2.5 cm
 λ  2
the source and the listener, the sound speed, and
the velocities of the source and the listener. If the ω = 40 π or n = 20
source is moving, you can find the wavelength 2π 2π
and = or λ = 6 cm = 0.06 m
measured by the listener using Eq. λ 3
v v v − vS v + vS ∴ c = nλ = 20 × 0.06 = 1.2 ms–1
λ= – S = or λ = .
fS fS fS fS λ 0.06
Distance between the nodes = = = 0.03 m
2 2
When a wave is reflected from a surface, either
stationary or moving, the analysis can be carried πx
Q y = 5 sin cos 40 πt
out in two steps. In the first, the surface plays the 3
role of listener; the frequency with which the

dy πx would also be the same as that of the incident wave.
v= = – 5 × 40π sin sin 40 πt But when the reflector moves towards the source
dt 3
with speed vref´ it would reflect additional waves
πx contained in vref and the total number of waves
⇒ v = – 200 π sin sin 40πt
3 reflected would be contained in a tube of length
9 c – vref. If λ ´is the changed wavelength of the wave
∴ At x = 1.5 cm and t = s
8 due to the motion of the source
v = – 200π sin 45 π = 0 c v 
λ ´´ = (c − v ref )  + ref 
 λ´ λ´ 
2. An engine blowing a whistle of frequency 133 Hz
moves with a velocity of 60 m s–1 towards a hill from c − v ref 332 − 64
or λ´´ = × λ´ = × 0.3 = 0.2 m
which an echo is heard. Calculate the frequency of c + v ref 332 + 64
the echo heard by the driver. (Velocity of sound in air
= 340 ms–1.) 4. Find the ratio of the fundamental frequencies of two
Sol. The 'image' of the source approaches the driver at the identical strings after one of them is stretched by 2%
same speed. Here, the image or echo is the source. and the other by 4%.
∴ vs = + 60 ms–1, v0 = – 60 ms–1
1 T
c − v0 Sol. n = . If l0 be the initial length and f be
n´ = ×n 2l m
c − vs
fractional increase in length, l = l0 + fl0. Since
340 − (−60) tension is proportional to the increase in length,
∴ n´ = × 133 = 190 Hz
340 − 60
T = k × fl0 where k is a constant.
3. A source of sound of frequency 1000 Hz moves to M
m= where M is the mass of the string
the right with a speed of 32 ms–1 relative to the l 0 + fl 0
ground. To its right is reflecting surface moving to
the left with a speed of 64 ms–1 relative to the ground. 1 kfl 0 / M 1 kl 0 f
∴ n= =
Take the speed of sound in air to be 332 m s–1 and 2l 0 (1 + f ) l 0 (1 + f ) 2l 0 M (1 + f )
find
(a) the wavelength of the sound emitted in air by the f
Since l0, k and M are constants n ∝
source 1+ f
(b) the number of waves per second arriving at the n1 f1 (1 + f 2 ) 0.02(1 + 0.04)
reflecting surface ∴ = = = 0.71
(c) the speed of the reflected waves, and n2 f 2 (1 + f1 ) 0.04(1 + 0.02)
(d) the wavelength of the reflected waves
Sol. (a) Due to the motion of the source, the wavelength 5. An open organ pipe has a fundamental frequency of
(and hence, the frequency) is actually changed from λ 300 Hz. The first overtone of a closed organ pipe has
to λ´ such that if n = actual frequency the same frequency as the first overtone of the open
c − vS 332 − 32 pipe. How long is each pipe ? The velocity of sound
λ´ = = = 0.3 m
n 1000 in air = 350 ms–1.
(b) The number of waves arriving at the reflecting c
surface is the same as the number of waves received Sol. For a closed pipe n = and 3n, 5n, 7n, ... are the
4l
by an observer moving towards the source. This is
given by the apparent frequency. c
overtones. For an open pipe n = and 2n, 3n, 4n,
c − v0 332 − ( −64) 2l
n´ = ×n= × 1000 = 1320 Hz ... are the overtones.
c − vS 332 − 32
(c) Same as that of the incident wave because the c 350
⇒ l= = = 0.58 m
speed of a wave depends only on the characteristics 2n 2 × 300
of the medium. The frequency of the first overtone
∴ speed of the reflected wave = 332 ms–1 = 2n = 2 × 300 = 600 Hz
(d) To calculate the wavelength of the reflected wave, ∴ the frequency of the first overtone of the closed
we may consider the source to be stationary and pipe = 600 = 3n
emitting waves of wavelength 0.3 m. If the reflector
∴ n = 200 Hz
were stationary, waves in a tube of length c would
reach the reflector and the same number of reflected 350 350
∴ 200 = or l = = 0.44 m
waves would be contained in a tube of the same 4l 4 × 200
length, so the wavelength of the reflected wave

KEY CONCEPT
Organic CARBONYL
Chemistry
Fundamentals COMPOUNDS
The Diels-Alder reaction : H
α, β -Unsaturated carbonyl compounds undergo an CH2 O
C
exceedingly useful reaction with conjugated dienes,
HC HC 100 ºC CHO
known as the Diels-Alder reaction. This is an +
addition reaction in which C-1 and C-4 of the quantitative
HC HC
conjugated diene system become attached to the CH2 H 1,2,3,6-
doubly bonded carbons of the unsaturated carbonyl
1,3-Butadiene Acrolein Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde
compound to form a six membered ring.
O O
O O
CH2
C C C C HC benzene,35ºC
+
C C C C quantitative
+ HC
C C C C CH2
O O
C C 1,3- p-Benzoqpuinone 5,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-
Butadiene 1,4-naphthoquinone
Diene Dienophile Adduct 1,3-butadiene,
100 ºC
(Greek: diene-loving) Six-membered ring O
A concerted, single-step mechanism is almost
certainly involved; both new carbon-carbon bonds
are partly formed in the same transition state,
although not necessarily to the same exent. The
O
Diels-Alder reaction is the most important example 1,4,5,8,11,12,13,14
of cycloaddition, Since reaction involves a system of -Octahydro-9,10-anthraquinone
four π electrons (the diene) and a system of two π Cannizzaro reaction :
electrons (the dienophile), it is known as a [4 + 2] In the presence of concentrated alkali, aldehydes
cycloaddition. containing no α-hydrogens undergo self-oxidation-
The Diels-Alder reaction is useful not only because a and -reduction to yield a mixture of an alcohol and a
salt of a carboxylic acid. This reaction, known as the
ring is generated, but also because it takes place so
Cannizzaro reaction, is generally brought about by
readily for a wide variety of reactants. Reaction is allowing the aldehyde to stand at room temperature
favored by electron-withdrawing substituents in the with concentrated aqueous or alcoholic hydroxide.
dienophile, but even simple alkenes can react. (Under these conditions an aldehyde containing
Reaction often takes place with the evolution of heat α-hydrogens would undergo aldol condensation faster)
when the reactants are simply mixed together. A few 2HCHO 50 % NaOH
 → CH3OH + HCOO– Na+
examples of the Diels-Alder reaction are: Formaldehyde Methanol Sodium formate
O O 35%NaOH
CH2 H O2N CHO
HC C C C
benzene, 20 ºC O
+ O p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
quantitative
HC C C C
CH2 H O2N CH2OH + O2N COO–Na+
O O
1,3-Butadiene Maleic anhydride cis-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalic
anhydride p-Nitrobenzl alcohol Sodium p-nitrobenzoate

In general, a mixture of two aldehydes undergoes a O H OH
Cannizzaro reaction to yield all possible products. If
one of the aldehydes is formaldehyde, however, LiAIH4 H+
reaction yields almost exclusively sodium formate
and the alcohol corresponding to the other aldehyde:
Cyclopentanone Cyclopentanol
ArCHO + HCHO conc 
. NaOH
→ H 2 , Ni
CH 3CH = CHCHO → CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
ArCH2OH + HCOO –Na+ 2− Butenal n − Butylalcohol
Crotonaldehyde
Such a reaction is called a crossed Cannizzaro From aldol condensation
reaction. For example : of acetaldehyde
CHO CH2OH 9-BBN

CH=CHCHO
conc. NaOH – +
+ HCHO + HCOO Na
3-Phenylpropenal
Cinnamaldehyde
OCH3 OCH3 From aldol condensation
Anisaldehyde of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde
p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol
(p-Methoxy
HOCH2 CH2NH2
benzaldehyde) CH=CHCH2 OH
Evidence, chiefly from kinetics and experiments with
3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol
isotopically labeled compounds, indicates that even Cinnamyl alcohol
this seemingly different reaction follows the familiar
pattern for carbonyl compounds: nucleophilic To reduce a carbonyl group that is conjugated with a
addition. Two successive additions are involved: carbon-carbon double bond without reducing the
addition of hydroxide ion (step 1) to give carbon-carbon double bond, too, requires a
intermediate I; regioselective reducing agent.
H H
Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to
(1) Ar–C=O + OH– Ar–C–O– hydrocarbons by the action (a) of amalgamated zinc
and concentrated hydrochloric acid, the Clemmensen
OH
I reduction ; or (b) of hydrazine, NH2NH2, and a strong
H base like KOH or potassium tertbutoxide, the Wolff-
H
Kishner reduction . These are particularly important
(2) Ar–C = O + Ar–C–O– when applied to the alkyl aryl ketones obtained from
OH Friedel – Crafts acylation, since this reaction
I sequence permits, indirectly, the attachment of
H straight alkyl chains to the benzene ring. For example
Ar–C–O– + Ar–C=O OH OH
CH3(CH2)4COOH, ZnCl2
H OH
+H +
–H +
OH OH
ArCH2OH ArCOO – CO(CH2)4CH3
and addition of a hydride ion from I (step 2) to a OH
second molecule of aldehyde. The presence of the Zn(Hg),HCl
negative charge on I aids in the loss of hydride ion.
OH
Reduction :
CH2 (CH2 )4 CH3
Aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols, and 4-n-Hexy lresorcinol
ketones to secondary alcohols, either by catalytic Used as an antiseptic
hydrogenation or by use of chemical reducing agents
like lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4. Such Alcohols are formed from carbonyl compounds,
reduction is useful for the preparation of certain smoothly and in high yield, by the action of such
alcohols that are less available than the corresponding compounds as lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4.
carbonyl compounds, in particular carbonyl 4R2C=O + LiAlH4 → (R2CHO)4AlLi
compounds that can be obtained by the aldol H
2O
→ 4R2CHOH + LiOH + Al(OH)3.
condensation. For example :

KEY CONCEPT
Inorganic CO-ORDINATION
Chemistry
COMPOUND & METALLURGY
Fundamentals
Tetragonal distortion of octahedral complexes (Jahn- orbitals are no longer equal in energy. If the d z2
Teller distortion) :
orbital contains one.
The shape of transition metal complexes are affected
by whether the d orbitals are symmetrically or Asymmetrical electronic arrangements :
asymmetrically filled.
Repulsion by six ligands in an octahedral complex Electronic t2g eg
splits the d orbitals on the central metal into t2g and eg configuration
levels. It follows that there is a corresponding
d4
repulsion between the d electrons and the ligands. If
the d electrons are symmetrically arranged, they will d7
repel all six ligands equally. Thus the structure will
be a completely regular octahedron. The symmetrical d9
arrangements of d electrons are shown in Table.
Symmetrical electronic arrangements :
more electron than the d x 2 − y 2 orbital then the ligands
Electronic t2g eg
approaching along +z and –z will encounter greater
configuration repulsion than the other four ligands. The repulsion
d5 and distortion result in elongation of the octahedron
along the z axis. This is called tetragonal distortion.
d6 Strictly it should be called tetragonal elongation. This
form of distortion is commonly obsered.
d8 If the d x 2 − y 2 orbital contains the extra electron, then
10
d elongation will occur along the x and y axes. This
means that the ligands approach more closely along
the z-axis. Thus there will be four long bonds and
All other arrangements have an asymmetrical two short bonds. This is equivalent to compressing
arrangement of d electrons. If the d electrons are the octahedron along the z axis, and is called
asymmetrically arranged, they will repel some tetragonal compression, and it is not possible to
ligands in the complex more than others. Thus the predict which will occur.
structure is distorted because some ligands are For example, the crystal structure of CrF 2 is a
prevented from approaching the metal. distorted rutile (TiO2) structure. Cr2+ is octahedrally
as closely as others. The eg orbitals point directly at surrounded by six F–, and there are four Cr–F bonds
the ligands. Thus asymmetric filling of the eg orbitals of length 1.98 – 2.01 Å, and two longer bonds of
in some ligands being repelled more than others. This length 2.43 Å. The octahedron is said to be
causes a significant distortion of the octahedral tetragonally distorted. The electronic arrangement in
shape. In contrast the t2g orbitals do not point directly Cr2+ is d4. F – is a weak field ligand, and so the t2g
at the ligands, but point in between the ligand level contains three electrons and the eg level contains
directions. Thus asymmetric filling of the t2g orbitals one electron. The d x 2 − y 2 orbital has four lobes whilst
has only a very small effect on the stereochemistry.
Distortion caused by asymmetric filling of the t2g the d z2 orbital has only two lobes pointing at the
orbitals is usually too small to measure. The ligands. To minimize repulsion with the ligands, the
electronic arrangements which will produce a large single eg electron will occupy the d z2 orbital. This is
distortion are shown in Table.
equivalent to splitting the degeneracy of the eg level
The two eg orbitals d x 2 − y 2 and d z2 are normally so that d z2 is of lower energy, i.e. more stable, and
degenerate. However, if they are asymmetrically d x 2 − y 2 is of higher energy, i.e. less stable. Thus the
filled then this degeneracy is destroyed, and the two

two ligands approaching along the +z and –z 2NaAg(CN)2 + Zn → Na2Zn(CN)4 + 2Ag ↓
directions are subjected to greater repulsion than the 2NaAu(CN)2 + Zn → Na2Zn(CN)4 + 2Au ↓
four ligands along +x, –x, +y and –y. This causes
tetragonal distortion with four short bonds and two Soluble complex
long bonds. In the same way MnF 3 contains Mn3+ Special Methods :
with a d4 configuration, and forms a tetragonally Mond's process : Nickel is purified by this method.
distorted octahedral structure. Impure nickel is treated with carbon monoxide at 60–
Many Cu(+II) salts and complexes also show 80º C when volatile compound, nickel carbonyl, is
tetragonally distorted octahedral structures. Cu2+ has formed. Nickel carbonyl decomposes at 180ºC to
a d9 configuration : form pure nickel and carbon monoxide which can
eg again be used.
t2g
Impure nickel + CO 60–80ºC NI(CO)4
To minimize repulsion with the ligands, two Gaseous compound
electrons occupy the d z 2 orbital and one electron 180ºC
occupies the d x 2 − y 2 orbital. Thus the two ligands Ni + 4CO
along –z and –z are repelled more strongly than are Zone refining or Fractional crystallisation :
the other four ligands. Elements such as Si, Ge, Ga, etc., which are used as
The examples above show that whenever the d z2 and semiconductors are refined by this method. Highly
d x 2 − y 2 orbitals are unequally occupied, distortion pure metals are obtained. The method is based on the
difference in solubility of impurities in molten and
occurs. This is know as Jahn–Teller distortion. solid state of the metal. A movable heater is fitted
Leaching : around a rod of the impure metal. The heater is
It involves the treatment of the ore with a suitable slowly moved across the rod. The metal melts at the
reagents as to make it soluble while impurities point of heating and as the heater moves on from one
remain insoluble. The ore is recovered from the end of the rod to the other end, the pure metal
solution by suitable chemical method. For example, crystallises while the impurities pass on the adjacent
bauxite ore contains ferric oxide, titanium oxide and melted zone.
silica as impurities. When the powdered ore is Molten zone
digested with an aqueous solution of sodium containing
hydroxide at about 150ºC under pressure, the alumina impurity
(Al2O 3) dissolves forming soluble sodium meta-
aluminate while ferric oxide (Fe2O3), TiO2 and silica
remain as insoluble part.
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Pure alumina is recovered from the filtrate Pure metal
Impure
NaAlO2 + 2H2O → Al(OH)3 + NaOH Moving circular zone
Ignited
heater
2Al(OH)3   → Al2O 3 + 3H2O
( autoclave) Different metallurgical processes can be broadly
Gold and silver are also extracted from their native divided into three main types.
ores by Leaching (Mac-Arthur Forrest cyanide Pyrometallurgy : Extraction is done using heat
process). Both silver and gold particles dissolve in energy. The metals like Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ni, Cr,
dilute solution of sodium cyanide in presence of Hg, etc., which are found in nature in the form of
oxygen of the air forming complex cyanides. oxides, carbonates, sulphides are extracted by this
4Ag + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 process.
→ 4NaAg(CN)2 + 4NaOH Hydrometallurgy : Extraction of metals involving
Sod. argentocyanide aqueous solution is known as hydrometallurgy.
4Au + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 Silver, gold, etc., are extracted by this process.
→ 4NaAu(CN)2 + 4NaOH Electrometallurgy : Extraction of highly reactive
Sod. aurocyanide metals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, etc., by
carrying electrolysis of one of the suitable
Ag or Au is recovered from the solution by the
addition of electropositive metal like zinc. compound in fused or molten state.

UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry
1. Calculate ∆rU, ∆ rH and ∆rS for the process T2

∆ rS = Cp,m (g) ln
1 mole H2O (1,293 K, 101.325 kPa) → T1
1 mol H2O (g, 523 K, 101.325 kPa)
 523 K 
Given the following data : = (35.982 J K–1 mol–1) × 2.303 × log  
 373 K 
Cp,m (1) = 75.312 J K–1 mol–1 ;
Cp,m(g) = 35.982 J K–1 mol–1 = (35982 J K–1mol–1) × 2.303 × 0.1468
∆ vapH at 373 K, 101.325 kPa = 40.668 kJ mol–1 = 12.164 J K–1 mol–1
Sol. The changes in ∆rU, ∆ rH and ∆rS can be calculated ∆ rU = ∆rH – R(∆T)
following the reversible paths given below. = 5397.3 J mol–1 – (8.314 J K–1 mol–1) (150 K)
Step I: 1 mole H2O(1,293 K, 101.325 kPa) → = 5397.3 J mol–1 – 1247.1 J mol–1
= 4 150.2 J mol–1
1 mole H2O(1,373 K, 101.325 kPa)
q p = ∆ rH = Cp,m(1) ∆T Thus ∆Utotal = (6024.96 + 37565 + 4150.2) J mol–1
= (75.312 J K–1 mol–1 ) (80 K) = 47740.16 J mol–1
= 6024.96 J mol–1 ∆ Htotal = (6024.96 + 40668 + 5397.3) J mol–1
= 52090.26 J mol–1
T2
∆ rS = Cp,m ln ∆ Stotal = (18.184 + 109.03 + 12.164) J K–1 mol–1
T1
= 139.378 J K–1 mol–1
 373 K 
= (75.312 J K–1 mol–1) × 2.303 × log  
 293 K  2. It is possible to supercool water without freezing. 18
= 18.184 J K mol –1 –1 g of water are supercooled to 263.15 K(–10ºC) in a
thermostat held at this temperature, and then
∆ rU = ∆ rH – p∆rV –~ ∆rH crystallization takes place.
Step II: 1 mol H2O(1,373 K, 101.325 kPa) Calculate ∆rG for this process. Given:
→ 1 mol H2O (g, 373K, 101.325 kPa) Cp(H2O,1) = 75.312 J K–1 mol–1
q p = ∆ vapH = 40.668 kJ mol–1 Cp (H2O,s) = 36.400 J K–1 mol–1
40668 J mol –1 ∆ fusH (at 0ºC) = 6.008 kJ mol–1
∆ rS = = 109.03 J K–1 mol–1
373 K Sol. The process of crystallization at 0ºC and at 101.325
kPa pressure is an equilibrium process, for which
∆ rU = ∆ rH – p∆rV
∆ G = 0. The crystallization of supercooled water is a
= 40668 J mol–1 – (101.325 kPa)
spontaneous phase transformation, for which ∆G
 373 K  must be less than zero. Its value for this process can
 (22.414 dm 3 mol –1 ) × 
 273 K  be calculated as shown below.
= 40668 J mol–1 – 3 103 J mol–1 The given process
= 37565 J mol–1 H2O(1, – 10ºC) → H2O(s, –10ºC)
Step III: 1 mol H2O(g, 373 K, 101.325 kPa) is replaced by the following reversible steps.
→ 1 mol H2O(g, 523 K, 101.325 kPa) (a) H2O(1, – 10ºC) → H2O(1, 0ºC) ...(1)
∆ rH = Cp,m (g) ∆T 273.15 K
= (35.982 J K–1 mol–1) (150 K) = 5397.3 J mol–1 ∆ rH1 =

