School of EECE Department of EE, Mapua Institute of Technology

Muralla Street, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

EE116D – POWER PLANT DESIGN

PROJECT #4
Romblon Province Power Plant

Submitted by Group#1
Abarquez, Allen Red A.
Barlongo, Kim Sherwin A.
Dichoso, Elaine Grace A.
Lee, Bryan S.
EE116D/ T

Engr. JESUSITO SULIT

Instructor

score
ROMBLON POWERPLANT

Table of Contents

0
Table of Contents
DEMOGRAPHICS REPORT

Geographical Statistics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

Population……………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..….3

Gross Domestic Product………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….3

Comparable Electricity Demand Stats……………………………………………………………………………………………8

Project Financial Analysis and Rates Design………………………………………………………………………………….15

Power Rate Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..20

Rate Impact Study……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..………..20

Power Plant Operation……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……..…….23

Reserve/Backup/Base Load – Biomass Power Plant…………………………....………………………………….……23

Peaking – Diesel Power Plant…………………………………………………………………….…………………………….……24

Specifications……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………...30

Specifications of Power Plants…………………………………………………………………..……………………………..….30

Specifications of Substations…………………………………………………………………………..……………………………30

Protection System……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..……..32

PRIMARY AND BACKUP PROTECTION…………………………………………………………………………………..….…..32

Primary Protection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…32

Backup protection……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……32

GENERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS PHASE FAULT PROTECTION……………………………………...…33

Monitoring System…………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….……..40

Measurement System……………………………………………………………………………….………………………….………43

CATALOGUES & REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……48

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 GEOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS
General Information
Capital Romblon
Land Area 1,540.53 sq. km.
Population 292,781
Density 190/km2/sq.km.
Divisions 17 municipalities

ROMBLON is a cluster of twenty islands lying in the Sibuyan Sea, that is practically at the center

of the Philippine archipelago. It is south of Marinduque, west of Masbate, east of Mindoro, and

north of Panay Island. Romblon is also known as the "Marble Country". The province consists of

three main islands: Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan. The whole province is generally mountainous.

Narrow strips of coastal lowland, low hills and plains characterize some of the islands. It is

relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.

The earliest residents of the province were believed to be Negritos from Panay and Mangyans from

Mindoro. Today, Romblon´s population is made up of several ethnolinguistic groups. Majority are

descendants of Malay settlers in Panay. Ilonggo and Tagalog are widely spoken, although some

areas have their own distinct dialects.

2
Romblon has become synonymous with its most important mineral resource - marble. In fact, all

the islands comprising the province have marble. Quarries on these islands produce raw marble

for sculpture and construction purposes. The occupations of the people include farming, livestock

raising, and logging. The Sibuyan Sea provide year-round fishing opportunities. During the off-

season, farmhands engage themselves in cottage industries such as basket-weaving, rope and

fishnet making, and marble curing. The women of Romblon are mostly involved in crocheting.

POPULATION, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The province of Romblon posted a total population of 292,781 persons as of December 2015 based

on the 2000 and 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) 2007 and 2015 Census of

Population (POPCEN). This is larger by 28,424 persons compared to its total population of

264,357 persons counted in the 2000 CPH. The increase in the population count from 2000 to

2010 translated to an average annual population growth rate (PGR) of 0.59 percent. This is lower

than the 1.51 percent annual PGR of the province between the census years 1990 and 2000.

The figures below represent the number of population from 1990 to 2015.

3
The population of Romblon in the 2015 census was 292,781 people, with a density of 190

inhabitants per square kilometer or 490 inhabitants per square mile. It ranks fourth among the five

provinces of the MIMAROPA Region in terms of population and represents 9.9 percent of the

region’s population.

San Jose and Romblon are the two most-densely populated municipalities in the province at

490/km2 and 450/km2, respectively. Cajidiocan is the least densely populated municipality at

110/km2

4
Among the 17 municipalities comprising the province of Romblon, the municipality of Odiongan

was the most populous with a population size making up 15.4 percent of the total provincial

population. The municipality of Romblon, the provincial capital, was second with 13.4 percent

share, followed by the municipalities of San Fernando (7.9 percent), San Agustin (7.8 percent),

Looc (7.7 percent), and Cajidiocan (7.5 percent). The rest of the municipalities contributed less

than 6.0 percent each. The least populated area was the municipality of Concepcion with 1.6

percent share to the total population of the province. It was also the least populated area in 2000.

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Agriculture and Livestock

Agriculture is the main industry in the province. Coconut is the number one crop with a total

planted area of 58,270.44 hectares. San Agustin has the most extensive area with coconut plants

followed by Romblon and Cajidiocan. Rice is the next crop being produced particularly in

Odiongan, Looc, Cajidiocan and Santa Fe. Other crops grown include root crops, vegetables and

fruits. Odiongan, Banton and Magdiwang have the greatest areas planted with root crops and

correspondingly, with the highest volume of production. Vegetable production is mostly for home

consumption and grown in small scale.

Livestock development and poultry production is a viable small scale enterprise for farmers in the

province. The provincial government maintains breeding facilities in strategic locations

provincewide to encourage farmers to engage in livestock and poultry production to augment their

income. Livestock and poultry management training and seminars is provided to interested clients.

