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corridors extending through whole blocks of building, whose owners have joined together
for such enterprises. Lining both sides of these corridors, which get their light from
above, are the most elegant shops, so that the passage is a city, a world in miniature.”
Illustrated Guide to Paris: (quoted in the Arcades Project; Expose of 1935 p.3)
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Introduction
What does the city represent? Is there a conventional or consensus view of the city and if
The city is monolithic by nature, a homogeneous space that represents state, power,
business, commodities and culture. Walter Benjamin took the architectural montage that
was 19th Paris and deconstructed and analysed it. He broke it up into fragments and then
with these fragments built his own montage in the form of his greatest work, the Arcades
Project. This project was developed over a 13-year period and remained incomplete at
the time of Benjamin’s tragic death in 1940. Like a symphony which ends on a discordant
and unresolved chord we are left with many unanswered questions. And yet this
posthumous work has proven hugely influential since its publication in Germany in 1982
and its subsequent publication in English in 1999. Within the oblique map that is the
Arcades Project Benjamin challenges the way in which the city is represented.
This essay explores how Benjamin’s writings, especially the Arcades Project, challenge
the physical and the imaginary city, the conventional representation and the convention
Methodology:
In this essay I will surrender to some of the key concepts in Benjamin’s work. I will look
at how his representation of the city can influence how we view and understand the city. I
am especially interested in looking at the central themes in Benjamin’s greatest work, the
Arcades Project, a work Benjamin described as “the theatre of all my struggles and all
my ideas”.[1] With these struggles and ideas he aimed to chronicle the history of the
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nineteenth century, over which Paris majestically presided. I will use some of the central
themes from this posthumous work to form a kind of road map through which my
exploration will navigate and proceed. I will examine important motifs, motifs which
challenge the ways in which city life is represented, such as consumerism, fetishism, the
I am including in this essay a number of photographs. These images form part of a series
in his essay One Way Street from 1928 and also in his Arcades Project. The photographs
depict fragments of the city, in this case the city of London. The aim is to create a
montage of fragmented images that on the surface may seem unrelated but which are
“In 1839 it was considered elegant to take a tortoise out walking. This gives us an idea of
wander the streets of London with camera in hand in search of fragments. I am interested
in photographing the details which mostly go unnoticed. The city, like an open-air arcade,
presents me with the opportunity to stroll, make observations and form images in my
mind and through my lens. My camera like the turtle sets the pace at which I stroll.
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The Arcades Project:
The Arcades Project is a textual montage consisting of fragmented ideas. It is a text that
can bring little joy to the mind that comprehends intellectual phenomena in a logical or
chronological manner, to use Benjamin’s metaphor, “like the beads of a rosary”. [3]
These fragments of ideas and philosophy develop and deepen over time. In the words of
Buck-Morss:
“These [philosophical intuitions] “develop” only in the sense that a photographic plate
develops: time deepens definition and contrast, but the imprint of the image has been
current epoch. In this time when consumerism has well and truly established itself as a
kind of generic religion for the masses. Benjamin’s investigations into the urban space,
especially from the perspective of the urban stroller, the flâneur occupy an important
place in a broad range of diverse academic departments, from culture and media studies
to architecture and photography. I will explore more closely the role of the flâneur later in
this essay but for now I would like to examine the background to the Arcades Project and
The city of Paris was Benjamin’s chosen city both as a place of exile and as a controlling
metaphor for this work, a phantasmagorical city as a metaphor for past and future. In
1926 Benjamin collaborated with his close friend Franz Hessel on a translation of Marcel
Proust’s A la recherché du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time). In the following year
Benjamin and Hessel wrote a short article titled ‘Arcades’. This became the starting point
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for Benjamin’s Arcades Project, a work that would develop over a 13 year period and
The Arcades Project takes its name from an architectural form of the nineteenth century.
Arcades were passages lined on either side by businesses, shops and concessions. Built
from iron and glass these buildings housed juxtapositions of window displays made up of
various kinds of commodities, shop signs, mannequins and of the people who passed
through its passages. The Paris arcades sheltered the first modern form of consumerism
and turned shopping into an aesthetic event. With their vast display of diverse
commodities the arcades were a perfect place in which to linger and practice the art of
The first example of an arcade was the Passage des Panoramas, which opened in 1800.