∫C
263.15 K
p , m (1) dT

= (75.312 J K–1 mol–1 ) (10 K) CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO– + H2O+
= 753.12 J mol–1 c(1 – α) cα cα
273.15 K
C p,m (1) With these concentrations, the equilibrium constant
∆ rS 1 =
∫
263.15 K
R
dT becomes
[CH 3 COO – ][H 3O + ] (cα)(cα )
 273.15 K  Ka = = = cα2
= (75.312 J K–1mol–1) × ln   [CH 3COOH ] c(1 – α )
 263.15 K 
Ka
= 2.809 J K–1 mol–1 or = α =
c
(b) H2O(1, 0ºC) → H2O(s, 0ºC) ...(2)
Substituting the values, we have
∆ rH2 = – 6.008 kJ mol–1
(1.8 ×10 –5 M )
(6008 J mol –1 ) α= = 6 × 10–3
∆ rS 2 = – = – 21.995 J K–1 mol–1 (0.5 M )
( 273.15 K )
The concentration of hydrogen ions is given as
(c) H2O(s, 0ºC) → H2O(s, –10ºC) ...(3)
263.15K
[H3O+] = cα = (0.5 M) (6 × 10 –3) = 3 × 10 –3 M
Hence, pH = – log {[H3O+]/M}
∆ rH3 =
∫C
273.15K
p , m (s) dT
= – log (3 × 10 –3) = 2.52
= (36.400 J K–1 mol–1)(–10 K) (a) To double the pH
= – 364.0 J mol–1 Thus pH = 5.04
263. 15K Since pH = – log {[H3O+]/M}
C p ,m (s )
∆ rS 3 = ∫
273. 15K
T
dT therefore [H3O+]/M= 10 –pH . Substituting the value of
pH , we have
 263.15 K  [H3O+]/M = 10 –5.04 = 0.912 × 10–5 = 9.12 × 10–6
= (36.400 J K–1 mol–1) ×ln   Thus, c1α = 9.12 × 10 –6 M
 273.15 K 
In dilution, α will increase, and its value will not be
= – 1.358 J K–1 mol–1
negligible in comparison to one. Thus, we shall have
The overall process is obtained by adding Eqs. (1), to use the expression
(2) and (3), i.e.
(c1α ) 2 c α2 (c α )α (9.12 × 10 –6 M)α
H2O(1, –10ºC) → H2O(s, –10ºC) Ka= = 1 = 1 =
c1 (1 – α ) 1 – α 1– α 1– α
The total changes in ∆rH and ∆rS are given by
∆ rH = ∆ rH1 + ∆rH2 + ∆rH3 or (1.8 × 10–5 M) (1 – α) = ( 9.12 × 10–6 M) α
=(753.12 – 6008 – 364.0) J mol–1 which gives
= – 5618.88 J mol–1 (9.12 × 10 –6 M + 1.8 × 10–5 M) α = 1.8 × 10–5 M
∆rS = ∆rS1 + ∆rS2 + ∆rS3 1.8 × 10 –5 M
or a = = 0.6637
= (2.809 – 21.995 – 1.358) J K–1 mol–1 27.12 × 10 – 6 M
= – 20.544 J K–1 mol–1 Since c1α = 9.12 × 10 –6 M and α = 0.6637
Now ∆rG of this process is given by Therefore,
∆ rG = ∆ rH – T∆rS 9.12 × 10 –6 M
= – 5618.88 J mol–1 – (263.15 K)( –20.544 J K–1 mol–1 ) c1 = = 1.374 × 10 –5 M
0.6637
= – 212.726 J mol–1 Volume to which the solution should be diluted
3. Given a solution that is 0.5 M CH3COOH. To what cV (0.5 M) (1 dm 3 )
= = = 3.369 × 104 dm3
volume at 25ºC must one dm3 of this solution be c1 –5
(1.374 × 10 M )
diluted to (a) double the pH; (b) double the
(b) To double the hydroxyl-ion concentration
hydroxide-ion concentration ?
Since [H3O+] in 0.5 M acetic acid is 3 × 10 –3 M,
Given that Ka = 1.8 × 10–5 M.
therefore
Sol. If α is the degree of dissociation of acetic acid of
concentration c then the concentrations of various (1.0 × 10 –14 M 2 )
[OH–] =
species in the solution are (3 × 10 – 3 M )

In the present case, the concentration of hydroxyl 0.188 mol
becomes Number of CN– units combined = =2
0.095 mol
2(1.0 ×10 –14 M 2 )
[OH–] = Thus, the formula of the complex is Hg(CN ) 24 – .
(3 ×10 – 3 M)
which gives
5. From the standard potentials shown in the following
(3 ×10 –3 M)
+
[H3O ] = = 1.5 × 10–3 M diagram, calculate the potentials E1º and E º2 .
2
For the concentration, we can use E1º
Ka = c2α2 = (c2α) (α)
Ka (1.8 × 10 –5 M) 0.54 V 1 1.07 V
or α = = = 1.2 × 10–2 BrO3– BrO– 0.45 V Br2 Br–
(c 2 α ) (1.5 × 10 – 3 M ) 2
0.17 V
(1.5 × 10 –3 M)
Thus, c2 = = 1.25 × 10–1 M = 0.125 M
1.2 × 10 – 2 E2º
Volume to which the solution should be diluted
cV (0.5M)(1dm 3 ) Sol. The reaction corresponding to the potential Eº1 is
= = = 4 dm3
c2 (0.125 M ) 1
BrO3– + 3H2O + 5e– = Br2 + 6OH– ...(1)
2
4. The freezing point of an aqueous solution of KCN This reaction can be obtained by adding the
containing 0.189 mol kg–1 was – 0.704 ºC. On adding following two reduction reactions:
0.095 mol of Hg(CN)2, the freezing point of the BrO3– + 2H2O + 4e– = BrO– + 4OH– ...(2)
solution became –0.530ºC. Assuming that the 1
BrO– + H2O + e– = Br2 + 2OH– ...(3)
complex is formed according to the equation 2
Hg(CN)2 + x CN – → Hg(CN ) xx +– 2 Hence the free energy change of reaction (1) will be
∆G ºreaction (1) = ∆G ºreaction ( 2) + ∆G reaction
º
(3)
Find the formula of the complex.
Sol. Molality of the solution containing only KCN is Replacing ∆Gºs in terms of potentials, we get
(– ∆Tf ) (0.704 K ) – 5FE 1º = – 4F(0.54 V) – 1F (0.45 V)
m= = = 0.379 mol kg–1
Kf –1
(1.86 K kg mol ) = (–2.61 V) F
2.61 V
This is just double of the given molality Hence E 1º = = 0.52 V
( = 0.189 mol kg–1) of KCN, indicating complete 5
dissociation of KCN. Molality of the solution after Now the reaction corresponding to the potential E2º is
the formation of the complex BrO3– + 2H2O + 6e– = Br– + 6OH– ...(4)
This reaction can be obtained by adding the
(– ∆Tf ) (0.530 K ) following three reactions.
m= = = 0.285 mol kg–1
Kf (1.86 K kg mol –1 ) BrO3– + 2H2O + 4e– = BrO– + 4OH– (Eq.2)
If it be assumed that the whole of Hg(CN)2 is 1
BrO– + H2O + e– = Br2 + 2OH– (Eq.3)
converted into complex, the amounts of various 2
species in 1 kg of solvent after the formation of the 1
Br2 + e– = Br– ...(5)
complex will be 2
n(K+) = 0.189 mol, Hence
n(CN–) = (0.189 – x) mol ∆G ºreaction ( 4) = ∆G ºreaction ( 2) + ∆G reaction
º
(3)
n (Hg (CN ) xx +– 2 ) = 0.095 mol º

+ ∆G reaction (5 )
Total amount of species in 1 kg solvent becomes or – 6F(E 2º) = – 4F(0.54 V) – 1F(0.45 V)
ntotal = [0.189 + (0.189 – x) + 0.095] mol – 1F (1.07 V)
= (0.473 – x) mol Equating this to 0.285 mol, = (– 3.68 V) F
we get 3.68
or E2º = = 0.61 V.
(0.473 – x) mol = 0.285 mol 6
i.e. x = (0.473 – 0.285) = 0.188

`tà{xÅtà|vtÄ V{tÄÄxÇzxá 10
Set
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
So lu tio n s w ill b e p ub lis h ed in n ex t iss u e Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
1. Let f(x) = sinx and received, two letters are sent to separate persons
{max f ( t ); 0 ≤ t ≤ x ; for 0 ≤ x ≤ π chosen at random (irrespective of what happened in
g(x) =  Discuss
 sin 2 x / 2 ; x>π the past). What is the probability that in the first k
the continuity and differentiability of g(x) in (0, ∞) stages, the person who started the chain will not
receive a letter ?
2. Is the inequality sin2x < x sin(sinx) true for
0 < x < π/2 ? Justify your answer.
7. Prove the identity :
x x
∫ ∫
2 2 2
3. A shop sells 6 different flavours of ice-cream. In how e zx − z dz = e x 4
e−z 4
dz, deriving for the
0 0
many ways can a customer choose 4 ice-cream cones
x
∫
2
if function f(x) = e zx − z dz a differential equation
0
(i) they are all of different flavours;
and solving it.
(ii) they are not necessarily of different flavours;
(iii) they contain only 3 different flavoures;
(iv) they contain only 2 or 3 different flavoures ? 8. Prove that ∫ sin nθsec θ dθ
2 cos( n − 1)θ
4. Using vector method, show that the internal =–
n −1 ∫
– sin(n – 2) θ sec θ dθ dθ.
(external) bisector of any angle of a triangle divides
Hence or otherwise evaluate
the opposite side internally (externally) in the ratio of π/ 2 cos 5θ sin 3θ
the other two sides containing the triangle. ∫ 0 cos θ
dθ.
5. Prove that
9. Find the latus rectum of parabola
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ............. + nCn
9x2 – 24 xy + 16y2 – 18x – 101y + 19 = 0.
n n n+2 
cos(n + 1)x = 2 . cos x/2. cos  x
 2 
10. A circle of radius 1 unit touches positive x-axis and
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + .............. + nCn
positive y-axis at A and B respectively. A variable
sin(n + 1)x = 2 n . cos n x/2 . sin  n + 2 x  line passing through origin intersects the circle in two
 2 
points in two points D and E. Find the equation of the
6. In a town with a population of n, a person sands two lines for which area of ∆ DEB is maximum.
letters to two sperate people, each of whom is asked
to repeat the procedure. Thus, for each letter

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR JANUARY ISSUE (SET # 9)
−2s + a + 2b b−c
1. as φ (a) = φ (b) = φ (c) = = & r = k.
2 2
so by Rolle’s theorem there must exist at least a point
∆ s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c)
x = α & x = β each of intervals (a, c) & (c, b) such so r = k = =
that φ′(α) = 0 & φ′(β) = 0. Again by Rolle’s theorem, s s
there must exist at least a point x = µ such that s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c)
r=k=
α < µ < β where φ′(µ) = 0 s
2f (a ) 2f (b) 2sk = s(s − a )(a − b + c)(a + b − c)
so +
(a − b) (a − c) (b − c) ( b − a )
= s(s − a )(a − 2 x )(a + 2 x )
2f (c)
+ - f ′′ (µ) = 0 2sk = s(s − a )(a 2 − 4h 2 )
(c − a ) (c − b )
f (a ) f ( b) required locus is
so + 4s2y2 = A(a2 – 4x2)
(a − b) (a − c) ( b − c) ( b − a )
Aa 2
f (c) 1 ⇒ s2y2 + Ax 2 =
+ = f ′′ (µ) 4
(c − a ) (c − b ) 2 where A is = s (s – a)
where a < µ < b. here h2 < as so it is an ellipse
2. Required probability 4. f (0) = c

r −2 f (1) = a + b + c & f (−1) = a − b + c
5 5 5 5 1 5 1
1. . . ........ . =   . (r – 2) times solving these,
6 6 6 6 6 6
  6
1
Note : any number in 1st loss a = [f (1) + f (−1) − 2 f (0)] ,
2
same no. does not in 2nd (any other comes). 1
Now 3rd is also diff. (and in same r − 2 times) b = [f (1) − f (−1)] & c = f (0)
2
Now (r − 1)th & r th must be same. x ( x + 1) x ( x − 1)
so f (x) = f (1) + (1− x2) f (0) +
2 2
3. 2s = a + b + c
f (−1) 2 | f (x) | < | x | | x + 1 | + 2 | 1 − x2 | + |x|
ON = − BN + BO | x − 1| ; as | f (1) | , | f (0) |, | f (−1) | ≤ 1.
Let BN = x 2 | f (x) | ≤ | x | (x + 1) + 2 (1 − x2) + | x | (1 − x) as
2BN + 2CN + 2AR = 2s x ∈ [−1, 1]
x + (a − x) + (b − a + x) = s 5
x=s−b so 2 | f (x) | ≤ 2 (|x| + 1 − x2) ≤ 2 .
4
A 5
so | f (x) | ≤
4
1
Now as g (x) = x2 f (1/x) = (1 + x) f (1)
M R 2
I (h,k)
1
+ (x2 − 1) f (0) + (1 − x) f (−1)
2
r so 2 | g (x) | ≤ | x + 1 | + 2 | 1 − x2 | + | 1 − x|
B C ⇒ 2 | g (x) | ≤ x + 1 + 2 (1 − x2) | + 1 − x ;
N O
as x ∈ [−1, 1]
a ⇒ 2 | g (x) | < − 2x2 + 4 ≤ 4.
so h = ON = − (s − b) ⇒ |g (x) | ≤ 2.
2

5. Oil bed is being shown by the plane A′ PQ. θ be the x
− 2 sin 5x sin
angle between the planes A′ PQ & A′ B′ C′ Let A′ B′
C′ be the x − y plane with x axis along A′ C′ and
= ∫ 2 cos
5x
2 dx
origin at A′. The P.V.s of the various points are 2

defined as follows  5x x
B
=−2 ∫  sin
 2
sin  dx
2
 6x 4x 
A C
= ∫  cos
 2
− cos  dx
2 
= ∫ (cos 3x − cos 2x ) dx
B´ sin 3x sin 2x
= − +C
3 2
A´ C´
P x
d2y
Q
7.
dx 2
=2 ∫ f (t) dt
0
point C′ : b î , point B′ : cos A î + c sin A ˆj , point Q : integrate using by parts method
b î – z k̂ , point P : i cos A î + c sin A ĵ – y k̂ dy  x x 
normal vector to the plane A′ B′ C′ dx  0

∫ ∫
= 2  x f ( t ) dt − x . f ( x ) dx 


r 0
= n1 = bc sin A k̂
r x 
normal vector to the plane A’PQ = n 2
∫
= 2  ( x − t ) f ( t ) dt 
0 
= cz sin A î + (by - cz cos A) ˆj + bc sin A k̂  
r r again integrating,
n .n
so cos θ = r 1 r2
| n1 || n1 |  x x x  
y = 2  x ( x − t ) f ( t ) dt − x  f ( t ) dt − 0  dx 
∫ ∫ ∫
bc sin A    
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1/ 2  0 0 0  
[c z sin A + ( by − cz cos A) + b c sin A]
 x x2
x x
x2 
cos θ =
b c sin A
[ b 2 c 2 sin 2 A + (c 2 z 2 + b 2 y 2 − 2bycz cos A)]1/ 2  0

∫
= 2  x ( x − t ) f ( t ) dt −
2 ∫
0
f ( t ) dt + ∫
0
2
f ( x ) dx 


[c 2 z 2 + b 2 y 2 − 2bycz cos A ]1/ 2 x x x
so tan θ =
∫ 2 ( x 2 − xt ) f ( t ) dt − ∫ x 2 f ( t ) dt + ∫t
2
bc sin A = f ( t ) dt
0 0 0
z2 y2 2 yz x x
so tan θ . sin A = + − cos A
∫ ( x 2 − 2 xt + t 2 ) f ( t ) dt = ∫ (x − t)
2 2
b c2 bc y= f ( t ) dt
0 0
cos 8x − cos 7 x 2 sin 5x
6. ∫ 1 + 2 cos 5x
.
2 sin 5x
dx
1/ α 1/β
  a α    a β 
sin 13x − sin 3x − sin 12 x + sin 2x To prove that    + 1 <    + 1
= ∫ 2 (sin 5x + sin 10 x )
dx 8.
 b 



 b 



sin 13x + sin 2x − sin 3x – sin 12 x a
= ∫ 2 (sin 5x + sin 10 x )
dx Let
b
=c> 0
2 sin
15 x
cos
11x
− 2 sin
15x
cos
9x so (cα + 1)1/α < (cβ + 1)1/β .
= ∫ 2 2
2 . 2 . sin
15x
cos
2
5x
2 dx Let f (x) = (cx + 1)1/x ; x > 0
 1 
2 2 f ′(x) = (cx + 1)1/x ln (cx + 1)  − 2 
11x 9x  x 
cos − cos
∫ 2 2 dx 1 x 1 –1
= + (c + 1) x . c x ln c
5x x
2 cos
2

1
−1
x
(c + 1) x
= [ −(c x + 1) ln (c x + 1) + c x ln c x ] < 0
x2 TRUE OR FALSE
so f (x) is decreasing function
so f (α) < f (β ). Hence proved. 1. The thrust exerted by a liquid on the base of a
vessel does not depend on the mass of the liquid
9. Point P (x, 1/2) under the given condition are length but depends on the area of the base and height of
PB = OB the liquid.
2. The path of one projectile as seen from another
projectile is a straight line.
3. The arithmetic logic shift unit (ALSU) is
(t – 1) combinational circuit that performs a number of
A arithmetic, logic and shift micro-operations.
P θ 4. A thin circular disc of mass M and radius R is
rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis
O C B (t, 1) passing through its centre and perpendicular to its
plane with an angular velocity ω. Another disc of
rθ = t ; so θ = t M
the same dimensions but of mass is gently
PB θ 4
from ∆PAB : = PA sin placed on the first disc coaxially. The angular
2 2
t velocity of the system now is 2 ω/ 2 .
⇒ PB = 2 sin ........(1) 5. The rms speed of oxygen molecules (O2) at a
2
certain temperature T (absolute) is v. If the
θ t temperature is doubled and oxygen gas dissociates
Now ∠ PBC = = ;
2 2 into atomic oxygen, the rms speed remains
θ t unchanged.
so from ∠ PCB ; =
2 2 Sol.
1/ 2 t 1. [True]
so from ∆ PCB ; = sin ........(2)
PB 2 2. [True] Let u1 and θ1 be the initial speed and angle
from (1) & (2) PB = 1 ; so θ = t = π/3 of projection of the projectile and u2 and θ2 be the
corresponding quantities, respectively, for the
1
thus | PB |2 = (t − x)2 + = 1. other projectile.
4 Then the coordinates of one as seen from the other
3 3 projectile are
|t−x|= ; t−x= ; as t > x
2 2 x = (u1 cos θ1 – u2 cos θ2) t,
π 3 y = (u1 sin θ1 – u2 cos θ 2) t
so x = − x u1 cos θ1 − u 2 cos θ 2
3 2 ∴ = = m (say)
y u 1 sin θ1 − u 2 sin θ 2
or x = my,
10. Let xn = n − 1 + n + 1 be rational, then
which is the equation of a straight line.
1 1
= is also rational 3. [True]
xn n −1 + n + 1 1 M 2 1 2
4. [False]  M +  R ω′ = MR ω
1 n +1 − n −1 2 4  2
= is also rational
xn 2 4
⇒ ω′ = ω
n +1 − n − 1 is also rational 5
as n +1 + n −1 & n +1 − n − 1 are rational T
5. [False] vrms = const.
M
so n + 1 + n − 1 must be rational
i.e. (n + 1) & (n – 1) are perfect squares. 2T
v 'rms = const.
This is not possible as any two perfect squares differe M/2
at least by 3. Hence there is not positive integer n for T
= const. × 2 = 2 vrms
which n −1 + n + 1 is a rational. M

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
1. An urn containing '14' green and '6' pink ball. K 3. Six points (xi , yi), i = 1, 2,..., 6 are taken on the circle
(< 14, 6) balls are drawn and laid a side, their colour 6 6
being ignored. Then one more ball is drawn. Let P(E) x2 + y2 = 4 such that ∑ x i = 8 and ∑ yi = 4 . The
be the probability that it is a green ball, then i =1 i =1
20 P(E) = .............. line segment joining orthocentre of a triangle made

Sol. Let E i denote the event that out of the first k balls by any three points and the centroid of the triangle
drawn, i balls are green. Let A denote the event that made by other three points passes through a fixed
(k + 1)th ball drawn is also green. points (h, k), then h + k is_________
14 6 6
Ci × 6C k −i
P(Ei) = 20
Ck
0≤i≤k Sol. Let ∑ x i = α and ∑ yi = β .
i =1 i =1
14 − i Let O be the orthocentre of the triangle made by
and P(A/Ei) =
20 − k (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x 3, y3)
k 14 C 6 ⇒ O is (x1 + x2 + x3, y1 + y2 + y3) ≡ (α1, β 1)
j × C k −i 14 − j
Now P(A) = ∑ 20
Ck
+
20 − k
Similarly let G be the centroid of the triangle made
j= 0 by other three points
14 – 1 6
Also (1 + x) (1 + x)  x + x5 + x6 y4 + y5 + y6 
14–1
= ( C0 + 14–1
C1x +.......+ 14 – 1C14 – 1 x14–1) ⇒ G is  4 , 
 3 3 
( C0 + C1x + .......+ 6C6x6)
6 6
 α − α1 β − β1 
k ⇒ G is  , .
⇒ ∑( 14 −1 6
C j + Ck − j ) = co-efficient of x k  3 3 
j=0 The point dividing OG in the ratio 3 : 1 is
14 14 α β
∴ P(E) = =  ,  ≡ (2, 1) ⇒ h + k = 3
6 + 14 20  4 4
∴ 20P(Ε) = 14
4. Let P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d where a, b, c, d are
2. If f(x + y + z) = f(x) + f(y) + f(z) with f(1) = 1 and constants. If P(1) = 10, P(2) = 20 and P(3) = 30,
f(2) = 2 and x, y, z ∈ R, then evaluate P( 2) + P (−8)
compute
n 10
∑ (4r)f (3r) Sol. Let Q(x) = P(x) – 10 x
lim r =1 is equal to__________ Q(1) = P(1) – 10 = 0
n →∞ n3 Q(2) = P(2) – 20 = 0
Sol. f(3) = 3f(1) = 3, f(4) = f(2 + 1 + 1) = 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 Q(3) = P(3) – 30 = 0
and so on. In general, we get f(r) = r for r ∈ N ∴ Q(x) is divisible by (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
n
But Q (x) is a 4th degree polynomial
∑ (4r)f (3r) 12n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1) ∴ Q(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – K)
⇒ lim r =1
= lim ∴ P(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – K) + 10x
3
n →∞ n n →∞ 6n 3
=4 P(12) = (11) (10) (9) (12 – K) + 120
P (–8) = (–9) (–10) (–11) (–8 – K) – 80

P(12) + P( −8)  π
∴ 6. If sin–1 x ∈  0,  , then the value of
10  2
990 (12 − K ) + 120 + 990 (8 + K ) − 80  cos −1 (sin(cos −1 x )) + sin −1(cos(sin −1 x )) 
= tan   is___
10  2 
11880 + 120 − 990 K + 7920 + 990 K − 80
=  π π
10 Sol. As sin–1x ∈  0,  and cos–1x = – sin–1x
 2  2
12000 + 7840 19840
= = = 1984  π
10 10 ⇒ cos –1 x ∈  0, 
 2
5. If A be the area bounded by y = f(x), y = f–1(x) and ⇒ sin(cos–1 x) = cos (sin–1x) =
1
line 4x + 4y – 5 = 0 where f(x) is a polynomial of 2nd 1− x 2
degree passing through the origin and maximum π
value of 1/4 at x = 1, then 96A is equal to______ Thus, cos–1(sin(cos–1x)) + sin–1(cos(sin–1x)) = .
2
Sol. Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx π
⇒ required value = tan =1
1 4
=a+b ...(1)
4
f '(x) = 2ax + b
⇒ 2a + b = 0 ...(2)
Do you know
• The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes
Y or stirrup bone located in the middle ear. It is
y=x approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.
B • The longest cells in the human body are the
C motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37
A meters) long and run from the lower spinal cord
to the big toe.
• There are no poisonous snakes in Maine.
X • The blue whale can produce sounds up to 188