Due to the geographical condition of the province, crops and livestock production is generally

deficient as compared to the food requirements of Romblon population. To meet the rice

requirements, Romblon relies on imports from the neighboring provinces while vegetables, poultry

meat, vegetables and fruits are supplied mostly by Luzon.

Coastal Marine Resources

Fishing industry can be a major enterprise as Romblon is surrounded by bodies of water. The

fishing ground of Romblon is a migratory path of fishes from Sulu and Visayan Seas passing

Tablas Strait, Sibuyan Sea and Romblon Pass. The waters also abound with demersal fishes due

to the coral reefs surrounding the islands. Because the province has a great potential for

aqua/marine development, the province implemented a coastal and resource management program.

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Each municipality established a fish sanctuary and passed laws on fishery. The use of compressor

in the municipal waters was regulated and banned altogether in some municipalities.

Mineral Resources

Marble is the most significant mineral deposit of Romblon and is the most renowned product of

the province. Based on statistics, Romblon is the second biggest provincial marble producer of the

country next to Bulacan. Romblon marble is of very high quality and comes in shades of white,

green, pink, red and black. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has estimated that Romblon is

endowed with about 150 million metric tons of marble. At current rates of extraction, the supply

may last for three more centuries. Tablas Island is also believed to have vast reserves of marble.

Marble quarrying and processing are major activities in Romblon. Among the most common

marble products are categorized into the following: novelty items (gifts, ashtray, table bars),

furniture (dining tables, baptismal fonts) and construction materials (tiles, balusters, marble chips).

Other mineral resources with considerable quantity include nickel ore and gold mostly to be found

in Sibuyan Island. Gold panning and small scale mining is a lucrative undertaking in the

municipality of Magdiwang.

Tourism

Romblon’s exotic blend of sun, sea and forest, together with its peaceful and friendly people make

it an enchanting destination for nature and adventure travelers. Both local and international tourists

can have their pick of diverse and interesting places and activities they can find in our 20 islands

and islets. The province has white sand beaches, secret coves and serene islets, waterfalls, historic

sites, old churches and caves believed to be ancient burial sites. Mt. Guiting-Guiting Natural Park

in Sibuyan Island is a famous site for mountain climbing. Moreover, it is a center for plant diversity

and home to many native, endangered and rare and vulnerable birds, mammals and reptiles.

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 COMPARABLE ELECTRICITY DEMAND STATS

Five Electrical Cooperative of Romblon:

• ROMBLON ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC. (ROMELCO)
Address: Odiongan, Romblon
• TABAS ISLAND ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC. (TIELCO)
Address: Capacian, Romblon, Romblon
• BANTON ELECTRIC SYSTEM (BANTON)
Address: Banton, Romblon
• Concepcion Electric System (CONCEPCION)
Address: Concepcion, Romblon
• Corcuera Electric System (CORCUERA)
Address: Corcuera, Romblon

Romelco

8
Tielco

9
 Banton

Concepcion

10
 Corcuera

The figures show the difference in electricity demand between the five Electric
Cooperative of Romblon.

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PROJECT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS & RATES DESIGN

LINEAR REGRESSION DATA (Population)

12
 LINEAR REGRESSION DATA (Demand Forecast)

ROMELCO

13
TIELCO

14
ROMBLON PROVINCE

Population by 2026 314181

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐬 (𝐇𝐇) = person = 4.30 = 𝟕𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝐇𝐇
Density ( HH )

𝐤𝐖𝐡
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ( )
𝐦𝐨
kWh
= typical hh consumption ( ) ∗ no of households (HH)
mo
𝐤𝐖𝐡
= 𝟑, 𝟔𝟕𝟓, 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟎𝟓 ( )
𝐦𝐨

kWh
𝐤𝐖𝐡 total hh consumption ( mo ) 𝟑, 𝟔𝟕𝟓, 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟎𝟓
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ( )= =
𝐦𝐨 %hh over total 68%
𝐤𝐖𝐡
= 𝟓, 𝟒𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟑 ( )
𝐦𝐨

kWh
𝐤𝐖𝐡 Total island consumption ( mo ) 𝟓, 𝟒𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟑
𝐂𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 ( )= =
𝐦𝐨 system load factor ∗ 730 48.78% ∗ 24 ∗ 30
𝐤𝐖𝐡
= 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟎 ( )
𝐦𝐨

kWh
𝐤𝐖𝐡 coincident demand ( mo ) 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟎
𝐍𝐨𝐧 − 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 ( )= =
𝐦𝐨 diversity factor 1.05
𝐤𝐖𝐡
= 𝟏𝟓, 𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 ( )
𝐦𝐨

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 Total MWh 44102
𝐤𝐖𝐡 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1000
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ( )= 12 = 12
𝐦𝐨 No. of households 73,065
𝐤𝐖𝐡
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑 ( )
𝐦𝐨

TYPE OF GENERATORS
Type of Generators Capacity (MW) No. of units Total (MW)
Diesel Power Plant 1.0 2 2
Biomass Power Plant 4.0 5 20
Total 22
% reserve 45%

kWh
Total (MW) − Coincident demand ( mo ) 22 ∗ 1000 − 15177.70
%𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 = 𝑥100% =
kWh 15177.70
Coincident demand ( mo )
= 𝟒𝟓%