There were some earlier example (Balzac for example mentioned one such arcade in his
novel ‘lost illusions, 1843) but they were not constructed in the same way. They were
wooden structures rather than the glass and iron of the Passage des Panorama, which
incidentally is still in use today. Most of the Paris arcades were built between 1800 and
1830 and most were erected on the right bank of the river Seine. This ground previously
housed old buildings including convents, dissolved during the Revolution. This
connection presents the arcades as a product and manifestation of secularisation from one
perspective but from another as a locus for the displacement of one religion by another;
from compulsory Christianity to the worship of the commodity. A city guide from 1852
described the arcade as “a city, a world in miniature” [5]. Benjamin was intrigued by
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such descriptions because of his fascination for representations of the world in miniature.
For example show shakers, stamps and toys, which he was fond of collecting. The
arcades were for Benjamin miniature cities within the city and as such they were the
This type of environment offered the Parisians of the nineteenth century an alternative
universe of consumption. A universe within which they could walk free from the noise of
“A shelter from showers, a refuge from winter wind or summer dust, a comfortable and
seductive space to wander through” and also “a route that is always dry and even, and a
sure means of reducing the distance one has to walk”. [6] Amedee Kermel
This quote could be describing the shopping malls in use today. Their womb-like nature
offers similar comfort to its inhabitants and protection from the elements. The arcades
held out the promise of a utopian world, a dream world within the city. But the utopia
dream sought after by the passageur was not the utopia offered by the arcades.
Benjamin explores a myriad of motifs in the Arcades Project including panoramas, world
exhibitions, flâneur, prostitution, department stores, and boredom. From 1934, without
abandoning the aforementioned themes he added themes that were more political in
etc. Benjamin compiled in his arcade project a vast array of interlinked scraps made up of
quotes and notations. He placed them onto index cards arranging them into files, called
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konvolute (convolutes). He was in a sense creating a historical map of nineteenth century
Paris.
Benjamin’s aim was to treat bygone relics of the arcades period such as its architecture,
technologies and artefacts as the precursors of modernity, in other words, as the past
witnesses of the present. This did not however amount to a form of “industrial
archaeology” but rather an allegorical prompting of these dead witnesses to speak of their
affinities to our time. Benjamin was giving voice to the origins of commodity fetishism.
philosopher Theodore Adorno employed the term “dialectical image”,[7] that which
points in two directions at once and is expressive of both oppression (by the ideology of
consumption) and liberation (into a utopia of plenty). Adorno’s “dialectical image” and
the phenomenon of extreme cultural ambivalence are perhaps even more visible in this
current epoch. Certainly in the privileged cities of the west we are now experiencing an
age of extreme materiality. And yet the expectation of living in a utopian state has not
materialised. We have simply acquired more lawyers to add to this facade that is the
homogenous city. Where is the utopian dream that modernity seemed to promise? If
Benjamin was alive today and in the guise of the flâneur took a stroll down Oxford Street
would he simply bare witness to an extreme form of what he saw in the arcades? Would
he see even more clearly the cultural ambivalence that surrounds us?
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Image 1: The lure of the commodity. Window shopping on Regent Street, London. Dec.
21st, 2005.
Benjamin was interested in unearthing what lay behind the facade that is the monolithic
and homogenous city. Behind this facade lay history, the past which promised a utopian
future through modernity but which didn’t deliver. It is important to note that Benjamin
was writing at a time when the arcades were in decline. And he saw a looming dystopia
With its labyrinth of passages, and fragmented nature, the Arcades Project physically
resembles the city itself. In reading it we take on the aimless role of the flâneur, the idle
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The Flâneur
First I would like to examine what it means to be a flâneur. Simply defined it means ‘one
who strolls aimlessly through urban spaces.’ However it is common to associate the word
flâneur with one who is idle and who has the decadent luxury of having enough time to
take meandering and aimless strolls in the name of curiosity. The term was appropriated
the cognitive value associated with the urban stroll. Benjamin’s flâneur is an active
As inhabitants of a city space we have little time to observe the visual complexities that
surround us. Small details or fragments escape our attention as we travel to and from
work or dash through the high streets in pursuit of some commodity. Our visual and
indeed aural awareness is made blunt through the stresses brought about by the culture of
urban living. This lack of engagement in our environment results in our visual awareness
When Benjamin used the term flâneur he was talking about a very different individual.