O P Q decibels. This is the loudest sound produced by a
living animal and has been detected as far away as
From (1) and (2), 530 miles.
1 1 • The largest man-made lake in the U.S. is Lake
a=– ,b= Mead, created by Hoover Dam.
4 2
• The poison arrow frogs of South and Central
2x − x 2 America are the most poisonous animals in the
f(x) =
4 world.
Since 4x + 4y – 5 = 0 passes through • A new born blue whale measures 20-26 feet
 1 1  (6.0 - 7.9 meters) long and weighs up to 6,614
A 1,  and B  , 1 so area bounded is pounds (3003 kg).
 4 4 
OAB = 2 × OAC • The first coast-to-coast telephone line was
= 2 [area (OCP) + area(CPQA) – OAQ] established in 1914.
 1 5 5  5 1  1  5  1 2x − x 2 
• The Virginia opossum has a gestation period of
= 2  × × +  +  × × 1 −  − ∫ dx  only 12-13 days.
 2 8 8  8 4  2  8  0 4  • The Stegosaurus dinosaur measured up to 30 feet
 25 7 3 1  37 (9.1 meters) long but had a brain the size of a
=2  + × −  = = A, then 96A = 37 walnut.
128 8 16 6  96

INTEGRATION
MATH
Mathematics Fundamentals
Integration : 1 1 x−a
d
18. ∫x 2
−a 2
=
2a
log
x+a
, when x > a
If
dx ∫
f(x) = F(x), then F( x ) dx = f(x) + c, where
1 1 a+x
c is an arbitrary constant called constant of 19. ∫a 2
−x 2
dx =
2a
log
a−x
, when x < a
integration.
dx x
x n +1 = log x + x 2 − a 2  = cos h–1  
1. ∫ x dx =
n
n +1
(n ≠ –1) 20.
∫ x −a2 2   a
1
2. ∫ x dx = log x 21. ∫
dx x
= log x + x 2 + a 2  = sin h–1  
 
x +a2 2 a
∫ e dx = e
x x
3.
1 1 x
ax
22. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
x a 2 − x 2 + a2 sin–1  
2 a
4.
∫ a x dx =
log e a
1
5.
∫ sin x dx = – cos x
23.
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x x2 − a2
1 2
a log x + x 2 − a 2 
6.
∫ cos x dx = sin x –
2  
∫ sec x dx = tan x 1
2
7. 24.
∫ x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x x2 + a 2
∫ cos ec x dx = – cot x
2
8. 1 2
+ a log x + x 2 + a 2 
2  
9.
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x f ´(x )
25. ∫ f (x) dx = log f(x)
10.
∫ cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x
f ´(x )
11.
∫
 x π
sec x dx = log(sec x + tan x) = log tan  + 
26.
∫ f (x)
dx = 2 f ( x )
 2 4
Integration by Decomposition into Sum :
x
12.
∫ cosec x dx = – log (cosec x + cot x) = log tan  
2
1. Trigonometrical transformations : For the
integrations of the trigonometrical products such as
sin2x, cos2x, sin3x, cos3x, sin ax cos bx, etc., they
13.
∫ tan x dx = – log cos x are expressed as the sum or difference of the sines
and cosines of multiples of angles.
14.
∫ cot x dx = log sin x 2. Partial fractions : If the given function is in the
dx x x form of fractions of two polynomials, then for its
15.
∫ a −x2 2
= sin–1
a
= – cos–1
a
integration, decompose it into partial fractions (if
possible).
dx 1 x 1 x Integration of some special integrals :
16.
∫a 2
+ x2
=
a
tan –1 = – cot–1  
a a a dx
dx 1 x 1 x
(i) ∫ ax
+ bx + c2
17.
∫x x2 − a 2
=
a
sec–1 = – cosec–1  
a a a This may be reduced to one of the forms of the
above formulae (16), (18) or (19).

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dx dx 1
(ii)
∫
ax + bx + c 2
4. ∫ (px 2
+ r ) ax + c2
, at first x =
t
and then a + ct2 = z2
This can be reduced to one of the forms of the above Some Important Integrals :
formulae (15), (20) or (21).
dx  x −α 
(iii) ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx 1. To evaluate
∫ ( x − α)( x − β)
, ∫   dx,
 β−x 
This can be reduced to one of the forms of the above
formulae (22), (23) or (24). ∫ ( x − α )(β − x ) dx. Put x = α cos2θ + β sin2θ
(px + q)dx ( px + q )dx
(iv) ∫
2
ax + bx + c
,
∫
ax 2 + bx + c
2. To evaluate
dx
∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ,
dx
For the evaluation of any of these integrals, put dx

px + q = A {differentiation of (ax2 + bx + c)} + B ∫ a + b cos x + c sin x
Find A and B by comparing the coefficients of like
powers of x on the two sides.  x  2 x
 2 tan  1 − tan 
1. If k is a constant, then  2  2
Replace sin x = and cos x =
 2 x  x
∫ k dx = kx and ∫ k f (x) dx = k ∫ f ( x) dx 1 + tan


2
1 + tan

2

2
2. ∫ {f ( x) ± f (x)} dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ f (x) dx
1 2 1 2
Then put tan
x
= t.
Some Proper Substitutions : 2
p cos x + q sin x
1. ∫ f(ax + b) dx, ax + b = t 3. To evaluate
∫ a + b cos x + c sin x dx
∫ f(ax + b)x dx, ax + b = t
n n–1 n
2. Put p cos x + q sin x = A(a + b cos x + c sin x)
+ B. diff. of (a + b cos x + c sin x) + C
3.
∫ f{φ(x)} φ´(x) dx, φ(x) = t A, B and C can be calculated by equating the
coefficients of cos x, sin x and the constant terms.
f ´(x )
4. ∫ f (x) dx , f(x) = t dx
4. To evaluate ∫ a cos 2
x + 2b sin x cos x + c sin 2 x
,
∫
2 2
5. a − x dx, x = a sin θ or a cos θ dx dx
∫ a cos x+b2
, 2
x ∫ a + b sin
6. ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx, x = a tan θ
In the above type of questions divide Nr and Dr by
cos2x. The numerator will become sec2x and in the
a2 − x2
7.
∫ a 2 + x2
dx, x2 = a2 cos 2θ denominator we will have a quadratic equation in tan
x (change sec2x into 1 + tan2x).
8.
∫ a ± x dx, a ± x = t2 Putting tan x = t the question will reduce to the form
dt
a−x ∫ at 2
+ bt + c
9. ∫ a+x
dx, x = a cos 2θ
5. Integration of rational function of the given form
∫ x2 + a2 x2 − a2
2
10. 2ax − x dx, x = a(1 – cos θ)
(i)
∫x 4
+ kx 2 + a 4
dx, (ii)
x 4 + kx 2 + a 4 ∫
dx, where
∫
2 2
11. x − a dx, x = a sec θ k is a constant, positive, negative or zero.
These integrals can be obtained by dividing
Substitution for Some irrational Functions :
numerator and denominator by x2, then putting
dx
1. ∫(px + q) ax + b
, ax + b = t2
x–
a2
= t and x +
a2
= t respectively.
x x
dx 1
2. ∫ (px + q) , px + q = Integration of Product of Two Functions :
∫ f (x) f (x) dx = f (x) ∫ f (x) dx – ∫ [(f (x)∫ f ]dx

ax 2 + bx + c t
'
1. 1 2 1 2 1 2 ( x )dx
dx
∫ (px
2
3. 2
, ax + b = t
+ qx + r ) ax + b

Proper choice of the first and second functions : universal substitution. Sometimes
is more it
Integration with the help of the above rule is called x
integration by parts, In the above rule, there are two convenient to make the substitution cot = t for
2
terms on R.H.S. and in both the terms integral of the 0 < x < 2π.
second function is involve. Therefore in the product
of two functions if one of the two functions is not The above substitution enables us to integrate any
directly integrable (e.g. log x, sin–1x, cos–1x, tan–1x function of the form R (sin x, cos x). However, in
etc.) we take it as the first function and the remaining practice, it sometimes leads to extremely complex
function is taken as the second function. If there is no rational functions. In some cases, the integral can be
other function, then unity is taken as the second simplified by –
function. If in the integral both the functions are (i) Substituting sin x = t, if the integral is of the form
easily integrable, then the first function is chosen in
such a way that the derivative of the function is a ∫ R (sin x) cos x dx.
simple functions and the function thus obtained under (ii) Substituting cos x = t, if the integral is of the form
the integral sign is easily integrable than the original
function. ∫ R (cos x) sin x dx.
∫e
ax
2. sin(bx + c) dx dt
(iii) Substituting tan x = t, i.e. dx = , if the
1+ t2
ax
e integral is dependent only on tan x.
= [a sin (bx + c) – b cos (bx + c)]
a + b2
2
Some Useful Integrals :
e ax  b dx
=
a 2 + b2
sin  bx + c − tan −1 
 a
1. (When a > b)
∫ a + b cos x
2  a −b x
∫e
ax
3. cos(bx + c) dx = tan–1  tan  + c
2
a −b  a + b
2 2 
e ax dx
= [a cos (bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)]
a + b2
2 2. (When a < b) ∫ a + b cos x
e ax  b x
= cos  bx + c − tan −1  b − a tan − a+b
a +b2  2 a 1 a
=– log
b2 − a 2 x
b − a tan + a + b
∫e
kx kx
4. {kf(x) + f´(x)} dx = e f(x) a
x dx 1 x
5. ∫ log e x = x(logex – 1) = x loge  
e
3. (when a = b) ∫ a + b cos x = a tan 2 + c
dx
Integration of Trigonometric Functions :
1. To evaluate the integrals of the form
4. (When a > b)
∫ a + b sin x
 x 
∫ sin x cos x dx, where m and n are rational
m n
I =  a tan  2  + b 
2    
numbers. = tan –1   +c
a 2 − b2  a −b 2 2
(i) Substitute sin x = t, if n is odd;
 
(ii) Substitute cos x = t, if m is odd;
dx
(iii) Substitute tan x = t, if m + n is a negative even
integer; and
5. (When a < b) ∫ a + b sin x
1 1 x
(iv) Substitute cot x = t, if (m + 1) + (n – 1) is a tan  + b − b 2 − a 2
2 2 1 2
= log +c
an integer. x
b − a2
2 2
a tan   + b + b − a 2
2. Integrals of the form

∫ R (sin x, cos x) dx, where R is 2
dx 1
a rational function of sin x and cos x, are transformed
into integrals of a rational function by the substitution
6. (When a = b) ∫ a + b sin x = a
[tan x – sec x] + c
x
tan = t, where –π < x < π. This is the so called
2

TRIGONOMETRICAL
MATH
EQUATION
Mathematics Fundamentals
Functions with their Periods : Note :

1. If while solving an equation we have to square it,
Function Period then the roots found after squaring must be
sin (ax + b), cos (ax + b), sec (ax + b), 2 π/a checked whether they satisfy the original
cosec (ax + b) equation or not. e.g. Let x = 3. Squaring, we get
x2 = 9, ∴ x = 3 and – 3 but x = – 3 does not
tan(ax + b), cot (ax + b) π/a satisfy the original equation x = 3.
|sin (ax + b)|, |cos (ax + b)|, |sec (ax + b)|, π/a 2. Any value of x which makes both R.H.S. and
|cosec (ax + b)| L.H.S. equal will be a root but the value of x for
|tan (ax + b)|, |cot (ax + b)| π/2a which ∞ = ∞ will not be a solution as it is an
indeterminate form.
Trigonometrical Equations with their General 3. If xy = xz, then x(y – z) = 0 ⇒ either x = 0 or
Solution: y z
y = z or both. But = ⇒ y = z only and
Trgonometrical equation General Solution x x
not x = 0, as it will make ∞ = ∞. Similarly, if ay
sin θ = 0 θ = nπ = az, then it will also imply y = z only as a ≠ 0
being a constant.
cos θ = 0 θ = nπ + π/2
Similarly, x + y = x + z ⇒ y = z and x – y = x – z
tan θ = 0 θ = nπ
⇒ y = z. Here we do not take x = 0 as in the
sin θ = 1 θ = 2nπ + π/2 above because x is an additive factor and not
multiplicative factor.
cos θ = 1 θ = 2nπ
4. When cos θ = 0, then sin θ = 1 or –1. We have to
sin θ = sin α θ = nπ + (–1)n α verify which value of sin θ is to be chosen which
cos θ = cos α θ = 2nπ ± α  1
satisfies the equation cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ =  n +  π
 2
tan θ = tan α θ = nπ + α
2 2 If sin θ = 1, then obviously n = even. But if
sin θ = sin α θ = nπ ± α
sin θ = –1, then n = odd.
tan2θ = tan2α θ = nπ ± α Similarly, when sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ and cos θ = 1
2 2 or –1.
cos θ = cos α θ = nπ ± α
sin θ = sin α θ = 2nπ + α If cos θ = 1, then n is even and if cos θ = –1,
* then n is odd.
cos θ = cos α
5. The equations a cos θ ± b sin θ = c are solved as
sin θ = sin α θ = 2nπ + α follows :
*
tan θ = tan α
Put a = r cos α, b = r sin α so that r = a 2 + b2
tan θ = tan α θ = 2nπ + α and α = tan –1 b/a.
*
cos θ = cos α The given equation becomes
r[cos θ cos α ± sin θ sin α] = c ;
* If α be the least positive value of θ which satisfy
two given trigonometrical equations, then the c c
cos (θ ± α) = provided ≤ 1.
general value of θ will be 2nπ + α. r r

Relation between the sides and the angle of a triangle: 2 2∆
sin A = s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c) =
1. Sine formula : bc bc
sin A sin B sin C 1 2∆ 2∆
= = = Similarly sin B = & sin C =
a b c 2R ca ab
Where R is the radius of circumcircle of triangle Some Important Results :
ABC. A B s−c A B s
2. Cosine formulae : 1. tan tan = ∴ cot cot =
2 2 s 2 2 s−c
b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + c2 − b 2 A B c C c
cos A = , cos B = , 2. tan + tan = cot = (s – c)
2bc 2ac 2 2 s 2 ∆
a 2 + b2 − c2 A B a−b
cos C = 3. tan – tan = (s – c)
2ab 2 2 ∆
It should be remembered that, in a triangle ABC A B
If ∠A = 60º, then b2 + c2 – a2 = bc tan + tan
A B 2 2 = c cot C
4. cot + cot =
If ∠B = 60º, then a2 + c2 – b2 = ac 2 2 A B s−c 2
tan tan
If ∠C = 60º, then a2 + b2 – c2 = ab 2 2
3. Projection formulae : 5. Also note the following identities :
a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C Σ(p – q) = (p – q) + (q – r) + (r – p) = 0
c = a cos B + b cos A Σp(q – r) = p(q – r) + q(r – p) + r(p – q) = 0
Trigonometrical Ratios of the Half Angles of a Triangle:
Σ(p + a)(q – r) = Σ p(q – r) + aΣ(q – r) = 0
a +b+c
If s = in triangle ABC, where a, b and c Solution of Triangles :
2
1. Introduction : In a triangle, there are six
are the lengths of sides of ∆ABC, then
elements viz. three sides and three angles. In
A s(s − a ) B s(s − b) plane geometry we have done that if three of the
(a) cos = , cos = , elements are given, at least one of which must
2 bc 2 ac
be a side, then the other three elements can be
C s(s − c) uniquely determined. The procedure of
cos =
2 ab determining unknown elements from the known
elements is called solving a triangle.
A (s − b)(s − c) B (s − a )(s − c)
(b) sin = ' sin = , 2. Solution of a right angled triangle :
2 bc 2 ac
Case I. When two sides are given : Let the
C (s − a )(s − b) triangle be right angled at C. Then we can
sin = determine the remaining elements as given in
2 ab
the following table.
A (s − b)(s − c)
(c) tan = , Given Required
2 s(s − a )
(i) a, b a a
B (s − a )(s − c) C (s − a )(s − b) tanA = , B = 90º – A, c =
tan = , tan b sin A
2 s( s − b ) 2 s(s − c)
(ii) a, c a
Napier's Analogy : sinA = , b = c cos A, B = 90º – A
B−C b−c A C−A c−a B c
tan = cot , tan = cot
2 b+c 2 2 c+a 2
Case II. When a side and an acute angle are given
A−B a−b C – In this case, we can determine
tan = cot
2 a+b 2
Area of Triangle : Given Required
1 1 1 (i) a, A a
∆ = bc sin A= ca sin B = ab sin C B = 90º – A, b = a cot A, c =
2 2 2 sin A
2 2 2
∆ = 1 a sin B sin C = 1 b sin C sin A = 1 c sin A sin B (ii) c, A B = 90º – A, a = c sin A, b = c cos A
2 sin(B + C) 2 sin(C + A) 2 sin(A + B)

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 10
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +4 marks and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 11 to 16 are passage based questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +5 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 17 to 19 are Numerical type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for correct answer and No Negative
marks for wrong answer.
PHYSICS 30°
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each

45°
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. (A) 100 V (B) 50 V
(C) 150 V (D) 200 V
1. A cylinder of radius R is floating in a liquid as
3. A plane mirror is inclined at an angle θ with the
shown. The work done in submerging the
cylinder completely in the liquid of density ρ is – horizontal surface. A particle is projected with
R velocity v at angle α. Image of the particle is
observed from the frame of the particle projected
path of the image as seen by the particle is –
L
L/3 v
θ α
(A) parabolic path (B) straight line
(C) circular path (D) helical path
2 8 4. The amplitude of wave disturbance propagating in

(A) ρπR2L2g (B) ρπR2L2g
9 18 1
1 2 the positive x-axis is given by y = at
2
(C) ρπR2L2g (D) ρR2L2g x – 2x + 1
3 9
1
t = 2 sec and y = at t = 6 sec, where
2
2. An electron with a kinetic energy of 100 eV x + 2x + 5
enters the space between the plates of plane x and y are in meters. Velocity of the pulse is -
capacitor made of two dense metal grids at an (A) 1 m/s in positive x-direction
angle of 30° with the plates of capacitor and (B) + 2 m/s in negative x-direction
leaves this space at an angle of 45° with the (C) 0.5 m/s in negative x-direction
plates. What is the potential difference of the (D) 1 m/s in negative x-direction
capacitor –

5. A straight conductor of mass m and carrying a (A) Gauge pressure at point C is 104 Pascal
current i is hinged at one end and placed in a (B) Gauge pressure at point D is 3 × 104 Pascal
plane perpendicular to the magnetic field B as (C) Gauge pressure at the middle of the base is
shown in figure. At any moment if the conductor 1.5 × 104 Pascal
is let free, then the angular acceleration of the (D) Remaining value of liquid inside the
conductor will be (neglect gravity) – container is 20 m3
× × × ×
Hinged
end
× × × B× 9. All capacitors were initially uncharged –
× ×i × ×
× × × × 10 µF
L 15Ω
12Ω
3iB 2 iB
(A) (B)
2m 3m 15Ω 5 µF
iB 3i
(C) (D) 10 Ω
2m 2mB
50 V
6. The velocity of a body moving on a straight line (A) Battery current just after closing of switch S is
t
− 3.42 A
τ
in v = v0 e , then the total distance moved by it
(B) Battery current just after closing of switch S is
before it stops -
0.962 A
(A) v0τ (B) 2 v0τ
(C) 3v0τ (D) None of these (C) Battery current after long time of closing of
switch S is 3.42 A
Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each (D) Battery current after long time of closing of
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of switch S is 0.962 A
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
10. R = 10 Ω and ε = 13 V and voltmeter and
7. A solid is heated up and ∆H vs ∆θ (∆H : Heat ammeter are ideal then –
given, ∆θ : change in temperature) is plotted as a
shown in figure. Material exist in only one phase 8V R
in – V
F c
3Ω b 6V
E ε
A
∆H D (A) Reading of ammeter is 2.4 A

(B) Reading of ammeter is 8.4 A
C
(C) Reading of voltmeter is 8.4 V
(D) Reading of voltmeter is 27 V
B
A This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
∆θ
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each
(A) AB (B) BC (C) CD (D) EF
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
ONLY ONE is correct.
8. A container having dimension 5 m × 4 m × 3 m is
accelerated along its breadth in horizontal. Passage : I (No. 11 to 13)
Container is filled with water upto the height of
A thin super conducting (zero resistance) ring is
1.5 m. Container is accelerated with 7.5 m/s2.
If g = 10 m/s2 and density of water is 10 3 kg/m3 - held above a vertical, cylindrical metallic rod as
A B shown in figure. The axis of symmetry of the ring
is the same as that of the rod. The cylindrically
3m
1.5m symmetrical magnetic field around the ring can be
D C described approximately in terms of the vertical
4m

and radial components of the magnetic field isotopes 39Y90 and 39Y91 are graphed below as
vector as Bz = B0(1 – αz) and Br = B0β r where B0, functions of the ratio of N, the number nuclei
remaining after a given period, to N, the initial
α and β are constants and z and r are the vertical
number of nuclei.
and radial position co-ordinates respectively.
Initially the ring has no current flowing in it. 1.0
39Y
90 1.0 91
39Y
0.9 0.9
When released, it starts to move downward with 0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
its axis still vertical. Consider the effect of self 0.6
N/N0 N/N0 0.6
0.5 0.5
induction also. 0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Br 1 2 3 4 5 6 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time (days) Time (days)
14. The half-life of 39Y90 is approximately –
(A) 2.7 days (B) 5.4 days
(C) 27 days (D) 58 days
15. What will the approximate ratio of 39Y90 to 39Y91

be after 2.7 days if the initial samples of the two
isotopes contain equal numbers of nuclei ?
11. As ring will move downward magnetic flux (A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 10 : 1
through the ring -
(A) will increase 16. Approximately how many 39Y91 nuclei will exist
(B) will decrease after three half-lives have passed, if there are
(C) will remain constant 1,000 nuclei to begin with ?
(A) 50 (B) 125 (C) 250 (D) 500
(D) will increase first and then decrease
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
12. As ring will move downward after it release
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
current induced in ring - integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
(A) will increase (B) will decrease (i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
(C) remain constant (D) will oscillate 92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)
17. A thermometer of mass 50 gm and specific heat