Production Plant factor Hours kWh

Diesel 31.18% 2,731.72 5,463,442.00
Biomass 33.90% 2,969.64 59,392,800.00

𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 = Plant Factor ∗ 8760 = 33.90% ∗ 8760 = 𝟐, 𝟗𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟒𝐡𝐫𝐬

𝐤𝐖𝐡(𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬) = Hours ∗ Total Capacity ∗ 1000 = 2,969.64 ∗ 20 ∗ 1000

= 𝟓𝟗, 𝟑𝟗𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐖𝐡

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 kWh
𝐤𝐖𝐡(𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐥) = Total island consumption ( ) ∗ 12 − kWh 𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
mo
kWh
= 5,404,686.83 ( ) ∗ 12 − 59,392,800.00 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝟔𝟑, 𝟒𝟒𝟐 𝐤𝐖𝐡
mo

kWh 5,463,442 kWh

𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 (𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐥) = = = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝐡𝐫𝐬
Total Capacity ∗ 1000 2 ∗ 1000

Hours (diesel) 2,731.72

𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 = = x100% = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟖%
8760 8760

INVESTMENT COSTS
Investment Costs $/kW Total $ Total Pesos
Diesel 1,342.00 2,684,000.00 140,910,000.00
Biomass 550.00 11,000,000.00 577,500,000.00
Total 718,410,000.00

* US$1.00=PhP52.50
$ $
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 = ∗ Total $(diesel) + ∗ Total $(Biomass)
kW kW
= 𝟕𝟏𝟖, 𝟒𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎

FUEL COST PER KWH PRODUCED

FUEL COST Heat Rate BTU/kWh Fuel Cost $/MMBTU Fuel Cost Pesos/kWh
Diesel 10,713.00 16.41 9.23
Biomass 13,500.00 11.48 8.14

BTU $
𝐅𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 (𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐥) = Heat Rate ∗ Fuel Cost = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟑
kWh MMBTU

BTU $
𝐅𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 (𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬) = Heat Rate ∗ Fuel Cost = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒
kWh MMBTU

17
 TOTAL O&M
Total O&M O&M ($/kW) Pesos/year Fixed

Diesel 1.50% 2,113,650.00 70%

Biomass 3.50% 20,212,500.00 70%

WORKING CAPITAL FOR 1 MONTH

Working Capital Computation Fuel Variable O&M Total
Diesel 50,424,932.57 634,095.00 51,059,027.57
Biomass 483,246,547.56 6,063,750.00 489,310,297.56
1 mos work capital 45,030,777.09

total capital diesel + total capital biomass

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡 =
12
= 𝐏 𝟒𝟓, 𝟎𝟑𝟎, 𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟗

DEPRECIATION OF EACH TYPE OF GENERATOR

Depreciation Life (yrs) Depreciation (P/yr)
Diesel 30.00 4,697,000.00
Biomass 30.00 19,250,000.00

𝐏 Investments (diesel) 𝐏
𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ( ) (𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐥) = = 𝟒, 𝟔𝟗𝟕, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 ( )
𝐲𝐫 Life 𝐲𝐫

𝐏 Investments (biomass) 𝐏
𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ( ) (𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬) = = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 ( )
𝐲𝐫 Life 𝐲𝐫

FIXED O&M FOR EACH TYPE OF GENERATOR

Fixed O&M computation

Diesel 1,479,555.00
Biomass 14,148,750.00

𝐅𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝 𝐎&𝐌 (𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐥) = Total O&M ∗ Fixed = 𝐏 𝟏, 𝟒𝟕𝟗, 𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎

𝐅𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝 𝐎&𝐌 (𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬) = Total O&M ∗ Fixed = 𝐏 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟒𝟖, 𝟕𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎

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 TOTAL PLANTS SERVICE WITH TAX
Rate Base computation Diesel Power plant Biomass Power Plant TOTAL

Investment cost 140,910,000.00 577,500,000.00 718,410,000.00

1mos work capital 4,254,918.96 40,775,858.13 45,030,777.09
Total Plants in Service 145,164,918.96 618,275,858.13 763,440,777.09
RORB @12% 17,419,790.28 74,193,102.98 91,612,893.25

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝟏𝟐% 𝐓𝐚𝐱

= (Total Investment Cost + Working Capital) ∗ 12% = 𝑷 𝟗𝟏, 𝟔𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟓

COMPUTATION OF FIXED COSTS

FIXED COSTS Diesel Power plant Biomass Power Plant TOTAL
Depn 4,697,000.00 19,250,000.00 23,947,000.00
Fixed O&M 1,479,555.00 14,148,750.00 15,628,305.00
RORB 17,419,790.28 74,193,102.98 91,612,893.25
Total 23,596,345.28 107,591,852.98 131,188,198.25

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐱𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐬 = Total Depreciation + Total Fixed O&M + Total Plant Service with Tax
= 𝑷𝟏𝟑𝟏, 𝟏𝟖𝟖, 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟓

COMPUTATION OF VARIABLE COSTS

VARIABLE COSTS Diesel Power plant Biomass Power Plant TOTAL
Fuel 50,424,932.57 483,246,547.56 533,671,480.13
Variable O&M 634,095.00 6,063,750.00 6,697,845.00
Total 51,059,027.57 489,310,297.56 540,369,325.13

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐬 = Total Fuel Cost + Total Variable O&M = 𝐏 𝟓𝟒𝟎, 𝟑𝟔𝟗, 𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑

