NATIONAL UNVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY

BACH KHOA UNIVERSITY

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
SUBJECT: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Lecturer: Lê Minh Viễn

Class: CH1004
Group: 6

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 THE MEMBERS OF GROUP 6

Name ID
Trang Ngọc Thảo Nguyên 1752037

Lại Công Minh 1652369

Đặng Nghĩa 1652419

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Contents

Unit 2: Heat of reaction………………………………………………………………………….3

Unit 4: Reaction rate……………………………………………………………………………...6

Unit 8: Volumetric analysis……………………………………………………………………….8

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 Experimental report of unit 2

I. Experimental results
Experiment 1

Temperature oC First time Second time

t1 30 30.5
t2 57 58.5
t3 44 45
m0c0 3.85 3.70

m0c0 ave= (3.85 + 3.70) : 2 = 3.78 cal/K

(Detail calculation of one value of m0c0):

(𝑡3 −𝑡1 )−(𝑡2 −𝑡3 ) (44−30)−(57−44)

moco = mc = ×50×1 = 3.85 (cal/K).
𝑡2 −𝑡3 57−44

Experiment 2

Temperature oC First time Second time

t1 32.00 32.50
t2 32.50 32.50
t3 38.00 39.00
Q (cal) 309.24 349.57
Qave (cal) 329.41
ΔH (cal/mol) -13176.40

t 1 +t 2
If t1≠t2 then Δt is calculated as the difference between t0 and 2
(Detail calculation of one value of Q) :

+With m=50g, c =1cal/gK, Δn=0.025 mol and moco = 3.78 cal/K:

𝑡 +𝑡 32+32.5
+ Δt = t3 - 1 2 2 = 38 - 2 = 5.75 oC.
+Q = (moco + mc)×Δt = ( 3.78 + 50×1) ×5.75 = 309.24 (cal)

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Experiment 3

Temperature oC First time Second time

t1 30.50 30.50
t2 37.00 36.00
Q (cal) 375.57 317.79
ΔH (cal/mol) -15022.80 -12711.60
ΔHave (cal/mol) -13867.20

(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH):

+With moco = 3.78 cal/K:

+m = mH2O + mCuSO4 = 50 +4 = 54(g).
+Δt = 37 – 30.5 = 6.5 0C.
𝑚 4
+Δn = 𝑀𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 = 64+32+16×4 = 0.025(mol).
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
+Q = (moco + mc) × Δt = (3.78 + 54×1)×6.5 = 375.57 (cal).
𝑄
+ΔH =- 𝛥𝑛 = -15022.80 (cal/mol).

Experiment 4

Temperature oC First time Second time

t1 30.00 30.50
t2 28.00 28.00
Q (cal) -115.56 -144.45
ΔH (cal/mol) 1540.80 1926.00
ΔHave (cal/mol) 1733.40

(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH)

+With moco = 3.78 cal/K:

+m = mH2O + mNH4Cl = 50 + 4 = 54(𝑔).
+Δt = 28 – 30 = −2 oC.
𝑚 4
+Δn = 𝑀𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 = 14+1×4+35.5 ≈ 0.075(𝑚𝑜𝑙).
𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙
+Q = (moco + mc) × 𝛥𝑡 = (3.78 + 54 × 1) × (−2) = −115.56(𝑐𝑎𝑙).
𝑄
+ΔH = − 𝛥𝑛 ≈ 1540.80 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙).

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II. Answer the questions
1. ΔH of the reaction HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O is calculated based on the molar of HCl or
NaOH when 25ml HCl 2M solution react with 25ml NaOH 1M solution? Explain.

*Solution:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
+Begin: 0.05 0.025 (mol)
+Reaction: 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
+Remain: 0.025 0 0.025 0.025

We see that all of NaOH entirely reacted while HCl is still residual so the reacted HCl is
calculated according to NaOH. Because the remain HCl did not react so there is no heat
generation. Therefore, ΔH of the reaction is calculated based on the molar of NaOH.

2. If replace HCl 1M by HNO3 1M, the result of experiment 2 will change or not?

*Solution:
-The result will not still change, because ∆H is the specific quantity for each reaction, which
after the change of HCl by HNO3 is still the neutral reaction: HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O.
- After substituting in the formula Q = mcΔt with m and c change; but in terms of m, c, Δt, they
will change equally for unchanged Q so ΔH is unchanged too.

3. Calculate ΔH3 base on Hess’s law. Compare to experimental result. Considering 6 reasons
that might cause the error
- Heat loss due to calorimeter
- Thermometer
- Volumetric glassware
- Balance
- Copper (II) sulfate absorbs water
- Assume specific heat of copper (II) sulfate is 1 cal/mol.K
In your opinion, which one is the most significant? Explain? Is there any other reason?
*Solution:
+Base on Hess’s law, we have:
ΔH3 = ΔH1 + ΔH2 = -18.7 + 2.8 = -15.9 (kcal/mol) = -15900 cal/ mol

As we can see: ΔHave = -13867.20 cal/ mol .

The experimental result and the result of Hess’ law have a difference.

-The most important cause of the error is copper sulphate anhydrous :

CuSO4 anhydrous + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O also creates ΔH1, or because it is hydrated, it

produces less heat than the theory. On the other hand, the moisture content of CuSO4 is different

from that calculated in theory (CuSO4 anhydrous).

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 Experimental report of unit 4

I. Experimental results
1. Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3

No. Initial concentration (M)

Δt1 Δt2 Δtave.
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.01 0.08 93 89 91
2 0.02 0.08 45 48 47
3 0.04 0.08 21 23 22

We have m is the reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3.