13. Lorentz force acting on the ring due to induced
0.4 cal/gm/ºC reads 10ºC. It is then inserted into
current is - 1 kg of water and reads 40ºC in thermal
(A) vertical and constant equilibrium. The temperature of water before
(B) horizontal and constant insertion of thermometer in 10 ºC is (Neglect
(C) vertical and depend on vertical displacement other heat losses).
of ring
(D) horizontal and depend on vertical displacement 18. A uniform ball of radius R = 10 cm rolls without
of ring slipping between two rails such that the horizontal
distance is d = 16 cm between two contact points
Passage : II (No. 14 to 16) of the rail to the ball. If the angular velocity is
5 rad/s, then find the velocity of centre of mass of
Medical researchers and technicians can track the
the ball in cm/s.
characteristic radiation patterns emitted by certain
inherently unstable isotopes as they 19. A wedge of mass M = 2 m0 rests on a smooth
spontaneously decay into other elements. The horizontal plane. A small block of mass m0 rests
half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of over it at left end A as shown in figure. A sharp
time necessary for one-half of the initial amount impulse is applied on the block, due to which it
of its nuclei to decay. The decay curves of starts moving to the right with velocity v0 = 6 m/s.
At highest point of its trajectory, the block

collides with a particle of same mass m0 moving OH
vertically downwards with velocity v = 2 m/s and |
gets stuck with it. If the combined mass lands at (B) CH3–CH–CH2 C–COOH
| |
the end point A of the body of mass M, calculate CH3 CH3
length l in cm. Neglect friction, take g = 10 m/s2.
B
(C)CH3–CH–CH2 CH–COOH
| |
CH3 CH3
20 cm
Cl
|
m0 (D) CH3–CH–CH2 C–COOH
A | |
l CH3 CH3
4. (A) light blue coloured compound on heating will

CHEMISTRY convert into black (B) which reacts with glucose
gives red compound (C) and (A) reacts with
ammonium hydroxide in excess in presence of
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each ammonium sulphate give blue compound (D).
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of What is (A) ?
which ONLY ONE is correct. (A) CuO (B) CuSO4
(C) Cu(OH)2 (D) [Cu(NH3)4] SO4
1. At 25º C, for the reaction
Br2(l) + Cl2(g) 2BrCl (g)
Kp = 2.032 . At the same temperature the vapour 5. 0.80 g of impure (NH4)2 SO4 was boiled with 100
pressure of Br2(l) is 0.281 atm. Pure BrCl(g) was ml of a 0.2 N NaOH solution till all the NH3(g)
introduced into a closed container of adjustable evolved. The remaining solution was diluted to
volume. The total pressure was kept 1 atm. and 250 ml. 25 ml of this solution was neutralized
the temperature at 25ºC. What is the fraction of using 5 ml of a 0.2 N H2SO 4 solution. The
BrCl originally present that has been converted percentage purity of the (NH4)2SO4 sample is.
into Br2 and Cl2 at equilibrium, assuming that the (A) 82.5 (B) 72.5 (C) 62.5 (D) 17.5
gaseous species behave ideally ? 6. Which of the following is incorrect ?
(A) 0.357 (B) 0.667 (A) The kinetic energy of the gas molecules is
(C) 0.2 (D) None of these higher above TC, is considered as super
critical fluid
2. The activation energy of a non-catalysed reaction (B) At this temperature (TC) the gas and the liquid
at 37ºC is 83.68 kJ mol–1 and the activation phases have different critical densities
energy of the same reaction catalysed by an (C) At the Boyle temperature the effects of the
enzyme is 25.10 kJ mol–1. What is approximate
repulsive and attractive inter molecular forces
ratio of the rate constants of the enzyme catalysed
and the non-catalysed reactions ? just offset each other
(A) 10 22 (B) 10 10 (D) In the Maxwell's distribution curve of
20
(C) 10 (D) 10 6
velocities the fraction of molecules have
3. Consider the following reaction sequence different velocities are different at a given
O temperature
||
( CH 3 ) 2 CHCCl –
NH 2 NH 2 / OH
   
→ A    → B Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
AlCl3
O which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
||
+
 → C HCN
CH 3CCl H O/H
→ D 2 → E 7. Consider the following compound
AlCl3
CH3–CH(OH)–CH=CH–CH3
end product (E) is -
Which of the following is/are correct ?
(A) CH3–CH–CH2 CH2–CH3 (A) Cis form is optically active
| (B) Trans form is optically active
CH3 (C) Total number of stereo isomers are six
(D) Trans form is optically inactive

8. Which of the following is/are correct ? as an intermediate and in presence of 1M HCl
(A) Trialkyl phosphine oxides are more stable solution, the first excess of iodate gives blue colour
than the corresponding amine oxides due to with starch due to the redox change given below
pπ-dπ back bonding 3C6H8O6 + IO3– → 3C6H6O6 + I– + 3H2O
(B) (SiH3)3N is less basic than (CH3)3N IO3– + 5I– + 6H+ → 3I2 + 3H2O
(C) PBr5 exist in ionic form as [PBr4]+ [Br]– in excess (generated
solid state in reaction)
(D) CO, CNR, PR3 and NO all are the π acid However, if 5M HCl is used, the redox change occurs
ligands as follows :
C6H8O6 + IO3– + H++Cl– C6H6O6 +ICl + 2H2O
9. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) The conductance of one cm3 of a solution is 11. The 250 mL sample of fruit juice collected by
called specific conductance crushing a fruit is supposed to have only one
(B) Specific conductance increases while molar ingradient which can react with KIO3 is taken in
conductivity decreases on progressive 500 mL measuring flask and 250 mL of 2M HCl
dilution is added. A 50 mL solution is now pipette out and
(C) The limiting equivalent conductivity of weak titrated against intermediate KIO 3 of
electrolyte cannot be determine exactly by concentration 4 × 10 –3 M. It was found that 1 mL
extraplotation of the plot of Λeq against c of KIO 3 were used. The molarity and strength of
ascorbic acid are.
(D) The conductance of metals is due to the
(A) 4.8 × 10–4 M, 84.5 mg/litre
movement of free electrons
(B) 9.6 × 10–4 M, 169 mg/litre
(C) 4.8 × 10–4 M, 84.5 × 10 –3 g/litre
10. Select the correct statement (s)
(D) 9.6 × 10–4 M, 169 g/litre
(A) Radial function [R(r)] a part of wave function
is dependent on quantum number n only 12. The deactivation of ascorbic acid follows first
(B) Angular function depends only on the order kinetics. The 25 mL sample of juice is kept
direction and is independent to the distance for 2 months and after 2 months one titration with
from the nucleus same KIO3 in presence of 1 M HCl solution
(C) ψ 2 (r, θ, φ) is the probability density of requires 0.5 mL of KIO3 solution. The average life
finding the electron at a particular point in of fruit juice is -
space (A) 60 day (B) 50 day
(D) Radial distribution function (4πr2R2) gives (C) 86.5 day (D) 120 day
the probability of the electron being present
at a distance r from the nucleus 13. The degree of dissociation of ascorbic acid
solution is -
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has (A) 0.40 (B) 0.33
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each (C) 0.20 (D) 0.15
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE is correct. Passage : II (Que. No. 14 to 16)
Passage : I (Que. No. 11 to 13) Red substance(T)
Ascorbic acid, C6H 8O6, also known as vitamin C is a NH3

dibasic acid undergoes dissociation as H2S water
Black ppt.(U) BiCl3 White turbidity(P)
C6H8O6 C6H7O6– + H+ ; K1 = 8 × 10 –5 Conc.H2SO4
– Alkali
C6H7O6 C6H6O62– + H+ ; K2 = 1 × 10–12 Boil with +Na2SnO2
dil HNO3 (Q)
The ascorbic acid is readily oxidised to KI solution
dehydroascorbic acid as Black ppt.(R)
Yellow solution
(S)
HO OH O O
OH OH 14. Black ppt. (R) is -
HO → HO (A) Bi2O3 (B) Na2SnO3
(C) Bi(OH)3 (D) Bi
O O
O O
+ 2H+ + 2e 15. (Q) is -
(A) Bi2(SO4)3 (B) Bi2O3
The estimation of ascorbic acid in a sample is made (C) Bi2O5 (D) Both (A) & (B)
by titrating its solution with KIO3 solution which acts

16. Yellow solution(s) is because of the formation of - (A) is not defined (B) equals [–1]
(A) ppt of BiI3 (B) I2 in aqueous solution 1 
(C) equals  4
(C) KI3 (D) All of these
(D) is not invertible
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to 1 
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example : 3. The domain of definition of
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
 x −1  1
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) f(x) = log 0.4  × 2 is
 x + 5  x − 36
17. A saturated solution of iodine in water contains (A) (– ∞, 0) ~ {– 6} (B) (0, ∞) ~ {1, 6}
0.33g I2 per dm3. More than this can dissolve (C) (1, ∞) ~ {6} (D) [1, ∞) ~ {6}
in a KI solution as a result of the reaction
4. The coordinates of the point on the parabola
I2 + I– I3–. A 0.10 M KI solution actually y2 = 8x which is at minimum distance from the
dissolves 12.5g I2 per dm3, most of which is circle x2 + (y + 6)2 = 1 are
converted into I3–. Assuming the concentration of (A) (2, – 4) (B) (18, –12)
I2 in all saturated solution is same, calculate the (C) (2, 4) (D) none of these
equilibrium constant for the above reaction. 5. If
π  1  1 
18. A 0.138-g sample of solid magnesium (molar I= ∫0
e|cos x| 2 sin cos x  + 3 cos cos x   sinxdx,
 2  2 
mass = 24.30g mol–1) is burned in a constant then I equals -
volume bomb calorimeter that has a heat capacity
(A) 7 e cos (1/2)
of 1.77 kJ ºC–1. The calorimeter contains 300 mL
of water (density 1g mL–1) and its temperature is (B) 7 e [cos(1/2) – sin(1/2)]
(C) 0
raised by 1.126ºC. The numerical value for the
enthalpy of combustion of the solid magnesium at (D) none of these
298 K in kJ mol–1 is. 6. The solution of the differential equation
19. d2y
Two liquids A and B form an ideal solution at = sin 3x + ex + x2 when y1(0) = 1 and
temperature T. When the total vapour pressure dx 2
y(0) = 0 is -
above the solution is 450 torr, the amount fraction
of A in the vapour phase is 0.35 and in the liquid − sin 3x x4 1
(A) + ex + + x–1
phase is 0.70. The sum of the vapour pressures of 9 12 3
pure A and pure B at temperature T is. − sin 3x x4 1
(B) + ex + + x
9 12 3
− cos 3x x4 1
MATHEMATICS (C)
3
+ ex + + x+1
12 3
(D) none of these
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
which ONLY ONE is correct. question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
1. If the last term in the binomial expansion of which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
n log 8
 1/ 3 1   1  3
 2 −  is  5 / 3  , then the 5th term 7. The determinant
 2 3  a b aα + b
from the beginning is -
∆= b c bα + c is equal to zero if -
(A) 210 (B) 420
(C) 105 (D) none of these aα + b bα + c 0
(A) a, b, c are in A.P.
1 (B) a, b, c are in G.P.
2. The matrix product  2  [1 2 – 1] (C) a, b, c are in H.P.
(D) α is a root of ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
 −1

8. For two events A and B, if and recursion. Reduction formulas make it
P(A) = P(A \ B) = 1/4 and P(B \ A) = 1/2, then possible to reduce an integral dependent on the
(A) A and B are independent index n > 0, called the order of the integral, to an
(B) A and B are mutually exclusive
integral of the same type with a smaller index.
(C) P (A′ \ B) = 3/4
Integration by parts helps us to derive reduction
(D) P (B′ \ A′) = 1/2
formulas.
1  dx 1− 2n 1
9. The lim x 8  3  (where [x] is greatest integer
x →0 x 
14. If In = ∫ (x 2
+ a 2 )n
then In + 1 + .
2n a 2
In is
function) is - equal to -
(A) a nonzero real number x 1 1
(B) a rational number (A) (B)
(C) an integer
2
(x + a ) 2 n
2n a ( x + a 2 ) n −1
2 2
(D) zero 1 x 1 x
(C) . (D)
2n a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) n 2n a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) n +1
dy x 2 + y 2 + 1
10. The solution of = satisfying
dx 2 xy
sin n x n −1
y(1) = 1 is given by -
(A) a system of hyperbola
15. If In, –m = ∫ cos m
x
dx then In,–m +
m −1
In–2, 2–m, is
(B) a system of circles equal to -

(C) y2 = x(1 + x) – 1 sin n −1 x 1 sin n −1 x
(A) (B)
(D) (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 5 cos m −1
x ( m − 1) cos m −1 x
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 1 sin n −1 x n − 1 sin n −1 x

(C) (D)
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each (n − 1) cos m −1 x m − 1 cos m −1 x
xn
Passage : I (No. 11 to 13)
16. If un =
∫
ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx, then
(n + 1)aun+1 + (2n + 1)bun + nc un–1 is equal to -

x2 y2
C: x2 + y2 = 9, E: + = 1, L: y = 2x x n −2
9 4 (A) xn–1 ax 2 + bx + c (B)
ax 2 + bx + c
11. P is a point on the circle C, the perpendicular PL x n
to the major axis of the ellipse E meets the ellipse (C) (D) x n ax 2 + bx + c
2
ML ax + bx + c
at M, then is equal to -
PL Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
(C) 1/2 (D) none of these integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
12. If L represents the line joining the point P on C to 92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)
its centre O, then equation of the tangent at M to
the ellipse E is - 17. If sec A tan B + tan A sec B = 91, then the value
(A) x + 3y = 3 5 (B) 4x + 3y = 3 5 of (sec A sec B + tan A tan B)2 is equal to …
(C) x + 3y + 3 5 = 0 (D) 4x + 3 + 5 = 0
π/ 2 x 2 cos x A
13. Equation of the diameter of the ellipse E 18. If ∫ 0 (1 + sin x ) 2
dx =
498
π – π2 then A is …
conjugate to the diameter represented by L is -
(A) 9x + 2y = 0 (B) 2x + 9y = 0
(C) 4x + 9y = 0 (D) 4x – 9y = 0 19. Two circles are inscribed and circumscribed about
a square ABCD, length of each side of the square
Passage : II (No. 14 to 16) is 32. P and Q are two points respectively on
Integrals of class of functions following a definite these circles, then Σ(PA)2 + Σ(QA)2 is equal to …
pattern can be found by the method of reduction

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 10
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus :
Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +4 marks and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 11 to 16 are passage based questions with multiple (one or more than one) correct answer. +5 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 17 to 19 are Numerical type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for correct answer and No Negative
marks for wrong answer.
u=0
PHYSICS A
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each B

question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of H1 = 15m
which ONLY ONE is correct. H2 = 10m
37º
1. Ice point and steam point on a particular scale ground O
reads 10º and 80º respectively. The temperature (A) 16.8 m (B) 13.6 m
on ºF scale when temperature on new scale is 45º (C) 11.8 m (D) None of these
is -
(A) 50º F (B) 112ºF 4. A particle is moving along x-axis and graph
(C) 122ºF (D) 138ºF between velocity of the particle and position is
given in figure :
2. In a system of four unequal particles located in an
v (m/s)
arrangement of non-linear, coplanar system -
(A) The centre of mass must lie within the closed 6
figure formed by joining the extreme
particles by straight line
2
(B) The centre of mass may lie within or outside
the closed figure formed by joining the 4 x (m)
extreme particles by straight lines
Acceleration of particle at x = 2 m is –
(C) The centre of mass must lie within or at the
edge of at least one of the triangles formed by (A) 2 m/s2 (B) 1 m/s2
any three particles. (C) 4 m/s2 (D) 3 m/s2
(D) None of these
5. Select the incorrect statement –
3. A body starts slipping on a smooth track from
(A) It is possible to transfer heat to a gas without
point A and leaves the track from point B as
shown. The part OB of track is straight at angle raising its temperature
37º with horizontal. The maximum height of body (B) It is possible to raise temperature of gas
from ground when it is in air is : (g = 10 m/s2) without transfer heat to gas

(C) It is possible to raise temperature by 10. A stick is tied to the floor of the water tank with a
expanding the volume at keeping pressure string as shown. The length of stick is 2 m and its
constant area of cross-section is 10–3 m2. If specific gravity
(D) It is not possible to calculate the work done of stick is 0.25 and g = 10 m/s2 , then –
by gas if we do not know the initial and final
value of pressure and volume when process is
isobaric
6. Select the incorrect statement –
(A) The pressure on the bottom of a vessel filled
(A) tension in the string is 5 N
with liquid does not depend upon the area of
(B) buoyancy force acting on stick is 10 N
liquid surface
(C) length of stick immersed in water is 1 m
(B) Buoyancy occurs because, as the depth in a
fluid increase, the pressure increases (D) tension in the string is zero
(C) The output piston of a hydraulic press cannot
exceed the input piston's work This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
(D) The pressure of atmosphere at sea level 3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each
corresponds to 101.3 millibar question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each Passage : I (No. 11 to 13)
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. A completely inelastic collision takes place
between two body A and B of masses m and 2 m
7. For two different gases x and y, having degrees moving respectively with speed v each as shown.
of freedom f1 and f2 and molar heat capacities at The collision is oblique and before collision A is
constant volume C V1 and CV2 respectively, the moving along positive x-axis while B is moving at
lnP versus lnV graph is plotted for adiabatic angle θ with x-axis as shown. Then -
process as shown, then – y
lnP y r
x A v
x
m r θ
v
lnV B
2m
(A) f1 > f2 (B) f2 > f1
(C) C V2 < C V1 (D) C V1 > CV2 11. Speed of composite body after collision is -
v v
(Α) 5 + 4 cos θ (B) 5 + 4 sin θ
8. Which of the following is valid wave equation 3 3
traveling on string - v
(C) 4 + 5 cos θ (D) None of these
(A) Ae–b(x + vt) (B) A sec (kx – ωt) 3
1
(C) (D) A sin (x2 – vt2)
1 + {x (1 + t / x )}2 12. The angle α that the velocity vector of composite
body makes with x-axis after collision is -
 2 sin θ  −1  2 cos θ 
9. Two sphere of same radius and material, one solid (A) tan −1   (B) tan 1 + 2 sin θ 
and one hollow are heated to same temperature  1 + 2 cos θ   
and kept in a chamber maintained at lower  2 sin θ 
temperature at t = 0 - (C) tan −1   (D) None of these
1 + 2 sin θ 
(A) Rate of heat loss of the two sphere will be
same at t = 0
13. The loss in kinetic energy in collision is -
(B) Rate of temperature loss of the two sphere
will be same at t = 0 2mv 2 2mv 2
(A) (1 – cos θ) (B) (1 – sin θ)
(C) Rate of heat loss of solid sphere will be more 6 6
than hollow sphere at t > 0 4mv 2 4mv 2
(D) Rate of temperature loss of the two sphere (C) (1 – cos θ) (D) (1 – sin θ)
6 6
may be same at t > 0

Passage : II (No. 14 to 16) 19. A piston-cylinder device with air at an initial
A disc of radius 20 cm is rolling with slipping on temperature of 30ºC undergoes an expansion
a flat horizontal surface. At a certain instant, the process for which pressure and volume are related
velocity of its centre is 4 m/s and its angular as given below
velocity is 10 rad/s. The lowest contact point is O.
P (kPa) 100 25 6.25
10 rad/s 3
V (m ) 0.1 0.2 0.4
The work done by the system is n × 103 J. Find n.
P 4 m/s
C
O CHEMISTRY
14. Velocity of point O is -
(A) 0 (B) 2 m/s
(C) 4 m/s (D) 8 m/s
which ONLY ONE is correct.
15. Velocity of point P is -
1. The equilibrium constant for the reaction in
(A) 2 5 m/s (B) 5 2 m/s
aqueous solution
(C) 2 2 m/s (D) 8 m/s H3BO3 + glycerin (H3BO3 – glycerin) is
0.90. How many moles of glycerin should be
16. The distance of instantaneous center of rotation added per litre of 0.10 M H3BO3 so that 80% of
the H3BO3 is converted to the boric acid glycerin
from the point O is -
complex ?
(A) 0.2 m below (B) 0.2 m above (A) 4.44 (B) 4.52
(C) 0.4 m below (D) 0.4 m above (C) 3.62 (D) 0.08
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to 2. Liquid NH3 ionises to a slight extent. At a certain
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest temperature it's self ionization constant(KSIC) is
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
10 –30. The number of NH +4 ions are present per
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) 100 cm3 of pure liquid are -
(A) 1 × 10–15 (B) 6.022 × 108
7
17. The upper edge of a gate in a dam runs along the (C) 6.022 × 10 (D) 6.022 × 106
water surface. The gate is 2.00 m high and 4.00 m 3. The preparation of SO 3(g) by reaction
wide and is hinged along a horizontal line through 1
SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g) is an exothermic
its center. The torque about the hinge arising from 2
the force due to the water is (n × 10 4 Nm). Find reaction. If the preparation follows the following
temperature-pressure relationship for its % yield,
value of n. then for temperature T1, T2 and T3 which of the
following is correct -
50
2m
40 T3
30 T2
% yield
20 T1
10
18. A longitudinal wave of frequency 220 Hz travels 1 2 3 4

down a copper rod of radius 8.00 mm. The P(atm)
(A) T1 > T2 > T3
average power in the wave is 6.50 µW. The
(B) T3 > T2 > T1
amplitude of the wave is n × 10 –8 m. Find n. (C) T1 = T2 = T3
(Density of copper is 8.9 × 103 kg/m3, young's (D) None is correct
modulus of copper Ycu = 1.1 × 10 11 Pa).