AVERAGE COST
Total Costs Diesel Power plant Biomass Power Plant TOTAL
Fixed + Variable 74,655,372.84 596,902,150.54 671,557,523.38
kWh 5,463,442.00 59,392,800.00 64,856,242.00
Average 13.66 10.05 10.35

𝐏 Total Fixed Variable O&M 𝑷𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓

𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞( )= =
𝐤𝐖𝐡 Annual Consumption 𝒌𝑾𝒉

19
 POWER RATES COMPUTATION
Power Rates Computation:
Variable Cost 540,369,325.13
kWh 64,856,242.00
Energy Charge (P/kWh) 8.33
Fixed Cost 131,188,198.25
kW-mo 191,238.98
Demand Charge (P/kW) 685.99

𝐏 Variable Cost 540,369,325.13 𝐏

𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 ( )= = = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 ( )
𝐤𝐖𝐡 Annual Consumption 64,856,242.00 𝐤𝐖𝐡

𝐏 Fixed Cost 𝐏
𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 ( )= = 𝟔𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 ( )
𝐤𝐖𝐡 Non − coincident ∗ 12 𝐤𝐖 − 𝐦𝐨

RATES IMPACT
Rate Impact Customer A Customer B Customer C

Load Factor 30% 50% 80%

Energy Consumed 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00
kW Demand 4,566.21 2,739.73 1,712.33
Energy Charge 8,331,801.36 8,331,801.36 8,331,801.36
Demand Charge 3,132,378.46 1,879,427.08 1,174,641.92
Total bill 11,464,179.82 10,211,228.44 9,506,443.28
Average bill 11.46 10.21 9.51

For Customer A (30%),

Energy consumed
𝐤𝐖 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 = = 𝟒, 𝟓𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐖
Load factor ∗ 730

𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Energy charge ∗ Energy consumed = 𝐏 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟔

𝐏𝐡𝐩
𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Demand charge ∗ kW Demand = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟑𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝟔
𝐤𝐖 − 𝐦𝐨

Total Bill = Energy charge A + Demand charge A = P 11,464,179.82

Total bill 11,464,179.82

𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐥𝐥 = = = 𝐏 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
Energy consumed 1,000,000

20
For Customer B (50%),

Energy consumed
𝐤𝐖 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 = = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟑 𝐤𝐖
Load factor ∗ 730

𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Energy charge ∗ Energy consumed = 𝐏 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟔

Php
𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Demand charge ∗ kW Demand = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟕𝟗, 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟖
kW − mo

Total Bill = Energy charge + Demand charge = P 10,211,228.44

Total bill
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐥𝐥 = = 𝐏 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟏
Energy consumed

For Customer C (80%),

Energy consumed
𝐤𝐖 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 = = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐖
Load factor ∗ 730

𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Energy charge ∗ Energy consumed = 𝐏 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟔

Php
𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = Demand charge ∗ kW Demand = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟕𝟒, 𝟔𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟐
kW − mo

Total Bill = Energy charge A + Demand charge A = P 9,506,443.28

Total bill
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐥𝐥 = = 𝐏 𝟗. 𝟓𝟏
Energy consumed

GROSS REVENUES
Gross Revenues 671,557,523.38 Pesos
Opex 564,316,325.13 Pesos
Interest Expense (@6% on 70%) 32,064,512.64 Pesos
Net Operating Revenues 75,176,685.61 Pesos
Income Tax (30% net operating rev) 22,553,005.68 Pesos
Net Income After Tax 52,623,679.93 Pesos

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞 (@𝟔% 𝐨𝐧 𝟕𝟎%) = Total Plants Service ∗ 6% ∗ 70%

= 𝐏 𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟔𝟒, 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟒

𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐞𝐬 = Gross Revenues − Operating Expenses − Interest Expense

21
 = 𝐏 𝟕𝟓, 𝟏𝟕𝟔, 𝟔𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟏

𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐓𝐚𝐱 (𝟑𝟎% 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐯) = 30%(Net Operating Revenues)

= 𝐏 𝟐𝟐, 𝟓𝟓𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝟖

𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐚𝐱 = Net Operating Revenues − Income Tax (30% net operating rev)
= 𝐏 𝟓𝟐, 𝟔𝟐𝟑, 𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟑

RETURN OF EQUITY
Equity (30% of plants in service) 229,032,233.13
Return on Equity 23%

Net Income After Tax Net Income After Tax

𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = = 𝟐𝟑%
Equity Total Plants in Service (30%)

22
 POWER PLANT OPERATION

• Biomass Power Plant

Figure: Biomass-fired Power Plant

Biomass is used for facility heating, electric power generation, and combined heat and

power. The term biomass encompasses a large variety of materials, including wood from

various sources, agricultural residues, and animal and human waste.

Biomass can be converted into electric power through several methods. The most common

is direct combustion of biomass material, such as agricultural waste or woody materials. Other

options include gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Gasification produces a

synthesis gas with usable energy content by heating the biomass with less oxygen than needed

for complete combustion. Pyrolysis yields bio-oil by rapidly heating the biomass in the absence

of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion produces a renewable natural gas when organic matter is

decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen.

23
• Diesel Power Plant

Figure: Diesel-fired Power Plant

A Diesel power station (also known as Stand-by power station) uses a diesel engine

as prime mover for the generation of electrical energy.