Indeed ‘individual’ is a key word in Benjamin’s concept of the flâneur. For him the
flâneur was always in possession of his individuality. The flâneur did not experience the
“The street becomes a dwelling for the flâneur; he is as much at home among the facades
of houses as a citizen is in his four walls. To him the shiny, enamelled signs of businesses
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are at least as good a wall ornament as an oil painting is to the bourgeois in his salon. The
walls are the desk against which he presses his notebooks; news-stands are his libraries
and the terraces of cafes are the balconies from which he looks down on his household
The flâneur’s movement creates anachronism: he travels urban space, the space of
modernity, but is forever looking to the past. This reminds us of Benjamin’s angel who is
driven by the storms of progress “irresistibly into the future, to which his back is
turned”[9]
In the city that Benjamin inhabits the flâneur is an endangered species. He has been
marginalised by the social and technological conditions of modernity: the ever increasing
“like tigers, or pre-industrial tribes, are cordoned off on reservations, preserved within
passages.” [10]
The writer Ian Sinclair echoes Benjamin’s concerns in his work ‘London Orbital’:
You are allowed to walk a half mile between security shakedowns. …..CCTV cameras,
panning restlessly, alert the monitor jockeys. Calls come in from nervous watchers.
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The Arcades Project both constitutes and contains the clue to how the flâneur may have
adapted to the conditions of modernity and beyond and in doing so perhaps avoided
extinction. To date all the conservation work on this endangered species has been done
by cultural theorists with a nostalgic yen to take on the role of the flâneur for themselves.
In structure the Arcades Project is a kaleidoscope of pieces gleaned from literature and
mass media which textually evokes the urban phantasmagoria of Paris. And so strolling
through the fragmented, nebulous textual passages of the Arcades Project becomes a task
Benjamin imagines he has much in common with the flâneur. In his deep meditation of
past and present he, in his own words becomes a ragpicker unearthing “the rags, and
refuse” from the Bibliotheuqe Nationale. [12] The flâneur is also unearthing the past as
he wanders the streets collecting images in his mind, which later may be translated into
art or literature.
We can detect in Benjamin’s mourning of the loss of the flâneur the ‘dialectic of the
flâneur’. After all Benjamin as a literary ‘ragpicker’ had much in common with the
flâneur. Buck-Morrs’ comments that the flâneur “becomes extinct only by exploding into
they may appear, continue to bear his traces, as ur-form. This is the truth of the flâneur,
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As a photographer of urban spaces I am particularly interesting in the overlap between
the spatial practice of the flâneur and the spatial practice of the photographer. In her
critique ‘On Photography’ Susan Sontag highlights this overlap when she writes:
“photography first comes into its own as an extension of the eye of the middle-class
an armed version of the solitary walker reconnoitring, stalking, cruising the urban
inferno, the voyeuristic stroller who discovers the city as a landscape of voluptuous
extremes.” [14]
Here Sontag is thinking of a tradition of photographers such as Atget, Brandt, and Brassai
all of who were interested in photographing the darker aspects of the city space.
Every street is a vertiginous experience for the flâneur. However the streets do not evoke
in him a personal and private past through the interior realm of memory. On the contrary,
the fixity of the signs deposited there allows him to visit the past in his memory, a past
“Couldn’t an exciting film be made from the map of Paris? From the unfolding of its
movement of streets, boulevards, arcades, and squares into the space of half an hour?
The phantasmagoria: masses of people promenading through the arcades and streets in a
dreamlike state or fever created a veil for the real nature of the economy. It was the
flâneur who stepped aside from the crowd and who fulfilled dreams, surpassed graphic
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My view of the flâneur is somewhat romanticized, however this is the attitude that has
Montage:
Benjamin was especially interested in the potential of montage, a technique made famous
by the European avant-garde of this time. For Benjamin montage was not only a style but
The title ‘Arcades Project’ derives both its name and its structure from the nineteenth
century architectural form. The arcades were an architectural montage of iron and glass
illuminations. As the nineteenth century evolved into the twentieth century, montage was
no longer a prescript or construction in technology but was now used to describe art and
literature: from the arcades to Dada and surrealism to the city novels of James Joyce and
others. Montage construction treats its material elements as contrasting segments that
must be bolted together for maximum impact. In literary form this involves fragments,
objects. Benjamin compiled in his arcade project a vast array of interlinked scraps made
up of quotes and notations. In placing them onto index cards and arranging them into
konvolute (convolutes) he set out to create his map of the nineteenth century. It is
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impossible to determine if Benjamin intended the Arcades Projects to result in the book
we have now: a collection of mostly fragments of other books. It is very possible that he
intended this work to result in a literary montage interspersed with occasional comments.