4. Which of the following would be optically 9. S, T and U are the aqueous chlorides of the
inactive ? elements X, Y and Z respectively. X, Y and Z are
H CH3 in the same period of the periodic table. U gives a
Cl CH3 white precipitate with NaOH but this white
CH3 precipitate dissolves as more NaOH is added.
C C
OH When NaOH is added to T, a white precipitate
CH3 Cl H H forms which does not dissolve when more base is
H OH added. S does not give precipitate with NaOH.
(I) (II) Which of the following statements are correct ?
OH (A) The three elements are metals
H (B) The electronegativity decreases from X to Y
to Z
CH3
(C) X, Y and Z could be sodium, magnesium and
H
CH3 OH aluminium respectively
(III) (D) The first ionization increases from X to Y to Z
(A) Only I (B) Only II
(C) Only II & III (D) I, II & III 10. Which of the following enol form dominate over
keto form ?
5. A molecule may be represented by three O
structures having energies Q1, Q2 and Q 3
respectively. The energies of these structures (A) (B)
follow the order Q1 > Q2 > Q3 respectively. If the N O
O
experimental bond energy of the molecule is QE, H
the resonance energy is - O
(A) (Q 1 + Q2 + Q3) – QE (B) QE – Q 3 O
(C) QE – Q1 (D) QE – Q 2 O
(C) (D)
6. In a compound
NC M(CO)3
C C O
NC C4H3 This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has
The number of sigma and pi bonds respectively 3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each
are - question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which
(A) 19, 11 (B) 19, 10 ONE OR MORE THAN ONE is correct.
(C) 13, 11 (D) 19, 14
Passage : I (Que. No. 11 to 13)
Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reaction
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of with Hg(OAc)2, BH3 and H2O. In all these cases
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. reaction is regioselective reaction. BH3 gives
addition reaction via formation of four centred
7. Select the correct statement(s) about the cyclic transition state. Hg(OAc)2 gives addition
compound NO[BF4]. reaction via formation of bridge carbocation as
(A) It has 5σ and 2π bond reaction intermediate whereas water gives
(B) Nitrogen-oxygen bond length is higher than addition reaction via formation of classical
nitric oxide carbocation.
(C) It is a diamagnetic species 11. Alkene can be converted into alcohol by which of
(D) B-F bond length in this compound is lower the following reagents -
(A) Hg(OAc)2/HOH followed by NaBH4
than in BF3
(B) BH3/THF followed by H2O2/NaOH
(C) H2O/H2SO4
8. Which of the following process is/are associated (D) None of these
with change of hybridization of the underlined
compound ? 12. In the gives reaction :
(A) Solidification PCl5 vapour [X]
CH 3 − C = CH 2 → CH 3 − CH − CH 2 OH
(B) SiF4 vapour is passed through liquid HF | |
(C) B2H6 is dissolved in THF CH 3 CH 3
(D) Al(OH)3 ppt. dissolved in NaOH [X] is/are -

(A) Hg(OAc)2/HOH followed by NaBH4 2NH3(g) → N 2(g) + 3H2(g) and
(B) BH3 followed by H2O2/NaOH N2H4(g) → N2(g) + 2H2(g)
(C) H2O/H2SO4 After decomposition is complete, the total
(D) None of these pressure at 1200 K is found to be 4.5 atm. Find
the mole % of N2H4 in the original mixture.
13. In the given reaction
CH 3 OH 19. A 200 g sample of hard water is passed through
| | the column of cation exchange resin, in which H+
[X ]
CH 3 − C − CH = CH 2 → CH 3 − C — CH − CH 3 is exchanged by Ca2+. The outlet water of column
| | |
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 required 50 ml of 0.1 M NaOH for complete
neutralization. What is the hardness of Ca2+ ion in
[X] is/are - ppm ?
(A) H2O/H2SO4
(B) Hg(OAc)2/HOH followed by NaBH4
(C) BH3 followed by H2O2/NaOH MATHEMATICS
(D) None of these
Passage : II (Que. No. 14 to 16) Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each
Heat of neutralization is heat evolved when 1g
which ONLY ONE is correct.
equivalent of acid and 1g equivalent of base react
together to form salt and water. Heat of 1. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then value
neutralization is –57.1 kJ mol–1 for strong acid of the expression
and strong base. In case of weak acid or weak 2(1 + w) (1 + w2) + 3(2 + w) (2 + w2)
base, it is less than 57.1 kJ mol–1. + ….. + (n + 1) (n + w) (n + w2) is
1 1
14. 400 ml of 0.1 M NaOH is mixed with 300 ml of (A) n2(n + 1)2 + n (B) n2(n + 1)2 – n
4 4
0.1 M H2SO4. The heat evolved will be -
(A) 2.284 kJ (B) 1.713 kJ 1
(C) n(n + 1)2 – n (D) none of these
(C) 9.59 kcal (D) 7.1946 kcal 4
15. A solution of 200 ml of 1 M KOH is added to 200 2. In a triangle PQR, ∠R = π/4. If tan (P/3)
ml of 1M HCl and the mixture is well shaken. and tan(Q/3) are the roots of the equation
This rise in temperature T1 is noted. The ax2 + bx + c = 0, then -
experiment is repeated by using 100 ml of each (A) a + b = c (B) b + c = 0
solution and increase in temperature T2 is again (C) a + c = b (D) b = c
noted. Which of the following is/are incorrect - 3. Sum of all three digit numbers (no digit being
(A) T1 = T2 zero) having the property that all digits are perfect
(B) T2 is twice as large as T1 squares, is -
(C) T1 is twice as large as T2 (A) 3108 (B) 6210
(D) T1 is four times as large as T2 (C) 13986 (D) none of these
16. Which of the following will not produce 4. In a triangle ABC,
maximum energy except one? r1 r r
(A) Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 (B) NH4OH + HCl + 2 + 3 is equal to
bc ca ab
(C) (COOH)2 + NaOH (D) H3PO4 + NaOH
1 1
(A) – (B) 2R – r
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to 2R r
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest 1 1
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example : (C) r – 2R (D) –
r 2R
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) 5. If an ellipse slides between two perpendicular
straight lines, then the locus of its centre is -
17. Calculate the % of free SO3 in an oleum that is
(A) a parabola (B) an ellipse
labelled '109% H2SO4'.
(C) a hyperbola (D) a circle
18. A mixture of NH3(g) and N2H4(g) is placed in a
sealed container at 300 K. The total pressure is 6. If the lines whose vector equations are
0.5 atm. The container is heated to 1200 K at r = a + tb, r = c + t'd are coplanar then -
which time both substances decompose (A) (a – b). c × d = 0 (B) (a – c). b × d = 0
completely according to the equations (C) (b – c). a × d = 0 (D) (b – d). a × c = 0

Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each 13. If α + β + γ + δ = θ and α = 70º
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of (A) 400º < θ < 580º
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. (B) 470º < θ < 650º
(C) 680º < θ < 860º
7. For a positive integer n, let
(D) 540º < θ < 900º
1 1 1 1
a(n) = 1 + + + + … + n . Then -
2 3 4 (2 ) − 1 Passage : II (No. 14 to 16)
n
(A) a(n) < n (B) a(n) > P is a point on the circle C1 : q2 (x2 + y2) = a2p2
2
(C) a(2n) > n (D) a(2n) < 2n Q is a point on the circle C2 : x2 + y2 = a2
14. If the coordinates of P are (h, k) then the locus of
8. If log2 (3 2x – 2 + 7) = 2 + log2 (3 x – 1 + 1) then x is - the point which divides the join of PQ in the ratio
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) none of these p : q is a circle C3, whose centre is at the point -
 hp kq   h k 
(A)  ,  (B)  , 
9. Let P (a sec θ, b tan θ) and Q (a sec φ, b tan θ)  p+q p+q  p+q p+q
where θ + φ = π/2, be two points on the hyperbola
x2/a2 – y2/b 2 = 1. If (h, k) is the point of  hq kq   hp kp 
(C)  ,  (D)  , 
intersection of normals at P and Q, then k is equal  p + q p + q   p + q p + q 
to -
a2 + b2  a 2 + b2 
(A) (B) –   15. Locus of the centre of C3 as P moves on the circle
a  a  C1 is a circle C4
a2 + b2  a 2 + b2  (A) concentric with C1
(C) (D) –   (B) concentric with C2
b  b  (C) having radius equal to the radius of C3
(D) having area equal to the area of C1
10. If a , b , c are three unit vectors such that
1 16. If the point (p, q) lies on the line y = 2x, then the
a × (b × c) = b and c being non parallel then -
2 radius of C1
is equal to -
(A) angle between a and b is π/2 radius of C 4
(B) angle between a and c is π/4
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2
(C) angle between a and c is π/3
(C) 3 (D) 1/3
(D) angle between a and b is π/3
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
3 multiple choice questions. (Questions 11 to 16) Each
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
ONLY ONE is correct. (i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)
Passage : I (No. 11 to 13)
α, β, γ, δ are angles in I, II, III and IV quadrant 17. If zn = (1 + i 3 ) n , find the value of 3 lm (z5 z 4 ).
respectively and no one of them is an integral
multiple of π/2. They form an increasing arithmetic  1 4  90
progression. 18. If x = tan cos −1 − sin −1  then 2 is
 5 2 17  x
11. Which statement are true - equal to.
(A) cos (α + δ) > 0 (B) cos (α + δ) = 0
(C) cos (α + δ) < 0 (D) none of these 19. If Q is the foot of the perpendicular from the
12. Which statement are true - x−5 y+2 z−6
point P(4, –5, 3) on the line = =
(A) sin (β + γ) = sin (α + δ) 3 −4 5
2
(B) sin (β – γ) = sin (α – δ) then 100(PQ) is equal to.
(C) tan 2(α – β) = tan (β – δ)
(D) cos (α + γ) = cos 2β

MOCK TEST PAPER-3
CBSE BOARD PATTERN
CLASS # XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS , CHEMISTRY & MATHEMATICS
General Instructions : Physics & Chemistry
• Time given for each subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 70 for each.
• All questions are compulsory.
• Marks for each question are indicated against it.
• Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short-answer questions and carrying 1 mark each.
• Question numbers 9 to 18 are short-answer questions, and carry 2 marks each.
• Question numbers 19 to 27 are also short-answer questions, and carry 3 marks each.
• Question numbers 28 to 30 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
General Instructions : Mathematics
• Time given to solve this subject paper is 3 hrs and Max. marks 100.
• All questions are compulsory.
• The question paper consists of 29 questions divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A comprises of 10 questions of one mark each.
Section B comprises of 12 questions of four marks each.
Section C comprises of 7 questions of six marks each.
• All question in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
• There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 4 questions of four marks each and
2 question of six marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
• Use of calculators is not permitted.
PHYSICS 7. Is Young's experiment interference or diffraction

experiment ?
1. Write the formula for the force 'F' experienced by a 8. Light passes from air into glass. Which of the
particle carrying a charge 'q' moving with velocity 'v' following quantities namely, velocity, frequency and
in a uniform magnetic field 'B'. Under what condition wavelength change during the process ?
is this force zero ?
9. Draw the graphs showing variation of resistivity with
2. Two metals A and B have a work function 4eV and temperature for (i) nichrome and (ii) silicon.
10eV respectively. Which metal has a higher
threshold wavelength ? 10. The circuit shown in the diagram contains a battery
'B', a rheostat 'Rh' and identical lamps P and Q. What
3. Why is the transmission of signals using ground will happen to the brightness of the lamps, if the
waves restricted to frequencies less than about 1500 resistance through the rheostat is increased ? Give
kHz ? reasons.
B
4. Name the phenomenon responsible for the reddish
appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Q
5. Why is the penetrating power of gamma rays very
P
large ?
Rh
6. What are the two main considerations that have to be
kept in mind while designing the 'objective' of an
astronomical telescope ?

11. A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm carrying 17 For a CE-transistor amplifier, the audio signal
a current of 6.0 A is suspended vertically in a voltage across the collector resistance of 2kΩ is 2V.
uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 Suppose the current amplification factor of the
T. The field lines make an angle of 60º with the transistor is 100, find the input signal voltage and
normal to the coil. Calculate the magnitude of base current, if the base resistance is 1kΩ.
counter torque that must be applied to prevent the
coil from turning. 18 . Give the logic symbol for an OR gate. Write its truth
table. Draw the output wave form for input wave
12. A uniform magnetic field exists normal to the plane forms shown for this gate.
of the paper over a small region of space. A
rectangular loop of wire is slowly moved with a
uniform velocity across the field as shown. Draw the
A
graph showing the variation of (Inputs)
(i) magnetic flux linked with the loop and (ii) the
induced e.m.f. in the loop with time. B
× × × × × × × × × × 19 . Define mutual inductance of a pair of coils. Deduce

× × × × × × × × × an expression for the mutual inductance between a
pair of coils having number of turns N1 and N2
× × × × × × × × ×
wound over an air core.
× × × × × × × × ×
Stage-1 Stage-2 Stage-3
OR 20. In the given circuit, the potential difference across the
A bar magnet is dropped so that it falls vertically inductor L and resistor R are 120V and 90V respectively
through the coil C. The graph obtained for the and the rms value of current is 3A. Calculate (i) the
voltage produced across the coil versus time is as impedance of the circuit and (ii) the phase angle
shown in figure (b) (i) Explain the shape of the graph between the voltage and the current.
and (ii) why is the negative peak longer than the
positive peak ?
L R
Magnet
p.d/mV
Time/ms
v Coil ~
R
C
(a) (b) 21. With the help of a labelled circuit diagram, explain
how an n-p-n transistor is used to produce self-
13. Violet light is incident on a thin convex lens. If this sustained oscillations in an oscillator.
light is replaced by red light, explain with reason, OR
how the power of the lens would change. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to show how an n-p-
n transistor can be used as an amplifier in common
14. (a) Draw a graph showing the variation of potential emitter configuration. For the given input waveform,
energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their , draw the corresponding output waveform.
separation. Indicate the regions in which nuclear
force is
22. Two point charges 5 × 10 -8C and –2 × 10 -8C are
(i) attractive, and (ii) repulsive.
separated by a distance of 20cm in air as shown in the
(b) Write two characteristic features of nuclear force
figure.
which distinguish it from the Coulomb force.
15. Distinguish between 'point to point' and 'broadcast' 5×10–6C –2×10–8C

communication modes. Give one example of each. A B
20 cm
16. What does the term LOS communication mean ? (i) Find at what distance from point A the electric
Name the types of waves that are used for this potential would be zero.
communication. Which of the two-height of (ii) Also calculate the electrostatic potential energy of
transmitting antenna and height of receiving antenna- the system.
can affect the range over which this mode of
communication remains effective ?

23. Which constituent radiation of the electromagnetic dielectric is connected to a power supply and charged
spectrum is used to a potential difference V0. After disconnecting from
(i) in radar, power supply, a sheet of insulating material is
(ii) to photograph internal parts of a human body, and inserted between the plates completely filling the
(iii) for taking photographs of the sky during light space between them. How will its (i) capacity, (ii)
and foggy conditions ? electric field and (iii) energy change ? Given that the
Give one reason for your answer in each case. capacity of capacitor with air as medium is C0 and
permittivity for air and medium are ε and ε0
24. In the potentiometer circuit shown, the balance (null)
respectively.
point is at X. State with reason, where the balance
OR
point will be shifted when
Derive an expression for the electric potential at a
(i) Resistance R is increased, keeping all parameters
point along the axial line of an electric dipole. At a
unchanged.
point due to a point charge, the values of electric field
(ii) Resistance S is increased, keeping R constant.
(iii) Cell P is replaced by another cell whose e.m.f. is and electric potential are 32 NC-1 and 16JC-1
lower than that of cell Q. respectively. Calculate (i) magnitude of the charge
and (ii) distance of the charge from the point of
P R observation.
29. (i) With the help of a schematic sketch of a cyclotron

X explain its working principle.
A B Mention its two applications. What is the important
limitation encountered in accelerating a light
Q S G elementary particle such as electron to high energies.
(ii) A particle of mass m and charge q moves at right
angles to a uniform magnetic field. Plot a graph
25. The work function of caesium is 2.14eV. Find (i) the showing the variation of the radius of the circular
threshold frequency for caesium, and (ii) the path described by it with the increase in its (a)
wavelength of incident light if the photocurrent is charge, (b) kinetic energy, where, in each case other
brought to zero by stopping potential of 0.60V. factors remain constant. Justify your answer.
OR
26. Complete the following decay process for β-decay of (i) Using Biot-Savart's law derive an expression for
Phosphorus 32: the magnetic field due to a current carrying loop at a
32 point along the axis of the loop.
15 P → S + ....... (ii) A long straight conductor carries a steady current
The graph shows how the activity of a radioactive I. The current is distributed uniformly across its
nucleus changes with time. Using the graph, cross-section of radius 'a'. Plot a graph showing the
determine (i) half-life of the nucleus and (ii) its decay variation of magnetic field 'B' produced by the
constant. conductor with the distance 'r' from the axis of the
80 conductor in the region
(i) r < a and (ii) r > a.
Activity/Bq
60
30. How would you estimate rough focal length of a
40 converging lens ? Draw a ray diagram to show
20 image formation by a diverging lens. Using this
diagram, derive the relation between object distance
0 50 100 150 200 250 'u' image distance 'v' and focal length 'f' of the lens,
Time/s Sketch the graph between 1/u and 1/v for this lens.
OR
27. In Young's double-slit experiment, explain with Define magnifying power of an optical telescope.
reason what happens to the interference fringes, when Draw a ray diagram for an astronomical refracting
(i)widths of the slits are increased, telescope in normal adjustment showing the paths
(ii) mono-chromatic light source is replaced by a through the instrument of three rays from a distant
white light source, and (iii) one of the slits is closed. object. Derive an expression for its magnifying
power. Write the significance of diameter of the
28. Draw electric field lines between the plates of a objective lens on the optical performance of a
parallel plate capacitor with (i) air and (ii) dielectric telescope.
as the medium. A parallel plate capacitor with air as

15. Name the vitamins, the deficiency of which causes
CHEMISTRY the following disease.
(a) Beri-beri
1. What are F- centres ? (b) Night blindness
(c) Poor coagulation of blood
2. 2.46 g of NaOH (molar mass = 40) are dissolved in (d) Pernicous anaemia
water and solution is made to 100 cm3. Calculate 16. KF has NaCl structure. What is the distance between
molarity of solution. K+ and F– in KF, if the density is 2.48 g cm–3?
3. How are gold and Pt sol prepared. 17. Derive the relationship between activation energy
and rate constant.
4. Why is PbO2 and PbCl2 are good oxidising agent?
18. Define heterogeneous catalysis. Give four example.
5. Arrange the following in decreasing order
(a) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 [Bond energy.] 19. Complete the following :
(b) MF, MCl, MBr, MI [Ionic character] (a) XeF4 + SbF5 →
(b) Cl2 + NaOH →
6. Account for the following (Cold & dil.)
(a) NH3 has higher boiling point than PH3. (c) F2 + H 2 O →
(b) H3PO3 is diprotic acid. ( Hot )
(d) F2 + NaOH →
( Hot & conc )
7. Why Ce+3 can be easily oxidised to Ce+4?
(e) XeF6 + KF →
8. What is oxoprocess? For what purpose is it used. (f) BrO3– + F2 + 2OH– →
20. Discuss :
9. A decimolar solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] is 50%
dissociate at 300 K. Calculate the osmotic pressure of (a) Catenation
solution (R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1). (b) Thermal stability of hydride
(c) Reducing power of hydrides with respect to group
15, 16 and 17.
10. E ºZn + 2 / Zn = – 0.76 V. Write the reactions occuring at
the electrodes when coupled with SHE (Standard 21. Work out the following chemical equations :
Hydrogen Electrode). (i) In moist air copper corrodes to produce green
layer on its surface.
11. Convert : (ii) Chlorination of Ca(OH)2 produces bleaching
(a) 2-propanol to chloroform powder.
(b) Acetone to iodoform (iii) Copper sulphate from metallic copper.
12. Complete the following reactions 22. Using VBT predict the shape and magnetic behaviour
CH 2 OH of
(a) | + HNO3 → (i) [Ni(CO)4] (ii) [NiCl4]2–
CH 2 OH Conc
CH 2 OH 23. Mention one method of preparation of following

| organometallics
(b) CHOH KHSO
 4
→ (a) Zeise's salt (b) Dibenzene chromium
Heat
|
CH 2 OH (c) n-butyl lithium
24. What is Lucas reagent ? For what purpose is it used

13. Convert : and how ?
(a) Aniline to benzonitrile
(b) Aniline to phenyl isocyanide. 25. (a) What is Buna-S ? Name the monomers used in its
preparation. Mention its use.
14. Name two principal ways by which cell obtain (b) Differentiate between elastomer and fibres on the
energy for the synthesis of ATP. basis of intermolecular forces.
(c) Give an example of step growth polymer.

26. Give an example of 4. If B is a skew symmetric matrix, write whether the
(a) Triphenyl methane dye matrix (ABA´) is symmetric or skew symmetric.
(b) Azo dye
(c) Anthraquinone dye 5. On expanding by first row, the value of a third order
determinant is a11A11 + a12A12 + a13A13. Write the
27. Using IUPAC names write the formula for the expression for its value on expanding by 2nd column.
following : Where Aij is the cofactor of element aij.
(a) Tetrahydrozincate (II)
(b) Hexammine cobalt (III) sulphate 1 + cot x
(c) Potassium tetracyanonickelate (II)
6. Write a value of ∫ x + log sin x dx.
(d) Potassium tetrachloro palladate (II)

(e) Potassium tri (oxalato) chromate (III) π/ 2
 3 + 5 cos x 
(f) Diammine dichloro platinum (II) 7. Write the value of
∫ log 3 + 5 sin x  dx
0
28. Calculate the EMF of the following cell at 298 K
Fe/Fe+2(0.1 M) || Ag+(0.1 M) | Ag (s).
→ → →
[Given E ºFe +2 / Fe = – 0.44 V, E º + = + 0.80V] 8. Let a and b be two vectors such that | a | = 3 and
Ag / Ag
→ 2 → →
R = 8.31 J/K/mol, F = 96500 C. |b|= and a × b is a unit vector. Then what is
3
→ →
29. In a reaction between A & B, the initial rate of the angle between a and b ?
reaction was measured for different initial
concentration of A & B as given below :
9. Write the value of
A/M 0.20 0.20 0.40 î .( ĵ × k̂ ) + ˆj .( k̂ × î ) + k̂ .( ĵ × î )
B/M 0.20 0.10 0.05
→ →
r0/Ms–1 5.07 × 10–5 5.07 × 10–5 7.6 × 10 –5 10. For two non zero vectors a and b write when
→ → → →
| a + b | = | a | + | b | holds.
What is the order of reaction with respect to A & B.
30. Draw the structure of all isomeric form of alcohol of Section B

molecular formula C5H12O and give their IUPAC
names. Classify them as primary, secondary and
11. Show that the relation R in the set
tertiary alcohols.
A = {x|x ∈W, 0 ≤ x ≤ 12|} given by
R = {(a, b) : (a – b) is a multiple of 4} is an
MATHEMATICS equivalence relation. Also find the set of all elements
related to 2.
OR
Let * be a binary operation defined on N × N, by
Section A (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d). Show that * is
commutative and associative. Also find the identity
element for * on N × N, if any.
 3
1. Let f : R – −  → R be a function defined as
 5 12. Solve for x :
2x  3  x −1  –1  x + 1  π
f(x) = , find f–1 : Range of f → R – −  tan–1   + tan   = , |x| < 1
5x + 3  5  x − 2   x + 2  4
2. Write the range of one branch of sin–1x, other than 13. If a, b and c are real numbers and
the Principal Branch.
b+c c+a a +b
c+a a +b b+c = 0
 cos x sin x  π
3. If A =   , find x, 0 < x < when a +b b+c c+a
 − sin x cos x  2
Show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.
A + A´ = I

 x −5 22. From the differential equation representing the family
 | x − 5 | + a, if x < 5 of ellipses having foci on x-axis and centre at origin.

