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The following summary highlights major topics from each of the chapters of the text. The
objective is to identify major points in each chapter to assist the student. The Lab Guide, Internet
postings, individual readings and the scheduled lecture and laboratory discussions will
supplement these materials. Computer applications using spreadsheets (typically from Excel)
and computer-aided graphics (typically ACAD) will be incorporated in projects, although the text
does not provide instruction in these areas.
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Expected outcomes from Chapter 3 (Leveling)
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Expected outcomes from Chapter 4 Angles and measurement equipment
discuss the difference between interior angles to the right or left and deflection angles to the
right or left
distinguish between zenith angles, nadir angles, and angles from the horizon
explain the best procedure for setting the instrument over a fixed point and attaining proper
position of the levels
identify sources of error in measuring angles with the equipment. (physical adjustment of the
equipment will not be required)
calculate the expected angular error of closure in a closed traverse, which would not be
exceeded 95% of the time, if the only error is from random reading errors of the theodolite
or Total Station
explain the reason for and procedure for taking repeated measurements of angles in a traverse
(the field procedure is slightly different for theodolites and Total Stations, but the concepts
are the same)
demonstrate ability to “close” a traverse, i.e. measure the angles , of a geometrically known
figure to an accepted degree of accuracy (laboratory)
compute adjusted angles in a traverse using information about the variance of the angular
measurements at each station
calculate the errors associated with placement of points if angular measurements and
trigonometric functions are needed to calculate the fixed position
explain why angles between 40 and 60 degrees are generally preferred when using
trigonometric functions and trilateration
identify the environmental, equipment, and human factors affecting the accuracy of
electronic distance measurement equipment
explain the conditions under which the variable length error of EDMs ( in parts per million)
have minimal effect on accuracy compared to the “fixed” error of equipment
discuss the difference between the capabilities of a Total Station and instruments used only
for electronic distance measurement
(Note Chapter 5 presents many details about using the Total Stations, in conjunction with data
recorders and internal computing capabilities. Valuable information about the capabilities of
different instruments are presented, but that will not be the focus for this class. In the laboratory
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we will learn how to obtain basic measurements, but will not rely on the software to do all the
computations. Coordinate computations and associated adjustments are the focus of Chapter 6).
measure and angles (laboratory) and evaluate the results of direct and reverse measurements
of angles in a closed traverse
adjust angles to ensure angular closure (weighted adjustments will be presented – see lab
supplement).
calculate the azimuths of all lines in a traverse based on adjusted interior or deflection angles
calculate the bearings of all lines in a traverse based on adjusted interior or deflection angles
explain the relationship between the azimuth of a line AB and the back azimuth of that same
line
apply basic rules for adding ( or subtracting ) interior angles to back azimuths to have a
consistent approach to calculate all azimuths of a traverse
determine latitudes and departures for all segments of a closed loop traverse, check for
closure error, and express the results in the form of the standard accuracy ratio, i.e. accuracy
ratio
develop a spreadsheet program to automatically adjust angles and calculate azimuths of all
lines in a closed traverse and calculate closure error using latitudes and departures
(laboratory and outside the classroom time)
evaluate the adequacy of a survey in meeting standards for typical urban construction survey
projects
expand the spreadsheet program to use standard adjustment procedures, the Compass Rule,
to balance latitudes and departures and calculate the “inversed” distance and azimuth for
each of the original lines of the traverse
calculate coordinates of each node of a network
apply the coordinate method of area computation for any closed polygon (traverse)
determine the minimum level of precision needed in angular measurements to achieve
comparable accuracy of 1/3,000, 1/5, 000, or 1/10,000
explain how independent random errors from linear measurements would be combined with
independent random errors from angular measurements to obtain the total expected error
from these sources.
compute coordinates of points using distance and angular measurements from a Total Station
position that is not over a control point (triangulation and resection)
set out construction points based on measured angles and distances .
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Selected chapter outcomes
The outcomes presented here reflect learning outcomes that are desired for the student at
this phase of the course. In some cases the chapter reading material must be supplemented from
other sources to achieve the stated objective.
describe the differences among plan data, profile data and cross-section data used in
construction surveys for routes
explain a procedure for obtaining cross-section data at right angles from a baseline
develop and implement a plan to acquire topographic data of an assigned area near Town
Engineering - this will be incorporated in the laboratory activity)
plot X-Y-Z data obtained by survey crews to form the base for a contour map. ( CAD
application is expected in group activities)
interpolate elevation data to develop a contour map at prescribed intervals and interpret the
data on the contour map
draw a profile of the centerline of a proposed route using data obtained from the contour map
of the area
develop cross-sections of existing ground at major points along a route centerline
(Note: Problem 7.10 contains data which are representative of the type of project the CE111 class
will undertake. As students develop confidence that the text book problem can be completed,
you will be gaining confidence that you can develop a plan, acquire data, and analyze the
physical data in the laboratory project.)
Expected outcomes from Chapter 8 ( Global Positioning Systems) and Chapter 9 Control
Surveys )
[CE 111 will not focus on the equipment or the detailed computations associated with global
positioning systems and establishing high order control surveys for our engineering projects.
Students will learn how to relate GPS coordinates of latitude and longitude to ground distances
on a spherical earth and the relationship of relationship of our measured distances to larger area
coordinate systems (state plane coordinates). However, the detailed computations in the text are
not a major portion of this introductory plane surveying class
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The student will be able to:
explain the differences between planar, spherical, ellipsoidal and geodetic surfaces in
surveying
discuss the source of GPS data and the satellite coverage required for XYZ measurements
identify sources of errors in satellite survey data input
complete low level precision surveys with navigational quality GPS equipment
convert latitude and longitude readings to northing and easting distances on a spherical
surface
explain the concept of state plane coordinate systems.
sketch simple circular curves and label all major components including BC, PI, EC, R, D,
,T, L, LC, E, and M.
develop equations for principal elements of curve (T, L, LC) if R and are known.
calculate stations and deflection angles to stations from the BC of the curve
calculate azimuths, chord distances and coordinates for full and partial stations along a curve
develop a spreadsheet to calculate angles and distances from a known location of a total
station to curve points when an initial control line azimuth is known.
layout a circular curve in the field, incorporate accuracy checks, and assess the quality of the
field work
demonstrate understanding of curve layout by setting a curve from more than a single point
along the curve (move up on the curve)
analyze alternative geometric layouts to meet additional geometric design constraints that
may occur in the field
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develop a general spreadsheet program to compute elevations at full and partial stations if PI
station and elevation, curve length, partial station increment, and grades are given.
evaluate design constraints to select curves for adequate sight distance on a highway
determine the changes in gradients or curve length that would fit a curve through a fixed
point
Expected outcomes from Chapter 12, 13, and 14 (Other Construction Surveys)
Chapters 12 through 14 provide background and procedural details for several project
types. Time limits preclude the investigation of each of these chapters, but the student will find
helpful reference materials.
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building setback build line offset lines
batter boards