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1 MartinJay,TheDialectical (Boston:Little,Brown,1973).
Imagination
TheMarxistPeriod
2 Cf. Edouard
Heimann, "Paul Tillich's Religious Socialism," in Charles W. Kegley
and Robert W. Bretall,eds., The Theology ofPaul Tillich(New York: Macmillan, 1959).
An exception to this is the fine study of Tillich's religious socialism in John R.
Stumme,Socialismin TheologicalPerspective: A StudyofPaul Tillich,1918-1933 (Chico,
Calif.: Scholars Press, 1978).
3 In Paul Tillich, GesammelteWerke [hereinafter
GW], 14 vols. (Stuttgart:
Evangelisches Verlagswerk, 1959-75), 2: 35-90.
4 GW 10: 9-93. Translated as Paul
Tillich, The Religious Situation (New York:
Meridian Books, 1956).
5GW 2: 219-365. Translated as Paul Tillich, The SocialistDecision (New York:
Harper & Row, 1977).
6
Biographical details may be found in Paul Tillich, On theBoundary(New York: C.
Scribner, 1966); "AutobiographicalReflections,"in Kegley and Bretall,The Theology of
Paul Tillich;and "Author's Introduction,"in Paul Tillich, The ProtestantEra (Chicago:
Universityof Chicago Press, 1948). The standard biography is Wilhelm and Marion
Pauck, Paul Tillich:His Life and Thought(New York: Harper & Row, 1976). Cf. also
James V. Fisher,"The Politicizingof Paul Tillich: The FirstPhase," in JohnJ. Carey,
ed., TillichStudies1975 (Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1975) and "Introduc-
tion" by John R. Stumme in Tillich, The SocialistDecision.
thatwouldaffirmsocialism,fortheformation of tradesunions
fortheclergy,forthe democratization institu-
of ecclesiastical
tions.Togetherwithhis close friendand fellowpastorCarl-
JosephWegener,he accepted an invitationin May 1919 to
addressa meetingof the USPD on the subject"Christianity
and Socialism."It was attendanceat thismeeting(and perhaps
membershipin the party,thoughthe evidencehere is con-
flicting)thatgave rise to the article.The EvangelicalConsis-
toryof Mark-Brandenberg calledTillichand Wegenerto book
foraddressinga meetingof radicalantireligious socialists.In
their reply,they defended their positionand called for a
radicalrethinking of the presumedhostility betweensocialism
and religion.WhileWegenerresignedfromthe ministry later
in 1919, Tillich took up an appointmentin the theological
facultyat the University of Berlin.
Tillich'sespousal of socialismwas not a passingphase, nor
could it be called a briefyouthful interludein the headydays
of revolution.In Berlin,Tillichjoined a groupof like-minded
socialistsincludingAdolf Lowe, Edouard Heimann,Alexan-
der Rustow,and Arnold Wolfers.This group, which soon
became knownas the "KairosCircle"(fromthe themeof the
kairosor "righttime"in Tillich'sthought)publisheda small
journal, the Blatter für religiösenSozialismus.It opposed the
relegationof religionto the privatesphere(a positioncharac-
teristicof mainstream socialistthinkingwhenit was not posi-
tivelyhostileto religion)but also attemptedto rethinkthe
fundamentalsof socialismfroma critical,left-wingstance.
They attackedthe rigid,doctrinaire"scientific" socialismof
the SPD, the legacy of socialisttheorizingfrom Engels to
Kautsky.Tillichcontinually in his writingsopposed it forthe
remnantsof bourgeoispositivistthinkingin theirpositions.
Though regularmeetingsof the circleceased in 1924 when
Tillichmovedto Marburg,thejournal continuedpublication
until 1929. In that year, Tillich accepted the chair of
philosophyand sociologyat Frankfurt, in successionto Max
Scheler.A newjournal was launched,theNeueBlätter für den
ReligiousSocialism
is to be critically
But if Christianity to avoid
reinterpreted
errorslike Barthiansupranaturalism, so too must socialist
theory.The article"Kairos" presentsa criticismof current
socialisttheoryand its "untimely"elements.Obviouslyone
centralcriticismby Tillichis thatsocialismhas lostany grasp
of the unconditional.He asserts,however,thatthisis because
it has inheritedbourgeoisthoughtpatterns:
of thebourgeoisepoch,has
Socialism,in spiteof all itscriticism
been unable to keep itselffree from its negativeelement,
namely,its attemptto exclude the unconditionalfrom the
spheresof thoughtand action,and accordingly, to createa new
epoch merelythroughtechnologyand strategy.Socialismwas
notawarethatprecisely in thisfashionitwas prolongingtheold
epoch.18
16"Über die Idee einer
Theologie der Kultur,"in GW 9: 13-31. Translated as "On
the Idea of a Theology of Culture," in Paul Tillich, WhatIs Religion? (New York:
Harper & Row, 1969), pp. 155-181.
11GW 2: 71.
18Tillich, "Kairos,"
p. 49.
Basic Principles
™Ibid.
20Ibid.
21
Ibid., p. 50.
22"Grundlinien des religiösen Sozialismus," in GW 2: 91-119. Translated as "Basic
Principles of Religious Socialism," in Paul Tillich, Political Expectations(New York:
Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 58-88.
23Ibid.,
p. 77.
24Ibid.,
p. 78.
25Ibid.,
p. 79.
30Ibid.,
p. 126.
61Ibid.,
p. 128.
32Ibid.,
p. 130.
33Ibid.,
pp. 130-131.
34Tillich, The ReligiousSituation,p. 106.
™
Ibid., p. 108.
36Ibid.,
pp. 109-110.
37Ibid.,p. 109.
38Ibid.,p. 111.
39Ibid.,p. 114.
40Ibid.,p. 128.The translator, to add a note
H. RichardNiebuhr,feltconstrained
forthe Americanaudience,assuringthe readersthatTillichwas thinkingprimarily
about the Germansituation.
in science,metaphysics,
contradictions art,politics,ethics,and
religionthatpointbeyondthemselvesto the comingkairosof
socialism.
Ideology
43Ibid.,
p. 180.
44Ibid.
45Ibid.
46Ibid.,
p. 167.
47
"Religiöser Sozialismus 1," in GW 2: 155.
48Tillich, The Socialist
Decision,p. 76.
49Ibid.,p. 123.
50"Realismand Faith,"in Tillich,TheProtestant
Era, p. 75.
51Karl Mannheim, and Utopia[1929] (New York: Harcourt,Brace, 1936).
Ideology
Tillich'sreviewappearsin GW 12: 225-261.
52Tillich,"Kairosand Logos,"p. 157.
A Schematic
Summary
53
"Philosophy and Fate," in Tillich, The ProtestantEra, p. 3-18. The German
"Philosophie und Schicksal"is in GW 4: 223-235 and was Tillich's inaugural lectureas
professor at Frankfurt.
54GW 12: 261.
55Cf. Tillich, "The Protestant
Principle and the Proletarian Situation," p. 170.
The SocialistContext