14. If f(x) =  a + b, if x = 5
 x − 5 Section C
 | x − 5 | + b, if x < 5

is a continuous function. Find a, b. 23. A letter is known to have come from either
TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelope
dy just two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is
15. If x y + yx = log a, find . the probability that the letter has come from
dx
(i) Tata Nagar (ii) Calcutta
16. Use lagrange's Mean Value theorem to determine a OR
point P on the curve y = x − 2 where the tangent is Find the probability distribution of the number of
parallel to the chord joining (2, 0) and (3, 1). white balls drawn in a random draw of 3 balls
without replacement from a bag containing 4 white
and 6 red balls. Also find the mean and variance of
1
17. Evaluate : ∫ cos(x − a) cos(x − b) dx the distribution.
24. Find the distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the plane
OR
x + y + z = 2 measured parallel to the line 2x = y = z.
2 + sin x
∫ 1 + cos x .e
x/ 2
Evaluate : .dx
25. Using integration, compute the area bounded by the
lines x + 2y = 2, y – x = 1 and 2x + y = 7
→ →
18. If a and b are unit vectors and θ is the angle OR
θ 1 → → Find the ratio of the areas into which curve y2 = 6x
between them, then prove that cos = | a + b |. divides the region bounded by x2 + y2 = 16
2 2
OR −1
If are the diagonals of a parallelogram with sides, e tan x
→ →
a and b in d the area of parallelogram in terms of
26. Evaluate :
∫ (1 + x ) 2 2
dx
→
and hence find the area with d1 = i + 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ and
27. A point the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at a
→
distance 'a' and 'b' from the sides of the triangle.
d 2 = 3i – 2 ĵ + k.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
19. Find the shortest distance between the lines, whose
equations are
[a 2/3
+ b2/3 ]
3/ 2
.
x − 8 y + 9 10 − z x − 15 58 − 2 y z−5 28. Using elementary tranformations, find the inverse of

= = & = =
3 − 16 −7 3 − 16 −5  1 3 − 2
 
20. A bag contains 50 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, ..... , 50 the matrix  − 3 0 − 5 
of which five are drawn at random and arranged in  2 5 0 
 
ascending order of the number appearing on the
tickets (x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 < x5). Find the probability 29. A furniture firm manufactures chairs and tables, each
that x3 = 30 requiring the use of three machines A, B and C.
Production of one chair requires 2 hours on machine
21. Show that the differential equation
2yex/ydx + (y – 2xex/y)dy = 0 is A, 1 hour on machine B and 1 hour on machine C.
homogeneous and find its particular solution given Each table requires 1 hour each on machine A and B
that x = 0 when y = 1. and 3 hours on machine C. The profit obtained by
OR selling one chair is Rs. 30 while by selling one table
Find the particular solution of the differential the profit is Rs. 60. The total time available per week
dx on machine A is 70 hours, on machine B is 40 hours
equation + y cot x = 2x + x2cot x, x ≠ 0 given and on machine C is 90 hours. How many chairs and
dy
tables should be made per week so as to maximize
π profit ? Formulate the problem as L.P.P. and solve it
that y = 0, when x =
2 graphically.

MOCK TEST PAPER SOLUTION
FOR PAPER – 2 PUBLISHED IN JANUARY ISSUE
11.
PHYSICS A A B Y
Y 0 0 1
B
2. For diamagnetic materials like Bi 0 1 1
1 0 0
3. Zero 1 1 1
A B Y
12.27 12.27 A
4. For an electron, λ = Å = = 3.9 Å 0 0 0
V 10 0 1 0
B Y 1 0 0
5. If a thin foil is introduced parallel to plates than 1 1 0
capacity remains reflected.
q
13. No. of field lines emitted by a charge =
6. Core is laminated to present eddy current losses ∈0
7. Photodiode 1.6 × 10 −19

for a proton =
8.854 × 10 −12
14. The magnetic force on sides AB and BC due to

magnetic field of current carrying wires is equal and
opposite thus they balance each other while on AC it
8. Maxwell’s fourth equation is Ampere's law and is towards the wire. Thus the loop will move
→ → dθ E
∫
according to it B. d l = µ 0 i + ∈0 µ 0
dt
towards the conductor
A
10. Let the charge on β particle be -e then charge on

i1 i2 B
deutron is +e and on α -particle is +2e
2e
C
15.
a a C
C 2C 2C
+Q Q +Q Q
–e a e A B= A B
C 5V 5V
− ke 2 2ke 2 2ke 2
P.E. = + −
a a a
Charge remains same in series combination
ke 2 Q 1
P.E = − thus P.D. on 2C = = (5V) = 2.5 volt
a 2C 2
− ke 2 2ke 2 2ke 2 P.D. across AB = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 V
P.E F = + −
2a 2a 2a
− ke 2 R R
= R R
2a
16. A B
ke 2 X
W = P.E F − P.E i = R R
2a R R

2R 2R Thus µ3 > µ1
µ2 > µ3
=
A X B Medium-2 is most dense
2R 2R µ2 > µ3 > µ 1
R R
= 21. (i) tan ip = aµ w = 4/3
A X B
ip = tan–1(4/3)
= VA – VX = IR ...(1)
(ii) θ = 90º
VX – VB = IR = 10 V ...(2) (iii) Reflected ray is plane polarized
Equation (1) + (2) 1 1
VA – VB = 2IR = 20 V (iv) sin θ c = =
a
µ w tan i p
17. V = IR
V 100 2Ω
I= = = 10 Amp
R 10
V V 100 2 22.
7Ω
I= ⇒Z= = = 10 2 Ω
Z I 10
R 10 1 03.V 1Ω
cos θ = = =
Z 10 2 2 As the diode is in forward bias total resistance
= 2 + 1 = 3Ω
18. Einstein’s equation ν 0.3
hv = hv0 + KEmax i= = = 0.1 amp
R 3
or hv = hv0 + eV V 0 = i(7) = 0.7 volt
v = frequency of incident light
v0 = Threshold frequency,
V = Stopping potential
hv = 5 eV, hv0 = 2 eV
23. =
5 = 2 + eV
St. p. = 3 eV
Stopping potential = – 3 volt
Input Output
19. (i) t = 1 sec.
I ∝ w (width of slit) .24 (i) Current Flowing in the circuit.
t = 1 sec
10V 3Ω
y=x
I1 = I2
a1 = a2 = a [I ∝ a2 ] RL=2Ω
amax = 2a,
Imax = 4a2
amin = 0, Imin = a2 10
i= = 2 amp
(ii) t = 4 sec 5
2 For battery -1
I max  I1 + I 2  V = E + Ir = 10 + 2 × 1 = 12 volt
=
I min  I1 − I 2  For battery -2
V = E – Ir = 20 – 2 × 2 = 16 volt
I1 4
= =9 :1 (ii) Because battery - 1 is in charging state while
I2 1 battery -2 is in discharging state
20. According to shell’s law 25. When current flows through metallic spring, current
is in same direction thus due to magnetic force
As light ray pass from rare to denser medium it bands
difference coils are attracted towards each other and
towards the normal and when passes from denser to
spring gets strinked
rarer bends away from normal

26. Inconsistency in Ampere’s law
According to ampere’s law CHEMISTRY
→ →
∫ B.d l = µ i 0
1. Co-ordination no. of Ca+2 = 8
and the relation is valid only when the electric field at F– = 4
the surface does not changes with time and this law
tells is that an electric current produces magnetic 2. [Cr(H2O)5SO4]Br
field. If there exists an electric current as well as Pentaaqua sulphato chromium (III) bromide.
changing electric field. The resultant magnetic field
is given by
3. (a) 4-nitro –1–methoxy benzene.
→ → ∧  dθ 
∫
B.d l = µ 0 i + µ 0 ∈0  E 
 dt 
(b) 4-bromo-3, 3, 4-trimethyl hex-1-ene-2, 5-diol.
Suppose that for a parallel plate capacitor. 4. Aromatic ketones are less reactive, so they do not
Q react with NaHSO3.
E= (electric field between plates)
∈0 A
5. Sulphanilic exist as zwitter ion, so they are
Flux of the field through given area amphoteric in nature.
Q Q
θE = ×A =
∈0 A ∈0 6. Ethylene glycol & Phthalic acid.
dθ E
i d =∈0 7. Substance which remove the excess acid and raise the
dt
pH to appropriate level in stomach are Antacids. Eg
dQ dQ Lansoprazole.
= ∈0 =
dt dt
id = ic 8. Carbohydrate having chiral carbon, so they optically
id = displacement current, active.
ic = conduction current
9. Given r+ = 95 pm
q r– = 181 pm.
27. φ = net
∈0 r+ 95
= = 0.524
for a charge placed at corner of cube, r− 181
q Since, r +/r – lies between 0.414 to 0.732,
φ=
8 ∈0 ∴ A X has FCC (NaCl type structure) structure
∴ thus for given system so, the co-ordination number of each ion = 6.
(1 − 2 + 3 − 4 − 6 + 7 + 5 − 8)
φ= 10. In MgO, co-ordination number of Mg+2 is 6 and that
2 ∈0 of O2– is also 6 due to NaCl structure.
−1 In TlCl, co-ordination number Tl+ is 8 and that of Cl–
φ=
2 ∈0 is also 8 due to CsCl type structure.
28. 11. Mole fraction of solute is defined as ratio of number

of moles of solute to the total number of moles of
L' solute and solvent
V∞ nB WB / M B
B xB = =
E nA + nB W A W
+ B
MA M B
C
K nA WA / M A
xA = =
nA + nB WA WB
VBB
+
MA MB
1 or xA + xB = 1
ƒ=
2π LC Where xA = mole fraction of solvent
xB = mole fraction of solute

12. With increasing voltage, the sequence of deposition O OMgBr OH
of metal is
+2 R – C – R + R´MgBr R–C–R R–C–R
Ag + > Hg 2 > Cu +2 > Mg +2
( +0.80) ( +0.79) ( +0.34) ( −2.37 )
R´ R´
+2
Mg will not be reduced because its reduction
potential value is much lower than water (–0.834). 19. Iodoform test is given by only those compounds
which having – C – CH3 or – CH – CH3 group.
13. In Cr2O7–2, all the six normal Cr–O bonds are
equivalent and two bridged Cr– O bonds are O OH
equivalent. Therefore, pentanone-2 give iodoform test
O O
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – CH3
Cr Cr
O
–
O O O–
O O
20. From the Question,
I → Is most basic due to lone pair present in sp 3
14. CuSO4 + 2KCN → Cu(CN)2 + K2SO4
hybridised orbital to available for donation.
2Cu(CN)2 → Cu2(CN)2 + C2N2 (cyanogen)
II → lone pair present in sp2 orbital but disperse to
Cu2 (CN)2 + 6 KCN → 2K3 [Cu(CN)4] small extent.
III → lone pair present is sp3 orbital but possess
15. Two pairs. electronegative atom.
* IV → lone pair e– present on 'N´ is in p-orbital to
CH2Br – CH – CH2.CH3
form a part of aromatic sextet. (least basicity) so,
CH3 order of basicity = I > III > II > IV
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3 Br2
*
CH3 CH3 – CH – CH – CH3 21. HX H+ + X–
CH3 Br n=2
1 − α + nα
from the formula i=
+2
16. Fe(s) → Fe (aq) + 2e (oxidation) – 1
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O (Reduction) 1 − 0.2 + 2 × 0.2
= = 1.2
Atmospheric oxidation occurs as following 1
1 from the formula
2Fe+2 (aq) + 2H2O(l)+ O2(g)
2 ∆Tf = kf . m. i
→ Fe2O3(s) + 4H+(aq) = 1.2 × 1.8 × 0.2 = 0.432
so, the freezing point of solution
OH OH OH = 0 – 0.432 = – 0.432 ºC
Br2/CS2 Br
17. (a) + 22. We know that
0ºC
Surface volume = area × thick ness
Br 0.005
= 80 × cm3
Mono halogen derivative form. 10
(b) C2H5OC2H5 + 2HI Heat
→ 2C2H5I + H2O = 0.04 cm3
Mass of silver deposited = volume × density
18. Fehling, Tollen's, Schiff's reagent react only with = 0.04 × 10.5 = 0.042 g
aldehyde. The cell reaction is
Grignard reagent react with both aldehyde & ketones. Ag+ + e– → Ag
w Q i.t
since = =
O OMgBr OH E F F
0.042 3× t
R – C – H + R´MgBr R–C–H R–C–H ∴ =
108 96500
R´ R´ or t = 125.1 sec

23. From the below graph we can say that with increase 27. (i) In aspartame following four functional groups are
of temperature, then occurs a decrease in rate of present.
physisorption. (a) (–NH2) Amine (b) –COOH (Carboxylic acid)
O O
x/m
(c) (– C – NH –) (d) (– C – O –)
(Amide) (Ester)
(ii) Its zwitter ion is
t
CH2 – C6H5
Where x/m = Mass of gas adsorbed per unit mass of +
adsorbent. H3N – CH – CONH – CH – COOCH3
t = Temperature CH2 – COO–
24. In H3BO3, 'B´ atom having 6e– (e-deficient) it is a (iii)

Lewis acid with one vacant p-orbital and no d-orbital O CH2C6H5
thus, it can accomodate only one e– pair in its outer
most shell. H2N – CH – C – NH – CH – COOCH3
OH OH CH2COOH
Hydrolysis
H2O: + B – OH H2O → B – OH
OH OH CH2– C6H5
H2N – CH – COOH + H2N – CH – COOH

[B(OH)4]– + H+
CH2COOH
25. (a) The colour of transition metal compound is (a) (b)
obtained due to unpaired e– which gives
d-d-transition.
28. (i) From the equation
VOCl2 & CuCl2 → V +4 & Cu+2
k = A.e–Ea/RT
both having one unpaired e–, so gives same colour in
aqueous medium. Ea
or log k = log A –
(b) [CuSO 4 + 2KCN → Cu(CN)2 + K2SO4] × 2 2.303 RT
2Cu(CN)2 → Cu2(CN)2 + (CN)2 Comparing this equation with the given equation
Cu2(CN)2 + 6KCN → 2K3 Cu(CN)4 Ea
2CuSO4 + 10KCN → 2K3Cu(CN)4 = 1.25 × 104
2.303 R
+ 2K2SO 4 + (CN)2
or Ea = 1.25 × 10 4 × 2.303 × 8.314
= 2.39 × 10 5 J/mol
26. = 239 kJ/mol
CHO (ii) In the question, the unit of rate constant is s–1,
CHO
therefore, the reaction is first order.
OH–/100ºC
0.693
Intra molecular ∴ t1/2 =
CHO Cannizaro reaction k
CHO
0.693 0.693
or k = =
COO– CH2OH t 1/ 2 256 × 60
H+/H2O = 4.51 × 10 –5 s–1
substituting this value in the given expression, we get
CH2OH
COO–
1.25 × 10 4
log(4.51 × 10 –5) = 14.34 –
COOH CH2OH T
Product 1.25 × 10 4
or –4.346 = 14.34 –
T
CH2OH
COOH

1.25 × 10 4
⇒ = 14.34 + 4.346 = 18.686 H3C CH3
T C=C ozonolysis
4
1.25 × 10 H3C CH3
T= = 669 K H H
18.686
H3C H CH3
(A) C + O=C
29. CaO + H2O → Ca (OH) 2 H3C CHO CH3
( A)
NH3 + CO 2 + H2O → NH 4 ( HCO3 ) (Aldehyde) (Ketone)

( B)
H3C HH3C H
[O] Br2/P
NH4(HCO 3) + NaCl → Na(HCO 3) + NH 4 Cl C C
(D) H3C CHO H3C COOH
∆
2NaHCO3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H2O + CO2 (B)
(C )
Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl → CaCl 2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O H3C OH Hydrolysis H3C Br

( E) C C
H3C COOH H3C COOH
30. Ozonolyis of 'A' to acetone and aldehyde indicated
(D) (C)
the presence of the following structure in the
molecule 'A' (alkene).
H3C
C = CHR O3
H3C
C = O + RCHO
MATHEMATICS
H3C H3C
(aldehyde)
(ketone) Section A
[O] Br2 / P
RCHO → RCOOH →
( B) 1. (a)
Bromo compound 
→ Hydroxy acid H 2O ∴ for every value of x there is unique y
( C)
2. π
Hydroxy acid can be determined by following
reaction 3. 135
H3C H3C OH
C = O HCN C 4. 3
H3C H3C CN
5. (1, 2)
H2O/H+
H3C OH 6. π/6
C
H3C COOH 7. (1, –7, 2) or their any multiple
(D)
x8
from the above, bromo compound 'C' is – 8. +c
8
H3C Br
C
H3C 11 ˆ
COOH 9. 3î + j + 5k̂
3
(C)
'C' is formed by bromination of (B) so 'B' is
10. order of AB is 2 × 2
H3C H
C order of BA is 3 × 3
H3C COOH
compound 'B' is formed by oxidation of an aldehyde, Section B
so the structure of the aldehyde is
H3C H
C 2x − 1
H3C CHO 11. f(x) = , x ∈R
3
The aldehyde and acetone are formed by the To show f is one-one
ozonolysis of alkene 'A'. So, the structure of alkene

Let x1, x 2 ∈ R s.t. x 1 ≠ x2 ∀ a, b, c, ∈ Q
⇒ 2x1 ≠ 2x2 a+b
+c a + b + 2c
⇒ 2x1 – 1 ≠ 2x2 – 1 = 2 =
2x1 − 1 2x 2 − 1 2 4
⇒ ≠
3 3  b+c
a*(b*c) = a *  
⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)  2 
⇒ f is one-one b+c
To show f is onto a + 
=  2  = 2a + b + c
2x − 1 2 4
Let y= , y ∈R(codomain of f)
3 (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c) ∀ a, b, c, ∈ Q
or 3y = 2x – 1
∴ '*' is not associative,
3y + 1
or x= ∈R
2
 5  3
∴ for all y ∈ R (codomain of f), there exist 12. Let sin–1   = x & cos–1   = y
 13  5
3y + 1
x= ∈ R (codomain of f), such that 5 3
2 ⇒ sin x = & cos y =
13 5
 3y + 1 
2  −1 12 4
 3y + 1   2  & cos x = & sin y =
f(x) = f  = =y 13 5
 2  3
⇒ every element in codomain of f has its pre-image 5 4
⇒ tan x = & tan y =
in the domain of f, 13 3
⇒ f is onto. tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
To find f–1 1 − tan x tan y
3y + 1 63
Let f(x) = y, x= tan(x + y) =
2 16
3y + 1
⇒ f–1(y) = x ⇒ f–1(y) =  63 
2 ⇒ x + y = tan–1  
 16 
–1 –1 3y + 1
∴ f : R → R given by f (y) =  12   3  63 
2 ⇒ sin–1   + cos–1   = tan–1  
OR  13  5  16 
a+b
(i) a*b = , a, b ∈ N
2  2 − 6
13. Let = A =  
a+b 1 − 2 
∀ a, b ∈ N may or may not belong to N.
2 A = IA
∴ a*b is not always natural no.  2 − 6 1 0
∴ '*' is not a binary operation on N 1 − 2  = 0 1  A
   
a+b
(ii) a*b = , a, b ∈ Q R1 ⇔ R2
2
1 − 2  0 1 
a+b ⇒   =  A
∀ a, b ∈ Q; ∈Q  2 − 6 1 0
2
⇒ a*b ∈ Q R2 → R2 – 2R1
⇒ '*' is a binary operation on Q 1 − 2  0 1 
⇒   =  A
(iii) For a*b =
a+b
, a, b ∈ Q 0 − 2  1 − 2 
2 R1 → R1 – R2
a+b b+a 1 0   − 1 3 
a*b = = = b*a ⇒ 
2 2  =  A
0 − 2   1 − 2 
⇒ * is commutative
1
a+b R2 → – R2
(iv) (a*b)*c =   *C 2
 2 

 −1 3 lim f ( x ) = lim x – 2 = 0
1 0  x →2 + x →2
⇒   =  1 A
0 1   − 2 1
 f(2) = 0
since lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = f(2) = 0
 −1 3 x →2 − x →2+
∴ A–1 =  1 
 − 2 1

∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 2
∴ The only point of discontinuity is x = 1
OR
Operate R 1 → aR1, R2 → bR2, R3 → cR 3
15. xpyp = (x + y)p + q
2 2
− bc b + bc c + bc Take log on both sides
2
a + ac − ac c 2 + ac p log x + q log y = (p + q) log (x + y)
2 2
a + ab b + ab − ab p q dy p + q  dy 
+ . = 1 + 
x y dx x + y  dx 
− abc ab 2 + abc ac 2 + abc
1 2 p p+q dy  p+q q 
= a b + abc − abc bc 2 + bac or – =  − 
abc 2 x+y
2
a c + abc b c + abc − abc x dx x+y y
Take, a, b, c common from C1, C2, C3 respectively px + py − px − qx dy  py + qy − qx − qy 

or =  
− bc ab + ac ac + ab x ( x + y) dx  y( x + y) 
= ab + bc − ac bc + ba py − qx dy  py − qx 
or =  
ac + bc bc + ac − ab x dx  y 
R1 → R 1 + R2 + R3 y dy
or =
ab + bc + ac ab + bc + ac ab + bc + ac x dx
= ab + bc − ac bc + ba OR
ac + bc bc + ac − ab  1 + x 2 + 1− x 2 
y = tan–1  
1 1 1  1 + x 2 + 1− x 2 
 