“The quotations in my works are like robbers lying in ambush on the highway to attack
the passerby with weapons drawn and rob him of his conviction.” [16]
“Method of the project: literary montage. I needn’t say anything. Merely show. I shall
purloin no valuables, appropriate no ingenious formulations. But the rags, the refuse –
these I will not inventory but allow, in the only way possible, to come into their own: by
array of images, vivid fragments, which are not understood until contemplated and
worked out to form a narrative through patterns of causation. Paris was an appropriate
city to extract these fragments from for it was the ‘most dreamed of object of the
surrealist’. It was the capital of dreams and the dream of capital. The arcades housed the
dreams of the nineteenth century masses and so too did the city.
Both in the Arcades Project and in One Way Street, Benjamin introduces a new kind of
reading suited to the new non narrative form that was montage. Each individual section
of the text, as one element in a montage, forms, in a favourite Benjaminian metaphor, one
star in a constellation: from that star, prospects and “eccentric figurativeness” open out
14
Historical awaking is a key aim of the Arcades Project as a whole. Benjamin writes: “The
new dialectical method of doing history teaches us to pass in spirit-with the rapidity and
intensity of dreams-through what has been, in order to experience the present as a waking
Through studying the nineteenth century the reader is brought to the threshold of the
history.
In his literary montage Benjamin assembled his fragments without regard for disparities,
much like a cubist collage. One Way Street is a good example of an avant-garde,
“The Kaleidoscope was itself an invention of the nineteenth century. But it was preceded
by the Chinese Puzzle which, because its juxtaposed elements were not the true ur-
At the end of the nineteenth century the first architectural manifestation of this principle
of montage came into existence with the building of the Eiffel Tower.
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A Dialectical Image:
Benjamin claimed that the arcades were “the most important architecture of the
ambivalence. The arcades had two faces, they were a significant historical object and a
“dream and wish image of the collective.” [22] Theodor Adorno used the term
being just as enchanted by the consumer spectacle of the modern city as disturbed by the
Marx’s used the term phantasmagoria in his work ‘Das Kapital’ to present the illusions
and spectacles that he imagined as repressed wishes. Here was Benjamin’s clue to
depicting sensual immediacy. Capitalist modernity had come to focus in Paris under the
monarchy of Louis Philippe (1830-48) and the Second Empire of Napoleon III (1852-70).
How could Benjamin describe the regressive elements and utopian potentials of this
culture in “dialectical images”? He wanted to show the regressive elements along with
the utopian potentials of this culture in tangible and effective “dialectical images”. He
achieved this by systematizing his mountain of research notes into colour-coded index
cards. The various exposés and plans for the project provide a sort of guide for the
purposes of orientation in the Arcades Project. For example the 1935 exposé emphasises
the architectural interests of the project. Its sections are named after a charged nineteenth
century space and a figure that is closely associated with that space: Fourier or the
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Philippe or the Interieur; Baudelaire or the Streets of Paris; Haussmann or the Barricades.
These section headings are like pharoses on a city plan, and help to give shape to the city,
Image 2: The preacher speaks of a utopian dream. Speaker corner, London, Sunday
Dec. 18th 2005.
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Benjamin and the city of Paris:
Benjamin first visited Paris in 1913, a two week trip made during his Berlin student days.
In the same year Benjamin attended a series of lectures by the modernist Georg Simmel,
whose Philosophy of Money and Metropolis and Mental Life left a huge impression
Benjamin. Like his former teacher, Benjamin in his Arcades Project recognized how the
metropolis “intensified emotional life” and presented the “continuous shift of external
and internal stimuli.” The tempo of the city, its endless interactions and encounters, its
dissonance and unexpected upheavals, contrasted markedly with the slower pace of the
As mentioned already Benjamin’s image of the city was a “dialectical image”. On the one
hand he knew that the city was a manifestation of a huge economy, one large division of
labour exchange. A place where money was the common measure of all human worth
and value and quality is reduced to quantity. Paradoxically, this culture also offers to its
inhabitants the opportunity for individual and collective freedom librating them from
18
Layla: meaning intoxication. Labels of commodity fetish, Soho, London
Benjamin’s perspective on the city was tempered in no small way by Baudelaire, a man
he had great admiration for. Baudelaire’s allegorical style influenced Benjamin greatly. It
is through Baudelaire that Benjamin takes us on a tour of the Paris of the Second Empire
of Louis Napoleon. Boulevards blasted open by the Emperor’s master builder Baron
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Consumerism
Benjamin was intrigued by the material cultural that was capitalism and the modern city.