This power station is generally compact and thus can be located where it is actually

required. This kind of power station can be used to produce limited amounts of electrical energy.

In most countries these power stations are used as emergency supply stations.

The diesel burns inside the engine and the combustion process moves a fluid that turns the

engine shaft and drives the alternator. The alternator in turn, converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy.

This type of electricity generating power station will probably be used a long time into the

future, due to a need for reliable stand-by electrical source for emergency situations.

24
• Base Load Power Plant

The base load power plant is the power station that generates the majority of electricity

continuously throughout the year. These plants are only turned off during maintenance, service, or

upgrades.

In this project, the base load power plant is composed of the three units of the biomass

power station (4 x 4 MW). These units will be used for continuous supply from the year 2021 to

2026.

• Mid Merit Power Plant

The mid merit power plant is the power station that will fill the gap between the base load

and peak load to supply the required demand of the consumers.

In this project, one unit of the biomass power plant (1 x 4 MW) will serve as the mid merit

power plant.

• Peaking Power Plant

This type of power plant only comes online during periods of heightened and sustained

peak demand. Since they are only used occasionally, its cost is much higher than that of the base

load power plants. They are dispatched in combination with the base load power plant to supply

the minimum demand of electricity.

In this project, one unit of the diesel power plant (1 x 1 MW) will serve as the peaking

power plant.

25
• Reserve Units

These types of power stations are not dispatched with the base loads. Reserve units are

only operated on unforeseen situations where some generators experiences fault and maintenance.

One unit of biomass power plant (1 x 4 MW) will serve as the reserve unit of the power plant.

• Load following power plant

A load following power plant adjusts its power output depending on how much electricity

is demanded. It is typically in-between base load and peaking power plants in efficiency, speed of

start-up and shut down, construction cost, cost of electricity and capacity factor. In our project,

one unit of the diesel power plant (1 x 1 MW) can act as the load following power plant.

26
Protection System

27
Monitoring System

28
Measuring System

29
Specifications

Specifications of Power Plant

The overall capacity of power plant is 22MW which is enough to deliver power to Romblon

with a total island demand of up to 16MW based from the 10-year demand projection. The Biomass

power plant will act as the base load with 4 generating units. One Biomass power plant for back-

up/reserve with 4MW generating units and one Diesel power plant for peaking load with 1MW

generating unit.

Type of generators Capacity (MW) No. of units total Total (MW)

Biomass Power Plant 4 5 20
Diesel Power Plant 1 2 2
Total 20
%reserve 45%

The plant factor of each of the power plants are 33.90% and 31.18% respectively. Their

corresponding energy production in a year as shown as follows:

Production Plant Factor Operating Hours KWh Produced in a

year (kWh/yr)
Biomass Power Plant 33.90 2969.64 59392800.00
Diesel Power Plant 31.18 2731.72 5463442.00

Specifications of Substations

The following points are to be considered when choosing the appropriate substation bus-bar

configuration:

• Simplicity of system.

• Easy maintenance of different equipment.

• Minimizing the outage during maintenance.

• Future provision of extension with growth of demand.

30
 • Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives maximum

return from the system.

In this case, since the power plants will be the main supplier for the entire Romblon Island,

the scheme should prioritize reliability over simplicity thus the appropriate bus-bar scheme would

be the breaker and a half.

The Breaker and a Half scheme has two main buses. Both the buses are normally energized.

Three breakers are connected between the buses. Any of the breakers can be opened and removed

for maintenance purposes without interrupting supply to any of the circuits. Also, one of the two

buses can be removed for maintenance without interruption of the service to any of the circuits. If

fault happens on a bus it is isolated without interruption of supply to any of the circuits. If the

middle circuit breaker fails, then the breakers adjacent to the buses are tripped so interrupting both

the circuits. But if a breaker adjacent to the bus fails then the tripping of middle breaker does not

interrupt power supply to circuit associated with healthy breaker. Only the circuit associated with

failed breaker is interrupted.

Figure Breaker-and-a-half Configuration

31
This configuration is very flexible and highly reliable. The relaying of the scheme is complicated

as the middle breaker is associated with both the circuits but it will be able to provide power to

other feeders even if one line is faulted.

Protection System

Symbols and designations used are based on Relay symbols and device numbers; selection from

IEC 617-, IEEE C37.2-1991 and IEEE C37.2-1979.

PRIMARY AND BACKUP PROTECTION

Primary Protection

The protective function designed as the “first choice” for detection of a designated fault type in

the protection zone. This protection trips the appropriate breakers to clear faults in the protected

zone only. The primary protection is typically the fastest protective function for detecting the

designated fault type.

Backup protection

A form of protection that operates independently of the primary protective function. The backup

protection may duplicate the primary protection or may be intended to operate only if the primary

protection fails or is temporarily out of service. Backup protection may trip breakers outside the

protected zone. Backup protection may be slower to operate than the primary protection so that

the primary protection has the first chance to operate.

32
GENERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS PHASE FAULT PROTECTION

There are different protection schemes used for protecting generators depending on type of

fault to which they are subjected. One of the most common faults is the sudden loss of large

generators, which results in a large power mismatch between load and generation. This power

mismatch is caused by the loss of synchronism in a certain generator - it is said that the unit goes

out-of-step. In this case, an out-of-step relay can be employed to protect the generator in the event

of these unusual operating conditions, by isolating the unit from the rest of the system. In addition,

microprocessor-based relays have a built-in feature for measuring phase angles and computing the

bus bar frequency from the measured voltage signal from the voltage transformer. Thus, phase

angles and frequency measurements are also available for use within the relay.