= (ab + bc + ca) ab + bc − ac bc + ba
Put x2 = cos θ
ac + bc bc + ac − ab
 1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ 
C1 → C1 – C3, C2 → C2 – C3 y = tan –1  
 1 + cos θ − 1 − cos θ 
0 0 1
= (ab + bc + ca) 0 − (ab + bc + ca ) bc + ba  θ θ  θ
 cos + sin   1 + tan 
= tan–1  2 2 = tan–1 2
ac + bc + ab bc + ac + ab − ab   
 cos θ − sin θ   1 − tan θ 
On expanding by R 1 we get  2 2   2 
= (ab + bc + ca)3
  π θ 
= tan–1  tan  +  
14. Being a polynomial function f(x) is continuous at all   4 2 
point for x < 1, 1 < x < 2 and x ≥ 2. Thus the possible π θ π 1
points of discontinuity are x = 1 and x = 2 y= + or y= + cos–1(x2)
4 2 4 2
To check continuity at x = 1
dy 1  2x  −x
lim f ( x ) = lim x + 2 = 3 =–   =
x →1− x →1  dx 2  1 − x 4 
 1− x 4
lim f ( x ) = lim x − 2 = −1
x →1+ x →1 
f (1) = 3
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4)
since, lim f ( x ) = f (1) ≠ lim f ( x )
x →1− x →1+
16. ∫ (x 2
+ 3) ( x 2 − 5)
dx
∴ f ( x ) is not continuous at x = 1
Consider
To check continuity at x = 2
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4) ( t + 1)( t + 4)
lim f ( x ) = lim x − 2 = 0 = where t = x2
x →2 −
x →2 − 2
( x + 3) ( x − 5) 2 ( t + 3)(t − 5)

7 t + 19 2
=1+
∫ (3x
2
( t + 3)( t − 5) 18. For − 1) dx
1
Consider
1
7 t + 19 A B a = 1, b = 2, h =
= + n
( t + 3)(t − 5) t+3 t−5
as n → ∞, h → 0
1 27 f(x) = 3x2 – 1
A= ,B=
4 4 b
∴
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4)
∫ (x 2 2
dx ∫ f (x) dx = lim h[f(a) + f(a + h) + ... + f(a + (n – 1)h)]
a
h →0
+ 3) ( x − 5)
2
1 dx
27 dx
∫ (3x
2
− 1) dx = lim h[3n + 3h2 (12 + 22 + .. + (n – 1)2)
= ∫ dx +
4 ∫ 2
+
x +3 4 ∫x 2
−5 1
h →0
1  x  27 x− 5 + 6h(1 + 2 + .. + (n – 1) – n)]
=x+ tan–1  +
 log +c
4 3  3  8 5 x + 5  ( n )(n − 1)(2n − 1) 
= lim h  2n + 3h 2 + 3h ( n )(n − 1)
h →0  6 
17.  2 3h 2 (1 − h )(2 − h )  1  1 − h 
= lim h  + 3
+ 3h   
h →0  h 6h  h  h 

r 1
=2+ (2) + 3 = 6
2
α
h
π/ 2
Let r = radius of cone formed by water at any time

19. Given I =
∫ log sin x dx
0
h = height of cone formed by water at any time π/2  a a 
Q f (a − x ) dx = f ( x ) dx 
1
Given α = tan   –1  I= ∫ log cos x dx

 0
∫ ∫ 

 2 0 0
π/2
1
∴ tan α =
2
∴ 2I =
∫ (log sin 2x dx − log 2) dx
0
r
Also tan α = ⇒ h = 2r π/2
h 1 π
Volume of this cone
I=
2 ∫ log sin 2x dx − 4 log 2
0
....(1)
2
1 πh Consider
v = πr2h =   h
3 32 π/2 π
1
v=
π 3
h
I1 =
∫
0
log sin 2 x dx =
2 ∫
log sin t dt
0
12
dt π
dv π dh π 2 dh [Put 2x = t, dx = ; x = 0 ⇒ t = 0; x = ⇒ t = π]
⇒ = (3h2) = h 2 2
dt 12 dt 4 dt π/2
1
But
dv
dt
= 5 m3/minute =
2 ∫
.2 log sin t dt
0
π dh  2a a 
∴ 5 = h2 Q f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x ) dx if f (2a − x ) = f ( x ) 
4 dt  ∫ ∫ 
dh 20  0 0 
or = when h = 10 m π/2
dt π(10) 2
dh 1
= ∫ log sin t dt
0
or = m/minute
dt 5π

π/ 2 21.
I1 =
∫
0
log sin x dx ...(2) E D
From (1) and (2)

π/ 2 
1 π  F C
I=
2
0
∫
log sin x dx − log 2
4  →
1 π  b
I − I = – log 2 
2 4  A → B
 a
π
I = − log 2 
2  → → → →
From fig. DE = – a ; EF = – b
→ → → → →
20. Given line AC = AB + BC = a + b
→ → →
x −1 3 − y z +1 AD = 2 BC = 2 b
= =
5 2 4 → → →
AD = AC + CD
x −1 y −3 z − ( −1) → → → → →
or, = = ....(i)
5 −2 4 ⇒ CD = AD – AC = b – a
→ → → →
is passing through (1, 3, –1) and has D.R. 5, –2, 4. FA = – CD = a – b
Equations of line passing through (3, 0, –4) and → → → → →
parallel to given line is CE = CD + DE = b – 2 a
→ → → → →
x −3 y−0 z+4 AE = AD + DE = 2 b – a
= = ...(ii)
5 −2 4
Vector equations of line (i) & (ii) 1
→
22. P(Correct forecast) =
r = î + 3 ĵ – k̂ + λ(5 î – 2 ĵ + 4 k̂ ) 3
2
→ P(Incorrect forecast) =
r = 3 î – 4 ĵ + µ (5 î – 2 ˆj + 4 k̂ ) 3
→ → P (At least three correct forecast for four matches)
∴ a 2 – a1 = 2 î – 3 ˆj – 3 k̂ = P(3 correct) + P(4 correct)
3 1 4
→  1  2   1 8 1 1
b = 2
(5) + ( −2) + (4) 2 2 = 4C3     + 4C4   = + =
 3  3   3 81 81 9
OR
= 45 = 3 5 Let E : Candidate Reaches late
î ĵ k̂ A1 = Candidate travels by bus
→  → → A2 : Candidate travels by scooter
Also ×  a −
b  2 1 a  = 5 − 2 4
  A3 : Candidate travels by other modes of
2 −3 −3 transport
3 1 3
= 18 î + 23 ˆj – 11 k̂ P(A1) = , P(A2) = , P(A3) =
10 10 5
→  → → 1 1
∴ b ×  a 2 − a1  = (18) 2 + (23) 2 + (11) 2 = 974 P(E/A1) = , P(E/A2) = , P(E/A3) = 0
  4 3
∴ Distance between two parallel lines. ∴ By Baye's Theorem
P(A1/E) = P( A 1 ) P( E / A 1 )
→  → → P( A 1 ) P ( E / A 1 ) + P ( A 2 ) P( E / A 2 ) + P ( A 3 ) P ( E / A 3 )
b ×  a 2 − a 1 
  974 3 1
= = units ×
→
45 10 4 9
b = =
3 1 13
+ +0
40 30

Section C  π − 3 π
f−  = +
 6 2 6
Local maximum value is
 2 1   − 3 2  1 2 
23. Given  3 2 P  5 − 3 =  2 −1 π 3 π
f  = –
      6 2 6
2 1 OR
Let R=   then |R| = 1
 3 2 Let h = length of cylinder
− 3 2  r = radius of semi-circular ends of cylinder
S=   then |S| = –1 1
 5 − 3 v = πr2h
2
1 2  S = Total surface area of half circular cylinder
Q=  
 2 −1 = 2(Area of semi circular ends)
Since R and S are non-singular matrices + Curved surface area of half
∴ R–1 and S–1 exist circular cylinder + Area of rectangular base.
AdjR  2 − 1 1  1
R–1 = =   = 2 πr 2  + (2πrh) + 2rh
|R| 3 2  2  2
2
AdjS 3 2 = πr + (π + 2)rh
S–1 = =   2v
|S| 5 3 = πr2 + (π + 2)r. 2
Now given πr
RPS = Q  ds 2v(π + 2)  1 
= 2πr –  2
R −1 (RPS) = R −1Q  dr π r 
(R −1R ) PS = R −1Q  ds (π + 2) v
–1 = 0 ⇒ r3 =
 (Q R R = I I.P = P) dr π2
PS = R −1Q 
PSS −1 = R −1QS−1  d 2S
= 2π +
2v( π + 2) 2
. 3 >0

P = R −1QS−1  dr 2 π r
∴ S is minimum when
 2 − 1 1 2  3 2 
P=    (π + 2 ) v ( π + 2)  1 2 
− 3 2   2 − 1 5 3  r3 = =  πr h 
∴  π 2
π2  2 
 25 15  
=  π+ 2 h π
 − 37 − 22  ⇒ r= .h ∴ =
2π 2r π+ 2
π π Which is required result.
24. f(x) = sin 2x – x – <x<
2 2
f´(x) = 2 cos 2x – 1 − ( x − 2) + 2 x ≤ 2
25. f(x)  2
1  x − 2, x>2
f´(x) = 0 ⇒ cos 2x =
2  4−x x ≤ 2
π π π π or f(x) =  2
or 2x = , or x = – , x − 2, x > 2
3 3 6 6
To sketch the graph of above function following
f´´(x) = –4 sin 2x tables are required.
π For f(x) = 4 – x, x ≤ 2 & for f(x) = x2 – 2, x ≥ 2
f´´(x) = 2 3 > 0 at x = –
6
π x –1 0 1 2
⇒ x = – is point of local minima
6 y 5 4 3 2
π Also f(x) = x2 – 2 represent parabolic curve.
f´´(x) = 2 3 < 0 at x =
6
x 2 3 4 5 6
π
⇒ x= is point of local maxima y 2 7 14 23 34
6
∴ Local minimum value is

Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P(1, 2, 3)
y to the given line
C P(1, 2, 3)
y=4–x y = x2 – 2
A B
D
O
x=0 2 x=4 A N B
Coordinates of N = (3λ + 6, 2λ + 7, –2λ + 7)
D.R. of NP 3λ + 5, 2λ + 5, – 2λ + 4
4 2 4
D.R. of AB 3, 2, –2
∫ ∫ ∫ (x
2
Area = f ( x ) dx = (4 − x ) dx + − 2) dx Since NP ⊥ AB
0 0 2
∴ 3(3λ + 5) + 2(2λ + 5) – 2(–2λ + 4) = 0
2 4
x2 x3 or λ = –1
= 4x – + − 2x ∴ Coordinates of foot of perpendicular N are (3, 5, 9)
2 3
0 2
Equation of plane containing line (i) and point (1, 2, 3)
44 62 is
=6+ = sq. units
3 3 Equation of plane containing point (6, 7, 7) & (1, 2, 3)
4 and parallel to line with D.R. 3, 2, –2 is
On the graph
∫ f (x) dx represents the area bounded x −6 y−7 z −7
0 −5 −5 −4 = 0
by x-axis the lines x = 0; x = 4 and the curve y = f(x).
3 2 −2
i.e. area of shaded region shown in fig.
or, 18x – 22y + 5z + 11 = 0
dy
26. (1 – x2) – xy = x2 28. Given
dx
x P(x)
dy x x2 0 0
or – .y =
dx 1− x2 1− x2 1 k
x x2 2 4k
P=– ,Q= 3 2k
1− x2 1− x2
−x
4 k
1
∫ dx log(1− x 2 )
I.F. = e ∫ = e 1− x = e 2 Σpi = 8k
Pdx 2
= 1− x 2
∴ Solution of diff. equation is 1
But Σp i = 1 ⇒ k =
8
x2
y 1− x2 = ∫ 1− x 2
. 1 − x 2 dx ∴ Probability distribution is
xi pi pi x i p i x i2 
 1  
= 
 ∫
 1− x
2
− 1− x 2  dx


0 0
1
0
1
0 
1 
1
 1  8 8 8 
= sin x –  x 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x  + c
–1 1 
 2  2 1 2 
2 
1 –1 1 3 9 
y 1− x2 = sin x – x 1− x 2 + c 3
2 4 4 4 
1 1 
When x = 0, y = 2 ⇒ 2 = c 4 2 
∴ Solution is 8 2 
1 1
y 1 − x 2 = sin–1x – x 1− x 2 + 2 Probability of getting admission in two colleges =
2 2
19
Mean = µ = Σp ix i =
27. The given line is 8
x −6 y−7 z−7
= = = λ (say) ...(i)
3 2 −2

51  19 
2
47 ∴ Constraints are
Variance = σ2 = Σp ix i2 – µ 2 = –   =
8 8
  64 40 − x ≥ 0


40 − y ≥ 0
OR 
W 60 − x − y ≥ 0 
4W W 2W − 10 + x + y ≥ 0

x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 
3B B B 2B
Objective function is :
W Minimise. z = 5x + 4y + 3(60 – x – y)
1W 1B
+ 4(40 – x) + 2(40 – y) + 5(x + y – 10)
A R ∴ L.P.P. is
Three cases arise, when 2 balls from bag A are To Minimise. z = 3x + 4y + 370
shifted to bag B.
subject to constraints
Case 1 : If 2 white balls are transferred from bag A.
4 2 2 x ≤ 40 
P(WAWA) = . =
y ≤ 40 
7 6 7
Case 2 : If 2 black balls are transferred from bag A 
x + y ≤ 60 
3 2 1
P(BAB A) =. = x + y ≥ 10 
7 6 7 
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Case 3 : If 1 white and 1 black ball is transferred
from bag A y
 4 3 4
P(WABA) = 2  .  = C
7 6 7
(a) Probability of drawing 2 white balls from bag B B (0, 40)
= P(WAWA).P(WBWB) + P(BABA).P(WBWB) x + y = 60
+ P(WABA).P(WB.WB) D(40, 20)
x+y = 10 A(0, 10)
22 3 12 1 43 2 5
=  . +  .  +  .  = (10, 0)
7 6 5 76 5 76 5 21 x
x´
(b) Probability of drawing 2 black balls from B O F E(40, 0)
22 1 14 3 43 2 4 y´
=  . +  .  +  .  =
76 5 76 4 76 5 21
Feasible Region is ABCDEFA with corner points
(c) Probability of drawing 1 white and 1 black ball
A(0, 10) z = 3(0) + 4(10) + 370 = 410
from bag B
B(0, 40) z = 3(10) + 4(40) + 370 = 530
2  4 2.2  1  2.2 4  4  2.3 3  4
=  . +  .  +  .  = C(20, 40) z = 3(20) + 4(40) + 370 = 590
76 5  7 6 5 7 6 5 7
D(40, 20) z = 3(40) + 4(20) + 370 = 570
E(40, 0) z = 3(40) + 4(0) + 370 = 490
A
x 60 –x – y F (10, 0) z = 3(10) + 4(0) + 370 = 400
y ∴ x = 10, y = 0 gives minimum cost of transportion.
29. Q Thus No. of packets can be transported as follows
P R
40 – y
40 – x A B
B 50–(60–x – y) P 10 30
Let x no. of packets from kitchen A are transported to Q 0 40
P and y of packets from kitchen A to Q. Then only R 50 0
60 – x – y packets can be transported to R from A.
Similarly from B, 40 – x packets can be transported Minimum cost of transportation is Rs. 400
to P and 40 – y to Q. Remaining requirement of R i.e.
50 –(60 – x – y) can be transported from B to Q.

MOCK TEST PAPER SOLUTION
FOR PAPER – 3 PUBLISHED IN THIS ISSUE
x
PHYSICS 22. q1 (r–x)
q2
r
2. hv = hv0 + K.E max
v = frequency of incident light kq1 kq 2
=
v0 = threshold frequency. x (r − x )
5. γ-rays have maximum penetrating power and q1 q 5 × 10 −8 − 2 × 10 −8

= 2 ; =
minimum ionising power. x r−x x (20 − x )
100
8. Wavelength of the light increases because light ray 100 – 5x = –2x ; x = cm
3
travels from denser to rarer medium as it bends
away from normal. kq1q 2 − 9 × 10 9 × 5 × 2 × 10 −5
(ii) U = =
Velocity and wavelength of light changes as it r 20 × 10 −12
passes from air to glass. 5
= –4.5 × 10 J
23. (i) Microwaves are used in radars because of their
11. τ = MB sinθ
short wavelength.
M = NIA
(ii) x-rays are used because of their penetration
= 30 × 6 × 3.14 × (0.08)2 power
τ = 3. 62 × 1 × sin 60º
τ = 3.135 N-M 24. (i) Null point is shifted towards B
(ii) Null point is shifted towards A
14. (b) (i) Nuclear force is a short range force (iii) Null point is not obtained
(ii) It does not varies as inverse of the square of the 25. (i) φ = hv0
distance φ
v0 =
19. Then magnetic flux produced in a coil is associated h
with another coil and change in magnetic flux of a 2.14 ×1.6 × 10 −19
=
coil induces emf in other coil, this phenomenan is 6.6 × 10 −34
called mutual inductance. = 5.18 × 10 14 Hz
Derivation hc
S2 (ii) = hv0 + eV0 = 2.14 + 0.60
r2 λ
S1 r1 hc
= 2.74 eV
λ
6.6 ×10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
suppose a current i is passed through s1 then λ= −19
= 5 × 10 –7
B = µ 0n1i(n1 = no. of turns/length in s1) 2.74 ×1.6 × 10
Then flux through each turn of s2 32 32
Bπr12 = µ0n1iπr12
26. (i) 15 P → 16 S + –1eº + ν
φtotal = n2l(µ0n1iπr12) (antineutrino)
φtotal = µ 0n1n2liπr12 0.693
(ii) half life T1/2 = 50 sec. λ =
M = µ0n1n2πr1lI T1/ 2
27. (i) width of interference fringes will reduce.
E rms v 2l + v 2R (ii) if white light is used then due to overlapping of
20. Z = = pattern central fringe will be white with red edges.
i rms i rms
(iii) No interference pattern is obtained.
= i = 90º

r 6. (a) NH3 molecules are associated with
–q q p intermolecular H-bonding where as PH3 is not.
2a (b) H3PO3 is diprotic acid because it has two
28. replacable hydrogen i.e.
(r – a)
O
(r + a)
kq kq P H
Vp = – HO
(r − a ) (r + a ) OH
 1 1   2a  7. It is because Ce+4 has stable electronic
= kq  +  = kq  2 
r −a r +a  r − a2  configuration.
kp
Vp = 2 [Co(CO)4]2
r − a2 8. CH2 = CH2 + CO + H2 CH3CH2CHO
xp
a << r, Vp = 2 H2/Ni
r CH3CH2CH2OH
(b) E = 32 N/C It is used to convert alkene to higher aldehydes and
V = 16J/C alcohols.
V
E= 9. K4(Fe(CN)6] → 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4–
d n=5
V πV = i nRT
d= = 0.5 m
E n
kq π = i RT
= 16 V
d π = iCRT where 'C' is molarity.
16d i −1 50 i −1
q= α= ⇒ = ⇒i=3
k n −1 100 5 −1
16 × 0.5 1
q= π=3× × 0.0821 × 300
9 × 10 9 10
= 7.386 atm
CHEMISTRY 10. At anode Zn → Zn+2 + 2e–
At cathode 2H+ + 2e– → H2(g)
1. They are due to presence of an unpaired e–. It 11. (a)
Cl2
CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C – CH3
absorbs light from visible regions and radiates
complementary colour. OH O
wB 100 3Cl2
2. M= × Ca(OH)2 + CCl3 – C – CH3
MB vol. of solution
2.46 ×1000 O
= CHCl3 + (CH3COO)2Ca
40 ×100 Chloroform
= 0.615 mole/litre O
3. In this method, electrodes are made up of metal (b) CH3 – C – CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH →
whose sol has to be prepared dipped in dispersion (Acetone)
medium like water. When an electric current is
CHI3 + 3NaI + CH3COONa + 2H2O
passed, a lot of heat convert metal into vapours
which on cooling form colloidal solution. CH2OH CH2ONO2
12. (a) + 2HNO3 + 2H2O
4. Due to inert pair effect Pb+2 is more stable than CH2OH CH2ONO2
Pb+4. Glycol dinitrate
Cl > Br > F > I
5. (a) 2  
2

2

2
→ CH2OH CH2
decreasing order of bond energy KHSO4
CH + 2H2O
MF > MCl > MBr > MI (b) CHOH Heat
(b)     →
decreasing order of ionic character CH2OH CHO
Acrolein (prop-2-en-1-al)

13. (a) C6H5NH2 NaNO + HCl
 2→ C6H5N 2+Cl– 18. When catalyst and reactions are in different
0 − 5º C physical states. It is called heterogenous catalysis.
CuCN
→ C6H5C≡N + N2 V2O5
KCN (a) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(b) C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH [Contact process]
Fe
→ C6H5N → — C + 3KCl + 3H2O
— (b) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Phenyl isocyanide [Haber's process]
Pt
(c) 4NH3(g) + 5O 2(g) → 4NO + 6H2O
14. The principal ways by which cells obtain energy for
[Ostwald process ]
synthesis of ATP are –
(d)
(a) Photo synthesis (b) Catabolism of nutrients
such as carbohydrate, proteins & lipid. TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3
n CH = CH2 CH – CH2
Ziglar Natta catalyst
15. (a) Beri-beri is caused by deficiency of Vit.-B. CH3 CH3
(b) Night blindness is caused by deficiency of Vit.- Polymer
A.
(c) Vit.-K 19. (a) XeF4 + SbF5 → [XeF3]+ [SbF6]–
(d) Vit. – B12 (b) Cl2 + NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H2O
(c) 2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2
16. a = ?; d = 2.48 g cm–3
(d) 2F2 + 4NaOH → 4NaF + O2 + 2H2O
N0 = 6.023 × 10 23, z = 4
(e) XeF6 + KF → K+[XeF7]–
z× M
d= 3 (f) BrO3– + F2 + 2OH– → BrO4– + 2F– + H2O
a × N0
20. (a) Tendency to show catenation process decreases
z×M 4 × 58 down the group due to increase in atomic size. In
or a3 = =
N0 × d 2.48 × 6.023 × 10 23 group 15, (P), in 16 (S), show catenation to
232 232 maximum extent because 'N' & 'O' form multiple
= 23
= × 10 –23 bond.
2.48 × 6.023 × 10 14 .937
= 15.53 × 10–23 21. (i) 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
= 155.3 × 10–24 CuO + H2O → Cu(OH)2
a = (155.3)1/3 × 10–8 Cu(OH)2 + CO2 → CuCO3 + H2O
= 5.375 × 10–8 Green layer is due to formation of basic copper
= 5.375 × 10–8 × 10 10 pm carbonate.
= 537.5 pm. (ii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
a = 2(r+ + r–) (Bleaching powder)
a
Distance between K+ & F – = (iii) Cu + 2H 2SO 4 Heat
→ CuSO 4 + 2H2O + SO2
2 ( conc.)
537.5
= = 268.75 pm
2 22. (i) Ni(28) ⇒ [Ar] 4s2 3d8
Ni (0) ⇒ [Ar] 4s0 3d10
17. Arrhenius equation is k = Ae–Ea/RT [Ni(CO)4] =
Where A = Frequency factor
Ea = Activation Energy
R = 8.314 J/K/mol sp3 hybridisation
T = Temperature in Kelvin ⇒ Tetrahedral
E ⇒ Diamagnetic
lnk = lnA – a
RT (ii) Ni+2 = [Ar] 4s03d8
E
lnk1 = lnA – a
RT1
lnk2 = lnA – Ea/RT2 sp3
'Cl' does not cause pairing of electron because it is a
k E  1 1 
weak field ligand.
ln 2 = a  − 
k1 R  T1 T2  [NiCl4]2– is Tetrahedral & Paramagnetic.
k2 E a  T2 − T1  23. (a) CH2 = CH2 + K2[PtCl4] → K[PtCl3(C2H4) + KCl
= log =  
k1 2.303  T1T2  Zeise's salt