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine m1:
𝑡
lg( 1 ) 91
lg( )
𝑡2
m1 = =
47
= 0.95
lg(2) lg(2)

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine m2:

𝑡
lg( 2 ) 47
lg( )
𝑡3
m2 = =
22
= 1.10
lg(2) lg(2)

𝑚1 +𝑚2 0.95+1.10
Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3 = = = 1.03
2 2

2. Reaction order with respect to H2SO4

No. Initial concentration (M)

Δt1 Δt2 Δtave.
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.02 0.04 51 49 50
2 0.02 0.08 46 47 47
3 0.02 0.16 40 42 41

We have n is the reaction order with respect to H2SO4.

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1:
𝑡
lg( 1 ) lg( )
50
𝑡2
n1 = =
47
= 0.09
lg(2) lg(2)

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n2:

𝑡
lg( 2 ) lg( )
47
𝑡3
n2 = =
41
= 0.20
lg(2) lg(2)

𝑛1 +𝑛2 0.09+0.20
Reaction order with respect to H2SO4 = = = 0.15
2 2

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II. Answer the questions
1. In the experiment above, what is the effect of the concentrations of Na2S2O3 and H2SO4 on
the reaction rate? Rewrite the reaction rate expression. Determine the order of the reaction.

*Solution:
-The concentration of Na2S2O3 is proportional to the rate of reaction.
+ The concentration of H2SO4 hardly affects the speed of reaction.
+The formula of reaction rate v = k[Na2S2O3]m[H2SO4]n (where: m, n is the positive constant
determined by experiment).
-The order of the reaction: m + n = 1.03 + 0.15 = 1.18

2. Mechanism of the reaction can be written as

H2SO4 + Na2S2O3  Na2SO4 + H2S2O3
H2S2O3  H2SO3 + S ↓
Base on the experimental results, may we conclude that the reaction (1) or (2) is the rate-
determing step, which is the slowest step of the reaction? Recall that in the experiments, the
amount of the acid H2SO4 is always used in excess.

*Solution:
- Sulfuric acid almost does not affect the reaction speed. On the other hand, the rate-determing
step is the decisive step of the total reaction, so it is possible to conclude that phase (2) is the
rate-determing step, since the rate does not depend on the concentration of sulfuric acid. Just
play the role as catalyst here.
- The reaction (1) is the ion exchange reaction, so the reaction rate is fast.
- The reaction (2) occurs more slowly.

3. Base on the principle of experimental method, the reaction rate is considered as instantaneous
rate or average rate.

*Solution:
-Based on the experimental method, the velocity determined in the above experiment is
considered as the instantaneous velocity because the reaction velocity is determined by the ratio
𝛥𝐶
and because of ΔC ≈ 0 (due to change of sulfur negligible, ΔC ≈ dC), we have:
𝛥𝑡
𝛥𝐶 𝑑𝐶
lim = =v.
𝛥𝐶→0 𝛥𝑡 𝑑𝑡

4. Reverse the order of adding H2SO4 and Na2S2O3, does the reaction order change? Explain?

*Solution:
-The order of the reaction is unchanged because the reaction rate depends only on the
temperature and the nature of the reaction, regardless of the process.

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 Experimental report of unit 8

I. Experimental results
1. Titration curve of HCl by NaOH

pH
14

12

10

pH
6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Determine:
pH at equivalence point
+pH is equivalent to 7
+ PH jump: from pH 3.36 to pH 10.56

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2. Experiment 2

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation
1 10 10.6 0.1 0.1060 0.001
2 10 10.8 0.1 0.1080 0.001

(0.1060+0.1080)
CHCl Average = = 0.1070 (𝑁)
2

(0.0009 + 0.0012)
Deviation average: = 0.00105
2

CHCl = 0.1070 ± 0.001 (𝑁)

3. Experiment 3

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation
1 10 10.1 0.1 0.101 0.0005
2 10 10.2 0.1 0.102 0.0005

(0.101+0.102)
CHCl Average = = 0.101 (𝑁)
2

(0.0009+0.0012)
Deviation average: = 0.00105
2

CHCl = 0.101 ± 0.00105 = 0.10205 (𝑁)

4. Experiment 4

No. Indicator VCH3 COOH (ml) VNaOH (N) CNaOH (N) CCH3 COOH
1 Phenolphthalein 10 10.7 0.1 0.107
2 Methyl orange 10 1.7 0.1 0.017

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II. Answer the questions
1. When changing the concentration of HCl or NaOH, does the titration curve change? Explain.

*Solution:
By changing the concentration of HCl and NaOH, the titration curve does not change because the
reactivity of the substances remains unchanged, with only a change in the pitch. If using small
concentrations, the jump is small and vice versa.

2. The determination of the concentration of HCl in experiment 2 and 3, which one is more
precise.

*Solution:
Phenolphtalein helps us to determine more accurately because the pH of phenolphthalein ranges
from 8 to 10. The methyl orange jump is 3.1 - 4.4, where the system's equivalent is 7 (due to
strong acids with strong bases). Experiment 2 (Phenolphtalein) will produce more accurate
results.

3. From the result of experiment 4, for the determining concentration of acid acetic solution,
which indicator is more precise?

*Solution:
Phenolphtalein helps us to determine more accurately because the pH of phenolphthalein ranges
from 8 to 10. The jump of methyl orange is 3.1 - 4.4, where the equivalent of the system is > 7
(due to weak acids with strong bases).

4. In volumetric titration, if NaOH and HCl are interchanged, does the result change? Explain?

*Solution:
In volume analysis if the NaOH and acidic positions are changed the result remains unchanged
as the intrinsic nature of the reaction remains unchanged, yet the reaction is neutralized.

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THE END

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