Device
Circumstance Effect
number
Increased power on the
Stator winding overheating
generator’s load side
Sudden loss or connection Generator’s full capacity
of heavy loads cannot be utilized
Generator behaves as motor
Parallel operation of a
and draws power from the
generator
network
Winding stress, high rotor
Loss of synchronism due to
iron currents, pulsating
line switching
torques,
Severe speed changes will
Improper speed control,
cause over fluxing, serious
grid disturbance or sudden
damage to the turbine
load cut of
generator set
System disturbance or Over fluxing and winding
27/59
malfunctioning AVR insulation failure
Protection scheme
Thermal image relay
(keeping track of
49
temperature) / over
current relay
Negative sequence
46
over current relay
Directional power relay
32 with reverse power
setting option
Out of step protection
relay which tracks the
78 impedance calculated
from measured voltage
and current
Frequency protection
relay which tracks
81 frequency and trips the
breaker in case of
abnormal frequencies
Over/Under voltage
relay with pre-set

33

Internal faults
Winding insulation failure,
inter-turn fault
between the rotor and stator
Loss of exciter source,
open or short circuit at the
field winding
Winding insulation failure
Table: Generator Protective Relay
Large amount of currents
that can damage the
winding
Thermal and magnetic
imbalance
Loss of synchronism
fluxes, draws reactive
40
power from the grid and
provokes severe torque
oscillations
Thermal and magnetic
imbalance and damage to 61F
rotor metallic parts
voltage limits defined
in the settings
Differential protection
87 with CTs on each side
of generator
Isolated neutral and
64 earth where voltage
relay detects earth fault
Impedance relay is
used to implement this
technique
Voltage relay
energized by neutral
VT

Transformer protection

Each transformer unit can be protected by a differential relay. The protection principle of

this relay is to compare the current inputs at both are high and low voltage sides of the transformer.

Under normal conditions or external faults (also keeping into consideration of the transformer’s

turn ratio), the current entering the protected unit would be approximately equal to that leaving it.

In other words, there is no current flow in the relay under ideal conditions unless there is a fault in

the protected unit. Moreover, microprocessor-based relays incorporate other protection functions

such as thermal overload (which tracks the thermal condition of the windings) and over/under

frequency relays. These two relays work with each other because transformer energy losses tend

to be raised with frequency increases, therefore thermal overload relays are also equipped to

prevent the winding insulation damages.

34

Circumstance
Increased power on
secondary side of
transformer
Phase and ground faults
Poor insulation, direct
connection to earth
Internal faults within the
protected zone
Fault in nearby (parallel)
feeder/bay causing tripping
in the healthier feeder/bay
due to poor selectivity of
the relay
Breaker malfunctioning
Table : Transformer Protective Relay
Effect
number
Transformer Overheating
Over current can cause
damage to windings
Causes current imbalances
50N/51N
in the system
Internal faults can be short
circuits, or earth faults, or
overloading which can
cause damage to
transformer windings
Tripping of additional
feeders, thus pushing the
67/67N
system towards larger
outages
Unable to isolate faulty
equipment due to tripping
failures (longer existence
of fault currents, thus more
damage to equipment)
Device
Protection scheme
Thermal image relay
(keeping track of
21
temperature) / over
current relay
50/51 Over-current relays
Over-current relays
with neutral module
Differential protection
with CTs on each side
87 of transformer (Unit
Protection)
Directional Over-
current relay detects
the direction of current
flows in to and flow
out from the protected
unit. A trip signal will
be sent to breakers if
direction of flow-in
and flow-out current
are not the same
Breaker failure relay
which operates with its
algorithm to try to
open the breaker,
otherwise it sends trip
50 BF
command to nearby
breakers to isolate the
faulted equipment to
stop feeding fault
currents
35
Transmission line protection

Transmission lines can be protected by several types of relay, however the most common

practice to protect transmission lines is to equip them with distance relays. Distance relays are

designed to respond change in current, voltage, and the phase angle between the measured current

and voltage. The operation principle relies on the proportionality between the distance to the fault

and the impedance seen by the relay. This is done by comparing a relay’s apparent impedance to

its pre-defined threshold value. Distance relays’ characteristics are commonly plotted. As an

illustration in conjunction with the figure, suppose a fault arose, the voltage at relay will be lower

or the current will be greater compared to the values for steady state load condition. Thus, distance

relays activate when relay’s apparent impedance decreases to any value inside the parametric

circle. For this reason, the impedance of the line after the fault can also be used to find the location

of the fault

Device
Circumstance Effect
number
Fault current can overheat
Reduction in overall line
the transmission line and
impedance (V/I) due to
can cause damage to the
fault conditions
conductor
Give rise to transient over-
Lightning, switching,
voltages which can damage
temporary over voltage
the insulation
Loss of synchronism
Line switching, generator
between a generator and
disconnection,
the rest of the system result
addition/loss of load
in swing in power flows
Protection scheme
Distance protection
relay serves as a
21
primary protection for
transmission lines.
Surge Arrestors/ Over-
voltage relay with
59
preset voltage limits
defined in settings
A blocking relay
provides this
protection and has the
68
same type of
characteristic as a
distance relay