(b) 2C6H6
chromium
+ Cr → [(C6H6)2Cr] dibenzene
[ ]
= E ºAg + / Ag − E ºFe +2 / Fe –
0.0591
2
log
0.1
(0.1) 2
(vapours)
(c) FeCl2 + 2C5H5MgBr → [(C5H5)2FCl] + 2Mg(Br)Cl 0.0591
= + 0.80 – (– 0.44) – log 10
Ferrocene 2
24. Lucas reagent is a mixture of conc. HCl and Anhyd. = + 1.24 – 0.0295
ZnCl2. It is used to distinguish between 1º, 2º and 3º Ecell = + 1.205 V
alcohols.
Primary alcohols do not react with Lucas reagent at dx
29. = k[A]x[B]y
room temperature. Secondary alcohols react with dt
Lucas reagent and turbidity (milkyness) appears 5.07 × 10–5 = k[0.2]x[0.2]y ...(1)
after 5-minutes. 3º Alcohols react immediately 5.07 × 10–5 = k[0.2]x[0.1]y ...(2)
forming milkyness. on dividing (1) & (2), we get
1 = 2y ⇒ 20 = 2 y i.e. y = 0
CH3 – CH – CH3 + HCl ZnCl2(Anhy.) 5.07 × 10–5 = k[0.2]x[0.1]y
7.60 × 10–5 = k[0.4]x [0.05]y
OH (conc)
1 1 1 1
CH3 – CH – CH3 + H2O = y ⇒ 1/ 2 = x
1.5 2 2 2
Cl 1
x= = 0.5
2-chloropropane 2
CH3 The order of reaction is 0.5 with respect to (A) and
zero with respect to (B).
CH3 – C – CH3 + HCl ZnCl2(Anhy.)
CH3 30. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
OH (conc) Pentan-1-ol (1º alcohol)
CH3 – C – CH3 + H2O (b) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – OH
Cl CH3
2-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Methyl butan-1-ol (1º alcohol)
25. (a) Buna-S is synthetic rubber. Its monomers are (c) CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – OH
butadiene and styrene, Na is polymerising agent. It CH3
is used for making automobile tyres.
3-Methyl butan-1-ol (1º alcohol)
(b) Elastomers have less force of attraction as
CH3
compared to fibres. Elastomers regain their shape
after the stress removed. (d) CH3 – C – CH2 – OH
Eg. Buna-S, Vulcanised rubber are elastomers
whereas nylon, terylene are example of fibers. CH3
(c) Nylon - 66 2, 2-Dimethyl propan-1-ol (1º alcohol)
(e) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3
26. (a) Malachite green (b) Methyl Orange
(c) Alizarine OH
Pentan-2-ol (2º alcohol)
27. (a) [Zn(OH)4]2–
(f) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
(b) [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3
(c) K2[Ni(CN)4] OH
(d) K2[PdCl4]
Pentan-3-ol (2º alcohol)
(e) K3[Cr(C2O4)3]
(f) [Pt (NH3)2Cl2] (g) CH3 – CH – CH – CH3
CH3 OH
28. Fe → Fe+2 + 2e–
2Ag+ + 2e– → 2Ag(s)
CH3
Fe(s) + 2Ag (+aq ) → Fe +(aq
2
) + 2 Ag(s)
(h) CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3
0.0591 [ Fe +2 ]
Ecell = E ºcell – log OH
n [ Ag + ]2

MATHEMATICS  x −1 x + 1 

+
 π
12. We have tan  x − 2 x + 2  =
–1
1 − x − 1 x + 1  4
 x − 2 . x + 2 
Section A
 x 2 + x − 2 + x 2 − x − 2  π
⇒ tan–1   =
3x  x 2 − 4 − x 2 +1  4
1. f–1(x) =
2 − 5x 2x 2 − 4
⇒ =1 ⇒ 2x2 = 1
 π 3π  −3
2.  2 , 2  (or any other equivalent)
  1 1
⇒ x2 = , x = ±
2 2
π
3. x= b+c c+a a+b
3
13. c + a a + b b + c = 0
4. Skew symmetric
a+b b+c c+a
5. a12A12 + a22A22 + A 32A32
C1 → C 1 + C2 + C3
6. log |x + log sin x| + c 1 c+a a+b
7. Zero ⇒ 2(a + b + c) 1 a + b b + c = 0
π 1 b+c c+a
8.
4 R2 → R 2 – R1, R 3 → R3 – R1
9. 1 1 c+a a+b
→ →
⇒ 2(a + b + c) 0 b − c c − a = 0
10. a and b are like parallel vectors. 0 b−a c−b
⇒ 2(a + b + c) (–a – b – c2 + ab + bc + ca) = 0
2 2
Section B ⇒ –(a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0
⇒ a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c
11. (i) since (a – a) = 0 is a multiple of 4, ∀ a ∈A 14. lim f ( x ) = –1 + a
∴ R is reflexive x →5 −
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (a – b) is a multiple of 4 f(5) = a + b
⇒ (b – a) is also a multiple of 4 lim f ( x ) = 7 + b
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R ∀ a, b ∈ A ⇒ R is Symmetric x →5+
(iii) (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a – b) = 4k, k ∈ z ⇒ – 1 + a = a + b = 7 + b ⇒ b = –1, a = 7

(b – c) = 4m, m ∈ z ∀ a, b, c ∈ A 15. Let u = xy and v = yx ⇒ u + v = log a
⇒ (a – c) = 4(k + m), (k + m) ∈ Z du dv
∴ (a, c) ∈ R ⇒ + =0 ...(i)
dx dx
⇒ R is transitive log u = y log x
Set of all elements related to 2 are {2, 6, 10}
1 du y dy
OR ⇒ = + log x
(i) ∀ a, b, c, d ∈ N, (a, b)* (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) u dx x dx
= (c + a, d + b) du  y dy 
⇒ = xy  + log x 
= (c, d) * (a, b) dx x dx 
⇒ * is commutative log v = x log y
(ii) [(a, b)*(c, d)]*(e, f) = (a + c, b + d) * (e, f)
1 dv x dy
= ((a + c) + e, (b + d) + f) ⇒ = + log y
= (a + c + e, b + d + f) v dx y dx
= (a + (c + e), b + (d + f)) dv  x dy 
∀ a, b, c, d, e, f, ∈ N ⇒ = yx  + log y 
dx  y dx 
⇒ = (a, b) * [(c, d) * (e, f)]* is associative
(iii) Let (e, f) be the identity element, then dy dy
(i) ⇒ yxy–1 + xylog x + xyx–1 + yx log y = 0
(a, b) * (e, f) = (a, b) dx dx
⇒ (a + e, b + f) = (a, b) ⇒ e = 0, f = 0 dy  y.x y −1 + y x . log y 
but (0, 0) ∉ N × N ⇒ = –  x −1 y 
So, identity element does not exist dx  x.y + x . log x 

16. (i) Since (x – 2) ≥ 0 in [2, 3] θ 1→ →
⇒ cos = a+ b
so f(x) = x − 2 is continuous 2 2
1 OR
(ii) f ´(x) = exists for all x ∈(2, 3)
2 x−2 Let ABCD be the parallelogram with sides a and b
→ →
∴ f(x) is differentiable in (2, 3) D C

Thus lagrang's mean value theorem is applicable;
∴ There exists at least one real number in (2, 3) d2
b
such that
f (3) − f ( 2) d1
f´(c) =
3−2 A B
1 (1) − 0 a
or = ⇒ 2 c−2 = 1 → → → → → → →
2 c−2 1 ∴ d1 = AC = a + b and d 2 = a – b
1 → → → → → → → →
c=2+ = 2.25 ∈(2, 3) Now d1× d 2 =  a + b  ×  a − b  = 2 a × b
4
   
⇒ LMV is verified and the
req. point is (2.25, 0.5) → → 1 → →
⇒ area | | gm = a × b = d1× d 2
1 2
17. I = ∫
cos( x − a ) cos( x − b)
dx
→ →
When d1 = î + 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ and d 2 = 3 î – 2 ˆj + k̂
1 sin(( x − a ) − ( x − b))
= ∫
sin(b − a ) cos( x − a ) cos( x − b)
dx
→ →
î ĵ k̂
⇒ d1 × d 2 = 1 2 3 = 8 î + 8 ˆj – 8 k̂
1
=
sin(b − a ) ∫
[tan( x − a ) − tan( x − b)] dx 3 −2 1
1 1 2 2
= [log | sec(x – a)| – log |sec (x – b)|] ∴ area of || gm = 8 + 8 + 8 2  = 4 3 sq.u
sin(b − a ) 2  
1  sec( x − a ) 
= log +c 19. The given equations can be written as
sin(b − a )  sec(x − b)  x −8 y+9 z − 10
= = and
OR 3 − 16 7
2 + sin x x − 15 y − 29 z−5
∫ 1 + cos x e
x/2
I= dx = =
3 8 −5
 2 sin x  The shortest distance between two lines
∫ 1 + cos x + 1 + cos x  e
x/2
= dx
→ → → → → →
r = a1 + λ b1 and r = a 2 + µ b 2 is given by
 x x
 2 2 sin cos   → →  → → 
= ∫ 
 cos 2 x
+ 2
2 cos 2
x
2 ex/2 dx


 a 2 − a1 . b1 × b 2 
S.D. =   
 2 2  → →
b1 × b 2
 2x x
= ∫  sec
 2
+ tan  ex/2 dx
2 → →
Here a1 = (8, –9, 10), a 2 = (15, 29, 5)
x x/2
2 tan .e + c → →
2 ⇒ a 2 − a1 = (7, 38, –5)
2 → → 2
→ →  → → → → →
and b1 = (3, –16, 7) and b 2 = (3, 8, –5)
→
18. a + b =  a + b  = a 2 + b 2 + 2 a . b
  i j k
→ → → → → →
2 2
= | a | + | b | + 2| a | | b | cos θ ⇒ b1 × b2 = 3 − 16 7
= 1 + 1 + 2.1.1. cos θ 3 8 −5
θ
= 2(1 + cos θ) = 2.2cos2 = 24 î + 36 ˆj + 72 k̂
2
2 168 + 1368 − 360 1176
1→ → θ ∴ S.D. = = = 14 units.
⇒ a+ b = cos2 576 + 1296 + 5184 84
4 2

20. Since x3 = 30 2x 2 y dy y dy b2
∴ x1, x 2 < 30 and x4, x5 > 30 + = 0 or = –
a2 b 2 dx x dx a2
∴ Required Probability is
= 29C2 . 1C1 . 20C2/50C5 dy 
2 x −y 
29.28 1 20.19  yd y dx  dy 
. .   2+ 2
 =0 
551  x  dx x  dx  
= 2.1 1 2.1 = 2

50.49.48.47.46 15134 d2y  dy  dy
or xy 2 + x   − y = 0
5.4.3.2.1 dx  dx  dx 
dx 2xe x / y − y Section C
21. Here =
dy 2 ye x / y
23. Let E1 : Letter has come from tatanagar ∴ P(E1)=1/2
2xe x / y − y E2 : Letter has come from calcutta P(E2) = 1/2
Let F(x, y) =
2 ye x / y A : Obtaining two consecutive letters "TA"
λ( 2xe x / y − y) 2 1
then F(λx, λy) = ∴ P(A|E1) = =
λ (2 yex / y ) 8 4
{ Total possible TA, AT, TA, AN, NA, AG, GA,
F(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero,
AR = 8, favourable = 2}
thus the given differential equation is a
homogeneous differential equation 1
P(A|E2) = {Total possibilities CA, AL, LC, CU,
dx dv 7
Put x = vy to get =v+y UT, TT, TA = 7 favourable = 1}
dy dy
P ( E1 ) P ( A | E1 )
dv 2ve v − 1 ∴ P(E1|A) =
∴ v+y = P ( E1 ) P ( A | E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) P ( A | E 2 )
dy 2e v 1 1
.
dv 2ve v − 1 − 2ve v 1 2 4 7
or y = =– = =
dy 2e v 2e v 1 1 1 1 11
. + .
dy 2 4 2 7
∴ 2ev dv = – ⇒ 2ev + log|y| = c 7 4
y ∴ P(E2|A) = 1 – =
x = 0, y = 1 or, 2ex/y + log|y| = c 11 11
x/y OR
⇒ c=2 ∴ 2e + log |y| = 2
Let x = Number of while balls.
OR
6
C 6.5.4 1 
Here integrating factor = e ∫ P( x = 0) = 10 3 =
cot xdx
= elog sinx = sin x = 
C 3 10.9.8 6 
∴ the solution of differential equation is given by 4
C .6 C 4.3.6.3 1 
∫ (2 x + x P ( x = 1) = 101 2 = = 
2
y.sin x = cot x ) sin x dx
C3 10.9.8 2 
4 
C .6 C
∫ 2x sin x dx + ∫ x cos x dx 4.3.6.3 3 
2
= P( x = 2) = 102 1 = =
C3 10.9.8 10 
= ∫ 2 x sin x dx + x sin x – ∫ 2 x sin x dx + c
2
4 
C 4.3.2 1 
P( x = 3) = 10 3 = =
= x2 sin x + c ...(1) C3 10.9.8 30 
Substituting y = 0 and x = π/2, we get Thus we have
π2 π2 x P(x)
xP(x) x2P(x)
0= +c or c=–
4 4 0 1/60 0
2
π 1 1/2
1/2 1/2
∴ (i) ⇒ y sin x = x2 sin x – 2 3/10
6/10 12/10
4
2 3 1/30
3/30 9/30
π
or y = x2 – cosec x 1
36/30 60/30 = 2
4
36 18 6
Mean = ΣxP(x) = = = = 1.2
22. Equation of the said family is 30 15 5
x2 y2 Variance = Σx2P(x) – [ΣxP(x)2]2
+ =1
a2 b2 36 14
=2– = or 0.56
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 25 25

24. AB is parallel to the line 2x = y = z  2 4
A(3, 4, 5) 2x 3 / 2  x −1 x  
= 2  6 .  + 16 − x 2
+ 8 sin 
 3  2
0 4 2 
 
4 3 + 16π
2x= y = z = sq. U.
3
B
A2 = Area of circle – shaded area
4 3 + 16π 32π − 4 3
x+y+ z=2 16π – =
x y z 3 3
or = =
1/ 2 1 1 A1 16π + 4 3 4π + 3
∴ = =
x y z A2 32π + 4 3 8π − 3
or = =
1 2 2 − 1
∫
1
26. I = e tan x dx
x −3 y−4 z−5 (1 + x 2 ) 2
⇒ Equation of AB is = =
1 2 2
∫ e .cos
θ 2
For some value of λ, B is (λ + 3, 2λ + 4, 2λ + 5) Put x = tan θ to get I = θ dθ
B lies on the plane
1 θ
∴ λ + 3 + 2λ + 4 + 2λ + 5 – 2 = 0
⇒ 5λ = –10 ⇒ λ = 2
=
2 ∫
e (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
∴ B is (1, 0, 1) 1 1 θ
ΑΒ = (3 − 1) 2 + ( 4 − 0) 2 + (5 − 1) 2 = 6 units.
= eθ+
2 2 ∫
e . cos 2θ dθ
1
= eθ+ I1 ...(1)
25. Solving the equations in pairs to get the vertices of 2
∆ as (0, 1), (2, 3) and (4, – 1) 1 θ
For correct figure
I1 =
2 ∫
e . cos 2θ dθ
y
3
B (2, 3)
1
2
[ ∫
= e θ . cos 2θ − − 2 sin 2θ.e θ dθ ]
–x + y = 1
1 θ
2
[ { ∫
= e . cos 2θ + 2 sin 2θ.e θ − 2 cos 2θ.e θ dθ }]
A 1 θ
2x + y = 7 = [e cos 2θ + 2 sin 2θ eθ] –
(0, 1) 2
1
0 x + 2y = 2
x 4.
2 ∫
cos 2θ.e θ dθ
1
–1 C(4, –1) I1 = eθcos 2θ + sin 2θ eθ – 4I1
2
Required area 1 θ 1
3 1 3 ⇒ I1 = e cos 2θ + sin 2θ eθ
1 10 5
=
2 ∫
(7 − y)dy –
−1
∫ (2 − 2y)dy – ∫ ( y − 1)dy
−1 0
Putting in (i) we get
1 1 θ 1
3 3 I = eθ + e cos 2θ + sin 2θ eθ + c
1 y 
[ ]  y2 
2
= 7 y −  – 2 y − y 2
1 2 10 5
−1 –  − y
2  2   2 1 1 θ
−1 = e [5 + cos 2θ + 2sin 2θ] + c
= 12 – 4 – 2 = 6 sq. U 10
OR
1 tan −1 x  1 − x 2 4x 
= e . 5 + 2
+  +c
10  1 + x 1 + x 2 
A2 27.
A1
A
(0, 0) (2, 0) (4, 0)
a P
L
b
2 4 
0

∫ 2
∫
Area A1 = 2  6 x dx + 16 − x 2 dx 


B
M
θ
C

Let ∠C = θ. 1
∴ AC = AP + PC = S (say) R3 → R3
25
∴ S = a sec θ + b cosec θ
 
ds  1 0 10   − 5 0 3 
∴ = a sec θ tan θ – b cosec θ cot θ   
dθ  0 1 0  =  − 13 1 8  A
ds a sin θ b cos θ  0 0 1   − 15 1 9 
=0 ⇒ =    
 25 25 25 
dθ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
1/ 3 R1 → R1 – 10R3
b b  − 10 − 15 
or tan3θ = or tan θ =    1 
a a 25 25 
1 0 0 
   − 10 4 11 
d 2s 0 1 0 =  A
= a[sec3θ + secθ tan2θ] 25 
dθ 2  0 0 1   25 25

  − 15 1 9
+ b[cosec3θ + cosec θ cot2 θ]  
Which is +ve as a, b > 0 and θ is acute  25 25 25 
1/ 3  − 10 − 15 
b  1 
∴ S is minimum when tan θ =    25 25 
a − 10 4 11 
∴ A–1 = 
 25 25 25 
∴ Minimum S = AC = a 1 + tan 2 θ +  − 15 1 9 
 
b 1 + cot 2 θ  25 25 25 
b
2/3
a
2/ 3  25 − 10 − 15 
= a 1+   + b 1+   1  
a b or  − 10 4 11 
25 
 − 15 1 9 
= a2/3 a 2 / 3 + b 2 / 3 + b2/3 b 2 / 3 + a 2 / 3
= (a2/3 + b2/3)3/2 29. Let number of chairs = x
number of tables = y
 1 3 − 2 ∴ LPP is Maximise P = 30x + 60y
 
28. Let A = − 3 0 − 5 2x + y ≤ 70
 2 5 0   
 Subject to  x + y ≤ 40 
Writing A = IA  x + 3y ≤ 90 
 
 1 3 − 2  1 0 0 x ≥ 0, y≥ 0
   
or  − 3 0 − 5  =  0 1 0  A. For correct graph
 2 5 0  0 0 1
   
R2 → R2 + 3R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1
1 3 − 2   1 0 0 80
    70
 0 9 − 11 =  3 1 0  A 60
 0 −1 4   − 2 0 1 
    40
R1 → R1 + 3R3 30 n (15, 25)
 1 0 10   − 5 0 3  20 C
    (30, 10)
 0 9 − 11 =  3 1 0  A
 0 −1 4   − 2 0 1 
    20 35 40 60 80 100
R2 → R2 + 8R3 y–40
 1 0 10   − 5 0 3  P = 30(x + 2y)
   
 0 1 21 =  − 13 1 8  A P(A) = 30(60)
 0 −1 4   − 2 0 1 PB = 30(65)
    PC = 30(50)
R3 → R3 + R2 PD = 30(35)
 1 0 10   − 5 0 3  ∴ For Max Profit (30 × 65)
    No. of chairs = 15
 0 1 21 =  − 13 1 8  A
 0 0 25   − 15 1 9  No. of tables = 25
   

XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2010 (February issue)
PHYSICS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B C C A A A,C,D B,C A,D B ,D
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. C D C A B B 0 041 0 030 00 40
CHEMI STRY
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A B B C A B A,B,C A,B,C ,D A,C,D B,C,D
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A,C C B D A C 0 707 06 02 120 0
MATHEMATICS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A D C A D A B,D A ,C,D B ,C,D A,C
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. B A,C B C B D 82 82 09 96 71 68
IIT- JEE 2011 (February issue)
PHYSICS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D C C D D B,C A,C A,C A ,B,C
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A A C B A A 0 003 0 003 0 005
CHEMI STRY
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C A D B D A,C A,B,D A,C A ,B,C ,D
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A,B,C B A A,C B,C,D B,C,D 004 0 002 5 05 00
MATHEMATICS
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A C D D B A,B,C ,D B,C D A,C
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans. A A,C,D C C A,B,C B 153 6 84 10 182 8


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