Image 4: In the age of mobile phones the phone box begins to look redundant. And yet it
takes on new roles. Once a place from which to communicate, now a place where a
mysterious specific other can communicate with you.
The city is primarily a place for commerce. A space where buying and selling is the order
of the day, and indeed night. The high street like a montage, presenting a juxtaposed
collection of disparate window displays, all vying for the unreasonable and excessive
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attention of the passing public, trying to seduce them into the game of consumer
fetishism.
The arcade was the forerunner to the shopping mall: The Parisian bourgeoisie and the
California Valley Girl share the same ancestral heritage. Fourier viewed the arcades as
everybody would relish the good life and experience and the utopian charm of modernity.
The shopping mall serves a similar role as the original arcades. However, unlike the
elegant glass and iron structures that were the Parisian arcades, many of the shopping
malls in existence today have little or no aesthetic value. They are situated outside the
city centre to accommodate the ever-expanding communities that constitute the city
suburbs, and the car. These building tend to be aesthetically bland but extremely
functional, accommodating all kinds of shopping experiences, and offering a huge array
These cinemas play a similar role to the panoramas, which featured in the early arcades.
Today we see people; especially the middle classes, increasingly retreat into suburban
havens that include shopping malls. They no longer partake in the culture of street life but
rather disengage it, both geographically and politically. In contrast, Benjamin upholds the
central city street. His city is a city of hope, a place alive with pedestrians and activity. In
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the streets the outside becomes inside and the idle wanderer becomes the flâneur.
Benjamin, in his writing sings a paean to this expansive and all inclusive urban space.
Conclusion:
The unfinished work, whether it is in the form of literature, art or music can offer little in
the way of resolution. Like Mahler’s unfinished 10th Symphony the Arcades Project
leaves us in a wilderness of the unknown, in this case Benjamin’s wilderness. What did
we get instead of the promised utopia that modernity did not deliver? Benjamin doesn’t
attempt to answer this question. He leaves us free in this regard, free in the wilderness to
draw our own conclusions. These conclusions however can never accompanied by
In the broader context of cultural history, Benjamin’s writings have been most explicitly
influential in shaping the study of the modern city. His search for the Urgeschichte (the
original history, the utopia that lies beneath the homogenous city) has become an end in
its own right. Above all he has taught us to question how we define or perceive the city,
individually and collectively. To look beyond the monolith to the fragments which
constitute it, and to apprehend the past that lives in the present.
22
Bibliography:
1. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
3. Benjamin, "On the Concept of History" in selected writings: Volume 4, 1938 – 1940,
trans. Edmund Jephcott (Cambridge, Mass. & London: Belknap Harvard, 2003)
4. Susan Buck Morss, The Dialectics of Seeing, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. p.7 –
introduction
5. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
6. Amédée Kermel, "Les passages de Paris" (1831), quoted in Geist (298; translation by
Christopher Rollason)
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8. Other Voices - online article: The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire: in
Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. NLB 1977
URL: http://www.othervoices.org/gpeaker/Flaneur.html
9. Benjamin, "On the Concept of History" in selected writings: Volume 4, 1938 – 1940,
trans. Edmund Jephcott (Cambridge, Mass. & London: Belknap Harvard, 2003) p.392
11. Ian Sinclair, “London Orbital”, Granta Books, London – New York, 2002. p.284
12. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
15. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
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16. Walter Benjamin, One Way Street, Selected Writings, vol. 1 p. 456, Marcus Bullock
and Michael W. Jennings – The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge,
17. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
18. Walter Benjamin, The Cambridge companion to Walter Benjamin (chapter, Walter
19. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
21. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Howard Eiland and Kevin Mclaughlin, trans.
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