36

Due to short circuit, single
phase to ground or phase to
phase faults. Can occur due
to tree limbs falling on
lines, etc
Direct connection to
ground of one or more
phases
Table: Transmission Line Protective Relay
Gives rise to heavy current
An over current
that flows through the
protection relay which
winding conductor and
50/51 also serves as a backup
causing overheating of the
for distance protection
conductor which will
is used.
deteriorate it
Over-current relay that
Gives rise to higher
continuously monitors
voltages on other lines and
the current through the
stresses the insulation of 50N/51N
neutral and sends trip
cables and other equipment
signals to the breaker
connected to the system
upon fault detection

GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION

High-Impedance-Grounded Generator with high-impedance-grounded generators, the generator

ground-fault current may not cause severe damage to the generator, but a subsequent ground fault

on a different phase will result in a phase-to-phase fault which can cause serious damage. An

overvoltage relay (device 59N) connected across the grounding impedance to sense zero-sequence

voltage can detect faults to within 5%–10% of the stator neutral (90%–95% of the stator winding).

In order to detect faults within the area not protected by this relay, an undervoltage relay sensitive

to the decrease in the third-harmonic voltage at the neutral (device 27TN) can be used to protect

the final 10%–30% of the neutral end of the stator.

Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator for low-impedance-grounded generators, phase differential

protection (87) may provide coverage for ground faults, depending on the fault level and

differential relay sensitivity. A differential relay, responsive to zero sequence current, connected

across the terminals of the generator and the neutral can provide higher sensitivity and fast

operation. One of the requirements of zero sequence differential protection is that the line-side

CTs and neutral CT have the same ratio; otherwise, an auxiliary CT with matching ratio must be

37
used. When a zero sequence source is present on the system (several generators are bussed together

and connected to the load through a single transformer), a ground directional differential relay

(87GD) can be applied. The 87GD function can work with a wide range of CT mismatch and

without requiring the use of an auxiliary CT. It operates on the product of the triple zero sequence

current, the neutral current, and the cosine of the angle between the two. The relay is relatively

insensitive to ratio errors and CT saturation. The multifunction digital relays eliminate the need

for an auxiliary CT by providing an internal CT correction factor (entered by the user) in case of

CT ratio mismatch. The zero sequence current is computed internally using line-side CTs, and

hence, there is no requirement to provide a separate zero-sequence-current input. Backup Ground-

Fault Protection Backup protection for ground faults with either type of generator grounding can

be provided by an Inverse Time Overcurrent relay (device 51N) in conjunction with an

Instantaneous Overcurrent relay (device 50N) applied at the generator neutral to detect zero

sequence unbalance current which flows during ground faults.

LOSS-OF-FIELD (EXCITATION) PROTECTION

Loss of excitation protection is a backup to the proper operation of the excitation system, as such

additional backup is not typically applied. A two-element offset mho relay is used to protect against

loss of field. Properly set, this will detect a loss of field from full load down to almost no load. It

is applicable to any type and size of generator, including hydro, gas turbine, steam, and diesel.

Several additional features, such as a directional element (directional control), an undervoltage

element (voltage control), and an over frequency element (frequency control) provide security

against miss-operation.

38
Table Fault Conditions and Protective Scheme

39
Monitoring System

CLK - Clock Or Timing Source (3.2.2)

Synchronizes the monitoring equipment used in the system.

DDR - Dynamic Disturbance Recorder (3.2.3)

The transient disturbance recorder is able to record

16 current or voltage waveforms and 16 logic

digital signals. The sampling frequency of the

analogue inputs is 2 khz at the rated frequency of

50 hz and 2.4 khz at the rated frequency of 60 hz.

PMU - Phasor Measurement Unit (3.2.12)

A device which measures the electrical

waves on an electricity grid, using a

common time source for synchronization.

Time synchronization allows synchronized

real-time measurements of multiple remote

measurement points on the grid. In power

engineering, these are also commonly referred to as synchro phasors and are considered one of the

most important measuring devices in the future of power systems.

40
PQM - Power Quality Monitor (3.2.13)

Power quality monitors are designed to record power

quality parameters such as voltage dips, flicker, and

harmonic content. They often compute and record

industry standard measures for power quality. Power

quality monitors often are normally set up for continuous

recording at a relatively low sample rate. They may be configured to switch to a higher sampling

rate when triggered to do so.

HST – Historian (3.2.8)

Records the events that occurred in the power system within a range of time, utilized by engineers

and power system analysts to determine the behavior of the system.

DFR - Digital Fault Recorder (3.2.4)

Adevice that samples and stores analog and related

binary sensor data during power system transients for later

replay and analysis.

SER - sequence of events recorder (3.2.16)

o A device / function that records events (changes of state of equipment or functions)

with a time reference (commonly from a GPS or IRIG-B receiver).

41
TCM - trip circuit monitor (3.2.17)

o A device / function that monitors an associated

circuit breaker’s trip circuit for continuity and for

the presence of tripping voltage, and sets an

externally readable alarm when continuity or

tripping voltage is lost (a surrogate for the

traditional red light on relay and control panels).

42
Measurement System

Voltmeter

It is an instrument used for measuring the potential difference,

or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic

circuit. Some voltmeters are intended for use in direct current

(DC) circuits; others are designed for alternating current (AC)

circuits. The purpose of this in the power plant is to measure

the generated voltage and check if it is at the rated voltage.

Ammeter

An ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit.

The name is derived from the name for the SI unit for

electric current, amperes (A).

For an ammeter to measure a device's current, it must be

connected in series to that device. This is necessary

because objects in series experience the same current.

The purpose of this in the power plant is to measure the

outgoing current of the machines.

43
Power Factor Meters

Power factor meters are used to measure the power factor

of an AC electrical system defined as the ratio of the real

power flowing to the load, to the apparent power in the

circuit between Phase B to A and Phase B to C. Power

factor meters measures the load of an electrical system

which is considered Lag or Lead of the AC electrical

system. Its purpose in the power plant is simply to tell if

the system is operating at the right power factor.

Energy Meter

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter,

or energy meter is a device that measures the amount

of electric energy consumed by a residence, a

business, or an electrically powered device. Its

purpose to display the energy the power plant is

delivering to its loads.

44
Watt/VAR Meters

Real and reactive power is essential quantities

which must be measured accurately to optimize the

control and delivery of electric power. The Three

Phase WATT/VAR Meters are rugged electronic

instruments designed for utility and industrial

applications requiring reliable, precise

measurements of three-phase real power (WATTs)

and/or reactive power (VARs).

Fiber Optical Thermometers

Fiber optical thermometers can be used in

electromagnetically strongly influenced

environment, in microwave fields, power

plants or explosion- proof areas and wherever

measurement with electrical temperature

sensors is not possible. One type of fiber optic

temperature probe consists of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor crystal that is mounted on

the end of an optical fiber. The probe is completely non-metallic. The fiber optical sensor is

completely non-conductive and offers complete immunity to RFI, EMI, NMR and microwave

radiation with high temperature operating capability, intrinsic safety, and non-invasive use. The

principle of operation is based on the temperature dependence of the band gap of GaAs. The GaAs

crystal fixed on the tip of the fiber will be transparent at a wavelength above 850nm. The position

45
of the band edge is temperature dependent and is shifted about 0.4nm/Kelvin. The light is directed

via the optical fiber to the crystal, where it is absorbed and partially reflected back into the fiber.

A miniature spectrometer provides a spectrum with the position of the band edge, from which the

temperature is calculated.

Pressure Gauge

A pressure gauge is a common component in operations

from various industries across the world. But not every

gauge is created equally or made for every situation.

WIKA Instrument LP has been on the forefront of

innovation and quality for pressure gauges and pressure

instruments for over 60 years, making us the pressure

gauge expert for diverse industries and applications.

Gauges with bourdon tubes are the most common pressure measuring devices used today. They

combine a high grade of measuring technology, simple operation, ruggedness and flexibility with

the advantages of industrial and cost-effective production. Needing no external power supply,

bourdon tube gauges are the best choice for most applications. Pressure gauges are crucial

components of most processing systems. In these environments, a pressure gauge needs to be

reliable, accurate and easy to read to help prevent failure in everyday operations. Therefore, how

a gauge is constructed and tested is extremely important for reliability, safety and peace-of-mind.

After all, failures can cost time, money and productivity loss. Applications for gauges with a

bourdon tube range from highly automated chemical processes, such as, refineries and

petrochemical processing, to hydraulic and pneumatic installations. These types of gauges can also

46
be found at all critical process monitoring and safety points in today’s energy industries, from

exploration wells and petrochemical plants, to power stations and wastewater operations.

Synchroscope

A device that indicates the degree to which two systems

(generators or power networks) are synchronized with each

other.

Frequency meter

A frequency meter is an instrument that displays

the frequency of a periodic electrical signal.

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Catalogues

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Power Transformer

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References
https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/tables/pdf/2tab.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor

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http://www.russellenergy.com/REC-SOUL.pdf

https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/powerplants/capitalcost/pdf/capcost assumption.pdf

74
https://www.iea-etsap.org/E-TechDS/PDF/E21IR_Bio-cofiring_PL_Jan2013_final_GSOK.pdf

http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/8967/eia-releases-consumption-price-data-for-wood-and-
waste-biomass

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http://www.iitk.ac.in/npsc/Papers/NPSC2004/528-Art-106.pdf

2010-2019_DD_PFinal_Ver_2_pdf.pdf

https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/romelco

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https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/tielco

https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/banton

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https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/concepcion

https://www.doe.gov.ph/ducsp/corcuera

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http://pia.gov.ph/provinces/romblon
https://psa.gov.ph/content/population-region-iv-b-mimaropa-based-2015-census-population
https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/data-and-charts
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/philippines-luzon-admin.php?adm1id=1759
http://biomassbess.weebly.com/scientist.html
http://icfec.weebly.com/uploads/9/4/4/2/94425229/assessment_of_wind_energy_potential.pdf
http://www.uspowerco.com/generator_attachments/8418uspe_7050kw_wartsila_w18v32_diesel_
gensets_1.pdf
https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf
https://www.convertunits.com/from/kWh/to/gallon+[U.S.]+of+diesel+oil
https://www.forbes.com/sites/energysource/2010/01/26/the-price-of-energy/#6c8e135f67b1

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